A cikin dogon lokaci ajiya na manyan batches dankali, jinkirin bushewa da sanyaya, condensate a kan samfurori da tsarin ajiya, asarar turgor, germination, lalata samfurin saboda ci gaban cututtuka da cututtuka na jiki za a iya lura.. Matsalolin da suka taso dole ne a hana su ko kuma a kawar da su cikin sauri da fasaha, in ba haka ba akwai raguwa mai yawa a cikin amincin samfurori da ingantaccen tattalin arziki na ajiya na dogon lokaci. Abubuwan da ba su da kyau koyaushe suna da wasu dalilai. Alal misali, asarar nauyi da turgor ne sakamakon wuce kima samun iska, germination ne sakamakon ajiya a high zafin jiki. Matsalolin ajiya mafi wahala shine jinkirin bushewa, daskarewa da cututtuka.
Ana samun sakamako mafi kyau na ajiyar dankalin turawa na dogon lokaci lokacin girbi da busassun bushes, tubers marasa cuta a cikin ajiya a zazzabi na 10 zuwa 15 ° C. Koyaya, abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin manyan samarwa, a cikin ƙasa da yanayin yanayi na Tarayyar Rasha, ba su da kyau sosai. Daban-daban iri-iri na filin da yanayin yanayi a lokacin babban, girbi na kaka sau da yawa yakan haifar da gaskiyar cewa an adana tubers a cikin nisa daga yanayin da ya dace. Suna iya zama damshi, marasa lafiya, da/ko dumi ko sanyi sosai. A wasu lokuta, sauyin yanayi na yau da kullun da na sa'o'i a yanayin zafi da hazo yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin juzu'in ajiya guda ɗaya na iya zama duka dumi da sanyi sosai, busassun busassun busassun busassun. Abin farin ciki, ba duk abin da aka rasa a cikin irin wannan halin da ake ciki: tare da dace da kuma cancantar yin amfani da fasaha damar, musamman kulawa da hankali, wadannan tubers kuma za a iya samu nasara da kuma dogon lokaci kiyaye. A sakamakon haka, ana samar da sakamakon ajiya na dogon lokaci a cikin watan farko bayan lodawa cikin ajiya, musamman a cikin yanayi mai wuyar gaske.
Bari mu yi la'akari da yuwuwar magance matsalolin ajiya ba kowane daban ba, amma tare da shigar da ainihin abubuwan ban mamaki waɗanda za a iya lura da su a cikin misalin lokacin 2022. Afrilu - Mayu sun kasance sanyi da ruwan sama, a kan babban yanki, an gudanar da dasa shuki a kan ƙasa marar girma, wanda ya haifar da haɓakawa da kuma samuwar clod. A cikin yankuna da yawa (yankin da ba na Chernozem ba, Urals) an yi fama da fari na rani mai tsayi, ana lura da yanayin zafi sosai a cikin Yuli da Agusta. Farkon girbin taro (kwanaki goma na farko na Satumba) ya faru tare da bushe, ƙasa mai wuya. A cikin shekaru goma na biyu, halin da ake ciki tare da ingancin ƙasa ya ɗan inganta kaɗan. Shekaru goma na uku na Satumba sun kawo hazo mai yawa, zafin iska yana cikin 10 оC, waterlogging na kasar gona da tubers muhimmanci complicates da digging dankali.
