Rubutu: Tatiana Karabut
Masana'antu na gwaji don samar da abubuwan hadin baki don man goge baki, hyaluronic acid, da hatsi na maganin bioplastics suna budewa a Rasha. Muna kara girma da shi. Amma yanzu muna fitar da shi ta hanyar "ɗanyen" a farashi ɗaya, kuma muna siye shi ta tsari - tare da bitamin ko amino acid - tuni a farashi mai tsada. Kirkirar irin wadannan kayayyaki a cikin kasar zai ba da damar kawar da dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki, samar da dubunnan ayyuka, samun karin ninkin daga kayayyakin da ake fitarwa daga kasashen waje, kuma sakamakon haka, rage farashin kayayyakin ga masu amfani.
Idan kun fitar da tan miliyan 50 na hatsi ba a cikin "ɗanye" ba, amma a cikin tsari mai tsari, gudummawar GDP na iya ƙaruwa da rubanya biliyan 100-800, gwargwadon kayayyakin da aka sarrafa, ƙididdigar Shugaban Bioungiyar Biofuel ta Rasha Alexei Ablaev.
Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan tsire-tsire don zurfin sarrafa hatsi an buɗe shi a lokacin rani na 2019 a cikin yankin Kaluga. Rosva Biotechnological Complex tana sarrafa alkama zuwa cikin ruwan sukari-fructose, glucose na ƙara, sitaci, gaurayawar abinci, alkama da sorbitol, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don samar da man goge baki da taunawa. Wani kamfanin kuma, Oka-Biotech, ya zuwa yanzu ya samar da gwajin gwaji na hyaluronic acid daga hatsi kuma yanzu yana da niyyar gina masana'antar mai mahimmanci. Yanzu duka sorbitol da hyaluronic acid suna wadatar Rasha gaba ɗaya daga ƙasashen waje. Matsakaicin duniya na kasuwar hyaluronic acid, bisa ƙididdiga daban-daban, tan tan ɗari da yawa a kowace shekara. A cewar kungiyar iMARS, samar da sinadarin sorbitol a duniya ya fi tan miliyan 2,5. Kasuwancin sorbitol na Rasha shine tan dubu 400 (ko dala miliyan 35), abokin haɗin kamfanin NEO Center Vladimir Shaforostov.
Akwai ƙarin ayyukan da za a iya fahimta don zurfin sarrafa hatsi, waɗanda ke aiki shekaru da yawa, amma sun riga sun sashi ko gaba ɗaya sun rage mana dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki masu mahimmanci. Misali, tsiron sitaci na Gulkevichsky (Krasnodar Territory) yana samar da maltodextrin (molasses). Yawan kasuwannin Rasha don maltodextrin yanzu ya kai dala miliyan 34-35, ƙididdigar Shaforostov.
Belgorod Premix Shuka N1 tana samar da amino acid lysine, wacce ke da matukar muhimmanci ga kiwon dabbobi. A baya can, an shigo da shi gaba ɗaya daga China da Turai. Tare da raunin darajar musayar ruble, ya zama abin farin ciki mai tsada don jigilar wannan amino acid daga ƙasashen waje. A cewar Feedinfo, farashin lysine a farkon shekara shine mafi girma a cikin shekaru takwas. Noman da Rasha ta samar a shekarar 2020 yakai kimanin tan dubu 100-110 (ko kusan dala miliyan 170), yayin da shigo da kaya ya kai kimanin tan dubu 50 a shekarar da ta gabata, in ji Vladimir Shaforostov.
Amma ya zuwa yanzu mun dogara da shigo da mahimman abubuwa masu yawa, waɗanda kuma ana yin su ne daga hatsi. Yanzu kashi 90% na abubuwan karin abinci da 100% na bitamin ana shigo dasu don kiwon dabbobi. Rasha har yanzu tana dogaro da 100% kan kayan citric acid (kimanin tan dubu 60), in ji Vladimir Shaforostov.
Projectsarin ayyukan da yawa don zurfin sarrafa hatsi suna a matakin ƙira ko daskarewa. Ko dai babu kasuwa ko kudade. Ba mu da tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire (kuma, daga hatsi). A Rasha, ba zai fasa ba. Yammacin duniya yana samar da man fetur na kansa kuma yana da aikin shigo da kaya. A can, an sanya wajibcin ƙara 5-10% na man ƙetare a cikin doka kawai bayan dogon lokacin da wakilan agrarian suka yi kira, Ablaev ya ce. “Muna bukatar kera mai ba wai don muna da dan mai ba, amma saboda muna da hatsi da yawa. Girbin yana girma koyaushe, kuma ba za mu iya cinye ƙari a cikin ƙasar ba. Yana buƙatar sake yin fa'ida. Mutane da yawa za su ci gajiyar samarwa da sayar da mai, musamman a harkar noma, fiye da samun kuɗin shiga daga samar da mai na yau da kullun, ”in ji Ablaev. Dangane da lissafinsa, idan a Rasha, kamar a Turai, a ƙara 5% na mai daga mai zuwa mai, wannan zai kawo ayyuka dubu 4 kai tsaye na aikin fasaha, wasu ayyukan dubu 20 kai tsaye, kai tsaye biliyan 12,54 a cikin haraji. Iyalai za su sami ƙarin kuɗin shiga a cikin adadin dala biliyan 46,38, gudummawar da za a ba wa GDP zai kai biliyan biliyan 66,47.
Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a samar da bioplastics daga hatsi a cikin Rasha ba, kodayake wasu manyan kamfanonin petrochemical sun haɓaka irin waɗannan ayyukan. Daga ra'ayi na tattalin arziki, suna da haɗari - ana buƙatar manyan saka hannun jari. A lokacin bazara na 2019, ginin Rustark hadadden ya fara a cikin Lipetsk SEZ. Jimlar jarin da aka kiyasta zuwa RUB biliyan 63. An ɗauka cewa da farko zai samar da sitaci da aka gyara, kuma a mataki na gaba - bioplastics. Gaskiya ne, babu kasuwa a gare su a Rasha har yanzu. Yanzu haka kasashe da dama sun hana amfani da robobin da ba za su lalace ba, in ji Nina Adamova, babbar manazarta a Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arzikin Gazprombank. A cikin Turai, ana gabatar da harajin carbon dioxide - za a biya shi akan duk kaya a cikin samar da wanda aka fitar da CO2. Ba da daɗewa ba ko daga baya, Rasha za ta zo iri ɗaya, masana sun tabbata. Za'a buƙaci bioplastics ɗinmu, amma anjima kaɗan.
Dogaro mai ƙarfi na farashin cikin gida akan farashin duniya shima yayi magana game da aikin sarrafa hatsi. Wannan matsalar ta zama bayyananne musamman a kakar da ta gabata. Girbin hatsi a Rasha a cikin 2020 ya kai tan miliyan 133,5 na hatsi, wanda aka fitar da tan miliyan 49. Zuwa watan Disambar bara, farashin hatsi na duniya ya kai na shekaru masu yawa. Kuma wannan ya bayyana a cikin farashin Rasha.
Hukumomin tarayya sun dade suna magana game da bukatar zurfin sarrafa kayayyakin amfanin gona ba hatsi kawai ba. Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya yi magana game da wannan a cikin 2017. Amma da alama cewa tare da gabatar da ayyukan fitarwa (daga 2 ga Yuni don alkama, zai zama mai ɗorewa kuma za a lasafta shi akan farashin kasuwa), an ba kasuwancin alama ba da alama ba za ta jinkirta wannan batun ba. A ganawa ta karshe da Ministan Aikin Gona Dmitry Patrushev, Vladimir Putin ne kawai ya tabbatar da hakan. "Muna bukatar tallafa wa fitattun kayayyaki da aka fitar," in ji shi.
Baya ga kayayyakin gargajiya, kamfanonin Rasha sun riga sun haɓaka samar da kayayyakin da aka sarrafa su ƙwarai - gyararren da aka gyara, ƙoshin furotin na furotin, amino acid. Masu fitar da hatsi tuni sun yi tunani mai zurfi game da saka hannun jari a cikin samar da ƙimar da aka ƙara ƙima, in ji Eduard Zernin, Shugaban Kwamitin Unionungiyar ofungiyar ofungiyar Masu fitar da hatsi. Amma ba lallai bane ya zama bioplastics ko amino acid. Dole ne mu fara da samfura masu sauƙi - gari iri ɗaya da taliya. A cewar masanin, a yau akwai buƙatun buƙatun gari na Rasha har ma daga manyan masu kera ta - alal misali, Turkiyya. Kuma don taliya, kasuwar da ba ta da girma sosai ita ce ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, farawa da China.
Ba hatsi kawai ba
Kayayyaki masu ƙimar darajar ƙima sun haɗa da samfuran tsakiyar-ƙima (haɗe da kayayyakin nama, sukari, gari, ruwan 'ya'yan itace) da samfuran masu ƙima (cakulan da kayan marmari, kayayyakin gwangwani, abincin dabbobi, cuku, sausages, ruwan inabi, da sauransu) da sauransu) , ya fadawa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. A ƙarshen 2020, fitar da kayayyakin masarufi da masana'antun sarrafawa ya haɓaka da 13% zuwa dala biliyan 4,5 idan aka kwatanta da 2019.
Musamman, sashen ya dauki kayan marmari da na nama a matsayin daya daga cikin fannoni masu matukar alfanu dangane da karin kayayyaki zuwa kasuwannin kasashen waje. A shekarar 2020, kayayyakin da aka fitar da kayan dandano sun kai dala biliyan 1,4 (kwatankwacin 57% fiye da na shekarar 2015). Nan da shekarar 2024, ana sa ran kayayyakin zasu karu zuwa dala biliyan 2. Fitar da nama da kayan nama da aka gama a bara ya karu da kashi 43% kuma ya kai dala biliyan 1. Dangane da hasashen na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, nan da shekarar 2024 zai kai sama da dala biliyan 1,5. Bugu da kari, wadatar mai da mai, kayan kiwo da kayayyakin kifi na bunkasa sosai, kuma fitowar giya ta Rasha tana karuwa.
Jihar tana tallafawa samar da irin wadannan kayayyaki tare da lamunin rangwame. Bugu da kari, a cikin 2021, Ma’aikatar Aikin Gona za ta kaddamar da sabbin matakan tallafi don ci gaban samar da noma tare da karin darajar gaske: biyan diyya ga wani bangare na kudin kirkirar da zamanantar da masana’antun sarrafa kayan gona, da kuma shirin bayar da haya na fifiko don sayan na kayan fasaha.