Sannu a hankali bushewa. Babban ingancin bushewa na samfuran da aka karɓa a cikin ajiya shine babban yanayin don nasarar adanawa. Ko da kuwa na farko danshi, cikakken bushewa na batches na tubers ya kamata a za'ayi ba fiye da kwana biyu. Idan bushewa ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo, to wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin danshi, shaƙewa da yaduwar cututtuka akan tubers. Sau da yawa dalilin jinkirin bushewa shine dogon ko rashin inganci samuwar shinge - a wurare daban-daban, wuraren da tsayin tsayi suna da wuyar bushewa. Idan an kafa embankment da sauri kuma daidai, to, dalilin jinkirin bushewa shine kasancewar yankunan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba, tare da babban admixture na ƙasa, ko rashin isasshen ikon magoya baya dangane da matsa lamba na iska. Tsarin iska mai aiki don ajiyar dankalin turawa dole ne ya sami damar akalla 50-70 m3 kowace ton a kowace awa a matsa lamba na 350-450 Pa, dangane da albarkatun yanayi, hanyar ajiya, ƙirar ajiya da tsarin rarraba iska. Wannan shine ma'auni na tushen kimiyya don isar da iskar iska yayin ajiyar dankali. Yaduwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bisa shawarar masu samar da kayan aiki na Turai, ma'aunin iska a cikin adadin 100-125 m3 a kowace ton a kowace awa ba tare da la'akari da buƙatar samar da isassun matsi na iska ba hanya ce mai sha'awa. Idan matsa lamba da magoya baya suka yi bai isa ba, iska ba za ta iya shawo kan juriya na tsarin rarraba iska da samfurin samfurin ba, saboda haka tsarin bushewa yana da jinkirin tare da duk sakamakon da ya biyo baya. Idan bushewa ya ɗauki fiye da kwanaki uku, wannan yana nuna ƙarancin ƙarfin fanko ko babban ɗigon iska a cikin tsarin rarraba iska. Wannan kuma gaskiya ne don bushewa a cikin kwantena. Rashin bushewa matsala ce ta gargajiya kuma babban dalilin lalacewar samfur daga ci gaban cututtuka na gaba, har ila yau a cikin firji ba tare da isasshen iska ba. Kayan sanyi na inji na kayan lambu yana da tasiri kawai a hade tare da isasshen ikon samun iska mai aiki.
Ya kamata a girbe dankalin turawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin masu zuwa: kyakkyawan samuwar fata, iska mai sanyi a cikin dare, isasshen danshin ƙasa don motsawa cikin haɗuwa ba tare da clods ba, zafin jiki na tuber a ko kusa da 15. оC. Nan da nan bayan loda ɗakin ko ɓangaren ɗakin, ana ci gaba da samun iska tare da ɗan iska mai sanyi.A yawancin lokuta, yanayin ƙasa da yanayin zafi na iya zama ƙasa da manufa, wanda ke buƙatar daidaita yanayin ajiyar farko. Ya kamata a daidaita ka'idodin bushewa da la'akari da yanayin yanayi. A taqaice dai gyare-gyaren sun kasance kamar haka:
1. Idan zafin ƙasa da tubers ya wuce 25 оC da ƙasa bushe a lokacin girbi: yayin da ake ɗora ajiyar ajiya, kunna magoya baya ci gaba har sai yawan zafin jiki na tubers ya kai 15 ° C (dangin dangi ya kamata ya zama 95%); samar da zafin iska yayin sanyaya ya zama 1-2 оC kasa da yawan zafin jiki na tubers.
2. Idan zafin ƙasa da tubers ya wuce 25 оC da ƙasa m lokacin girbi: ci gaba da kunna magoya baya har sai an cire duk danshi kyauta daga tubers; samar da iska zafin jiki ya zama 1-2 оC ƙasa da yawan zafin jiki na tuber har sai ya kai 15 оC.3. Idan zafin ƙasa da tubers ya kasance 10 - 15 оC, kuma ƙasa ta bushe lokacin girbi: kunna magoya lokaci-lokaci (dangi zafi ya kamata ya zama 95%); samar da zafin jiki na iska - ta 0,5-1 оC kasa da yawan zafin jiki na tubers.
4. Idan zafin ƙasa da tubers ya kasance 10 - 15 оC, kuma ƙasa tana da ɗanshi lokacin girbi: ci gaba da kunna magoya baya har sai tubers ya bushe; samar da zafin jiki na iska - ta 0,5-1 оC kasa da yawan zafin jiki na tubers.
5. Idan zafin ƙasa da tubers ya kasa 10 оC da ƙasa bushe a lokacin girbi: kunna fan lokaci-lokaci (maƙasudin zafi na 95%); samar da zafin jiki na iska - ta 0,5-1 оC sama da zafin jiki na tubers har sai tubers sun kasance 10-13 оС
6. Idan zafin ƙasa da tubers ya kasa 10 оC da ƙasa m a girbi: gudanar da magoya baya har sai tubers sun bushe; samar da zafin jiki na iska - ta 0,5-1 оC sama da zafin jiki na tubers har sai tubers sun kasance 10-13 оС
Bukatar rage ko ƙara yawan zafin jiki yayin aikin bushewa, bi da bi, "zafi" da dankali mai sanyi zuwa matakin 10-15. оC shine saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan matakin yana da mafi kyau duka don mafi sauri zai yiwu lokacin ajiya na warkewa, wanda nan da nan ya bi bushewar samfuran. Suberization na fata raunuka faruwa a ganiya zazzabi a cikin kwanaki 7-14 (Table 1).
Table 1. Tsawon matakai daban-daban na warkar da raunuka na fata (suberization)
zafin jiki, оC | Haske subberization | Cikakken ƙaddamarwa | Farkon samuwar periderm | Samar da yadudduka biyu na raunin rauni |
2,5 0 5,0 | 7-14 | 21-52 | 28 | 28-63 |
10 | 4 | 7-14 | 7-14 | 9-16 |
20 | 1-2 | 3-6 | 3-5 | 5-7 |
Shawarwari na ƙasashen waje game da ƙa'idodin bushewar dankalin turawa suna nuna buƙatar kunna humidifiers a cikin ƙasa bushe kuma a kowane zafin jiki. Don yin haka a cikin yanayin yanayi na Tarayyar Rasha ba shi da ma'ana, idan ba cutarwa ba. Bayan haka, bushewa ne da za'ayi da iska, da kuma iska dole ne su iya ɗaure wuce haddi danshi na tubers, wanda a wannan mataki mafi rayayye numfasawa da ƙafe mafi danshi, musamman a kan bango na makawa lalacewar fata a lokacin da. girbi a yanayin bushewa. Humidification yana rage ikon iska don cire danshi mai yawa. Har ila yau, tare da humidification na iska da rashin kwanciyar hankali yanayin zafi a cikin ajiya a lokacin tsaftacewa, haɗarin daɗaɗɗa yana ƙaruwa. AMMA Kwangila shine lamarin da ya fi hatsari a lokacin ajiyar dankali.
ruwan sanyi tsari ne na musamman wanda ba a so kuma daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin adana duk wani kayan lambu. A cikin rufaffiyar ajiya, a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan, dankali na iya ta halitta (numfashi, ƙafe) ƙirƙirar yanayi tare da matsanancin zafi na 95% ko fiye. Tare da irin wannan matsanancin zafi na dangi, natsuwa na iya faruwa akan samfur ko sifofi idan saman su ya zama ɗan sanyi kaɗan fiye da iska. Kwance danshi ne mai tsarki ruwa, aiki a matsayin mai kara kuzari ga m ci gaban microorganisms cewa ko da yaushe rayuwa a kan fata na tubers ko a raunuka, lentils da idanu. Tsawon lokacin sanyi na sa'a ɗaya kawai ya isa don fara haɓakar cututtukan lalacewa.
Yanayin zafin iska da yanayin zafi suna da alaƙa. Yayin da zafin iska ya tashi, abin da ke cikin danshi yana ƙaruwa kuma yanayin zafi yana faɗuwa. Sabanin haka, idan yanayin iska ya ragu, to, yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa. Iska mai sanyi a cikin hulɗa da dankali mai dumi ba ya haifar da haɗarin haɗuwa. Nasowa a saman ba makawa zai faru idan iskar da ke kewaye da dankalin turawa ta fi zafi fiye da dankalin turawa kuma idan yanayin saman dankalin ya kasance ƙasa da yanayin raɓa na iska. Yawanci, bambancin zafin jiki na 4 ° C ko fiye tsakanin iska mai dumi da amfanin gona mai sanyi zai haifar da kumburi. Amma a wasu yanayi (misali, a ƙananan zafin jiki), wannan bambance-bambancen na iya zama kaɗan kamar 1 ° C don samun iska. Ƙananan yanayin zafin jiki na tuber idan aka kwatanta da yanayin zafin raɓa na iska, za a adana ƙarin danshi. Yawanci, condensation yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu zuwa:
- Dumi iskan waje yana shiga wurin ajiyar dankalin turawa mai sanyaya, misali ta hanyar bude kofa. Amfanin da ke kusa da ƙofar zai zama rigar;
- Dankali mai dumi yana shiga wurin ajiya tare da amfanin gona mai sanyi. Idan ba'a sarrafa bambancin zafin jiki ba, iska mai dumi daga amfanin gona mai dumi ya taso akan dankali mai sanyi;
- Sake sake zagayowar iska mai dumi, mai cike da danshi da ke fitowa daga saman tari zuwa tushe mai sanyi na tarin yana dauke da hadarin kamuwa da cuta a kananan matakan tari;
- Bayan an watsa saman ajiyar kwantena tare da iska mai sanyi, magoya baya suna kashewa, suna barin iska mai dumi ta tashi ta cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar convection. Wannan iska mai dumi tana shiga cikin mai sanyaya kayan amfanin gona a saman ma'ajiyar kuma ta taso a ƙasan tubers (fig.1);
- A cikin lokuta ba tare da samun iska ba, iska mai dumi tana tashi ta hanyar convection daga mafi zafi (yawanci tsakiyar) na kantin sayar da kuma maye gurbin shi da iska mai sanyi daga ƙasa. Iska mai dumi ta shiga wannan yanki kuma tana takuɗawa a gefen mafi sanyi.
Don rage magudanar ruwa lokacin loda ajiya, ya kamata a rage girman bambanci tsakanin dankali mai shigowa da adanawa. A cikin ma'ajiyar girma, sanya firikwensin 100mm da 300mm ƙasa daga saman saman. saman saman (100mm) yakamata ya zama ƙasa da 0,5 ° C mai sanyi fiye da 300mm a ƙasa. A cikin ma'ajiyar akwati, sarrafa bambanci tsakanin ƙasa da babban akwati a cikin tari. Tsaya bambancin zafin jiki a ƙasa da 4 ° C yayin lodawa da warkar da rauni kuma ƙasa da 1,5 ° C bayan amfanin gona ya faɗi zuwa babban zazzabi na ajiya. Idan germination ya faru, tabbatar da cewa ba sakamakon yaduwa ba ne. Hana iska mai zafi shiga cikin ɗakunan ajiya ta hanyar rufe giɓin tsari da kuma rufe kofofin ajiya, musamman a yanayi mai dumi da ɗanɗano.
A lokacin bushewa ko lokacin sanyaya amfanin gona, shigar da iska a waje a cikin ma'ajiyar kawai idan bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin iska da dankali bai wuce 4 ° C ba. Zai yiwu a yi iska tare da iska mai zafi fiye da amfanin gona kawai idan yawan zafin jiki ya fi girma fiye da yanayin raɓa na iska. Inda iskar waje ta dace (misali 1-4°C ƙasa da zafin amfanin gona), ana iya amfani da samun iska maimakon sake zagayawa don daidaita bambance-bambancen zafin amfanin gona. Recirculation yana faruwa ne kawai idan na'urori masu auna zafin jiki suna nuna bambanci kuma idan yanayin iska a saman ya yi ƙasa da zafin dankalin da ke ƙasan tari.
dumama girbi. Matsakaicin zafin raɓa na iskar da ake amfani da ita don dumama dole ne ya fi zafin samfurin. Idan zai yiwu, dumi samfurin tare da masu zafi don saduwa da wannan yanayin. Lokacin dawo da kayan da aka keɓe masu dumi zuwa kantin sanyi (misali, bayan rarraba tsaba), a sanyaya shi don bai fi 4 ° C dumi fiye da samfurin da ke cikin ajiya ba.
tsarin kumburi. Samuwar condensate akan tsarin ajiya yana da haɗari ga amfanin gona. A kan rufin, yana samuwa daga ƙasa, yana gangara zuwa ƙullun, sa'an nan kuma yana gudana a cikin layuka akan dankalin da ke ƙasa. Dankali jika na iya fara rube ko kuma haifar da cututtuka a fata. Ƙarƙashin bango a bango yana da haɗari ne kawai a cikin shaguna masu yawa, inda danshi zai iya tarawa a ƙasa, jika tubers a matakin bene.
Ƙunƙasa akan tsarin zai faru idan zafin jiki na ciki ya faɗi ƙasa da raɓa na zafin iska kusa da saman. Wannan na iya faruwa saboda daya ko fiye daga cikin dalilai masu zuwa: rufin bai isa ba ko ya kasa saboda yana da danshi, babu isasshen motsin iska a saman rufin cikin rufin don gano yanayin zafi mai zafi a saman rufin, yanayin sanyi yana haifar da yanayin sanyi. zafi amma ba tururi ba, fita daga ajiyar, yanayin ciki na ajiyar ya kai zafi mai yawa. Misali, ma'ajiyar rufaffiyar tana da zafin ciki na 8°C da zafi na 92% (siffa 2). A yanayin zafi na waje na 8 ° C, babu zafi da zafi canja wuri, yanayin yana da kwanciyar hankali. Idan yanayin zafi ya tashi zuwa 12 ° C, zafi zai gudana a cikin ma'ajin, yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki zuwa 10.оC da rage zafi zuwa 82%. Lokacin da zafin jiki na waje ya faɗi, zafi zai iya wucewa ta cikin rufi, amma tururi yana kama da ciki. Idan iskan waje ya yi sanyi zuwa 3 ° C, zafi zai bar kantin sayar da, yanayin iska a cikin kantin sayar da zai ragu, kuma danginsa zai tashi zuwa 100%. Namiji zai faru a saman mafi sanyi a cikin shagon, yawanci akan rufin, amma kuma yana iya faruwa a wuraren sanyi na amfanin gona. Ko da yake wannan lamari ne na ɗan lokaci, yana iya haifar da cuta da ruɓewar samfur. Ƙunƙara kuma na iya samuwa a cikin tsari da bayan rufin. Idan danshi ya shiga cikin tsarin, ingancin rufin yana raguwa sosai.
An rage yawan ƙazantawar tsarin ta:
- Kyakkyawan rufin thermal tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki. 2 °C don rufin, 0,38 W/m2 ° C don ganuwar; ajiya na al'ada -0,4 W / m2 °C don rufin, 0,45 W/m2 °C ga bango).
- Maimaita iska a cikin ɗakunan ajiya ta amfani da magoya baya don hana yanayin zafi a cikin yadudduka na iska a ƙarƙashin rufin, wanda zai iya haifar da sanyaya a cikin gida da kuma karuwa a cikin dangi. Dole ne a shigar da magoya baya don motsin iska ya kasance a kwance.
- Shigar da dumama rufin don rama asarar zafi a lokutan sanyi na yanayi. Ana iya amfani da su a hade tare da magoya bayan ɗaki da/ko bututun rarraba polyethylene. Ana iya yin dumama sararin rufin ta amfani da kebul na dumama wutar lantarki da aka dakatar daga rufin, ko abubuwan dumama wutar lantarki da aka sanya a cikin magoya bayan iska a cikin sararin karkashin rufin. Yawan zafin jiki ya kamata ya zama 10 W/m2 yankin rufin.
- Zanen karfe tsarin rage samuwar condensate a kansu.
- Duba akai-akai don samun ruwa a cikin yanayin sanyi (> 6°C ƙasa da zazzabin ajiya), kula da kyau don alamun ƙarancin tsari akan filaye kamar ƙarƙashin rufin. Bincika alamun ɗigowa ko rufaffiyar rufin rufin da ya haifar da tari. Duba kauri na rufin polypropylene (yawanci aƙalla 100 mm don shagunan sanyi da fiye da 75 mm don shagunan sanyaya na waje). Maye gurbin da aka lalace.
- Aiki da kai na anti-condensate mataki shirin. Daidaita kyawawan saituna bisa ga bayanan vault. Da kyau, yi amfani da mai sarrafawa wanda zai iya sarrafa iska da kansa, sake zagayowar iska da dumama sararin samaniyar ƙasa. Namiji a cikin firiji. Shagunan sanyi suna da ƙasa da haɗarin gurɓata ruwa a cikin saman kwantena, tunda iska mai sanyaya koyaushe tana kusan 1,5-2,5 ° C fiye da amfanin gona. Amma saurin sanyaya, watau> 0,7°C/rana, sau da yawa da nufin iyakance ci gaban cututtuka, na iya haifar da gagarumin canjin yanayin zafi wanda zai iya haifar da kumburi. A babban yanayin sanyaya, yana da fa'ida don yin sanyi na ƴan sa'o'i tare da sake zagayowar iska na sauran lokacin. Idan an ga natsuwa, rage lokacin sanyaya kuma ƙara lokacin sake zagayawa. Ƙoƙarin rage jinkirin kamuwa da cuta ba dole ba ne ya haifar da kumburi da cuta ba da gangan ba. Ƙunƙara da daskarewa na danshi a cikin evaporator yana ƙaruwa yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya ragu (Fig. 3).
Bukatar defrosting yana raguwa lokacin da aka kiyaye madaidaicin zafin jiki a cikin ajiya. Bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin iskar da ke shiga cikin evaporator da barinta bai kamata ya wuce 2,5-3 ° C ba. Za'a iya rage farashin sarrafa na'ura idan an rufe ma'ajiyar da kyau. Ƙofa ɗaya ce kawai ta rage don shiga hunturu. Rufe kuma rufe duk kofofi ko masu rufewa da ba a buƙata don samun dama ko samun iska.
Rigakafin ƙarancin danshi a duk tsawon lokacin ajiya yana yiwuwa a kan ingantaccen lissafin zafin jiki da zafi na yawan samfuran, iska a cikin ajiya da zafin jiki da zafi na iska mai iska. An haɗa waɗannan sigogi a cikin tebur na musamman na psychrometric (Fig. 4). Ana gudanar da bincike na zane-zane na kwakwalwa na musamman don yiwuwar ƙaddamarwa. Kwangila yana nufin cewa iskar da ke cikin yanayin da ake ciki ta kasance ko sanyaya zuwa yanayin zafin raɓa.
Misali, zafin jiki na ɓangaren litattafan almara na 16 ° C don shigowar bututun da aka girbe sabo yana buƙatar tanadin iska mai zafi na 15 ° C, kuma sauyin yanayi kwatsam yana rage zafin wurin shiga ɓangaren litattafan almara zuwa 10 ° C. Zane-zane na mahaukata ya nuna cewa samar da iska a 15 ° C a 70% dangi zafi, sanyaya zuwa 10 ° C, zai kai ga raɓa (cikakken zafi) kuma ruwa zai taso akan dankali a wannan zafin jiki. Kuma wannan yana cikin yanayin zafi na 70%, wanda ba kasafai ake lura da shi ba a cikin yanayin Tarayyar Rasha. Kuma samun iska tare da warmer fiye da dankali da iska mai laushi a kowace harka zai haifar da yalwar iska a kan tubers. Ba shi yiwuwa a busa dankali mai sanyi tare da iskar dumi da danshi. Tsarin iska yana aiki a cikin irin wannan yanayi tare da buɗe kofofin ajiya, a zahiri magana, a zahiri yana nufin shayar da tubers da ruwa daga tiyo.
Binciken ginshiƙi na ɗabi'a yana ba da bayani kan abin da ke faruwa a farkon ajiyar wuri lokacin da iskar da ke ɗauke da danshi ta shiga cikin kayan amfanin gona a lokacin girbi. Idan tsaba suna da dumi sosai idan aka kwatanta da yawan zafin jiki na iskar wadata, to, ana bi da tubers tare da iska mai ƙarancin zafi, koda kuwa iska mai sanyi yana kusa da saturation na danshi. Wannan shi ne saboda yanayin ɗanɗanon iska yana raguwa yayin da yake dumama. Don bushewa tubers, irin wannan tsari yana da kyau, game da lokacin magani, ba duk abin da ke da sauƙi ba.
Matsayin da aka samu na warkar da lalacewar fata yana ƙayyade matakin asarar nauyi na tubers a duk lokacin ajiya. Yawancin hukumomi sun yarda cewa wadatar iska mai zafi na 90 zuwa 95% yana ba da kyakkyawan tsari. A lokacin girbi, ƙarancin dangi na iskar wadata yawanci yana cikin wannan kewayon kawai saboda yanayin zafi. Da zarar ajiya ya cika, yana da kyau a kiyaye zafin jiki na tubers a 10-13 ° C na tsawon makonni biyu zuwa uku don dankali ya warke (suberization = warkar da raunuka), wannan tare da lokacin da ya dace don kawowa. zafin jiki na ɓangaren litattafan almara zuwa 10-13 ° C. Ana buƙatar samun iska na tilas na lokaci-lokaci yayin warkewa don kawar da zafin numfashi da carbon dioxide da samar da iskar oxygen ga duk tubers. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na iskar wadata a wannan lokacin na shekara shine yawanci 85-95% ba tare da buƙatar ƙarin humidification ba. Duk da yake abubuwan da ke sama sun fi dacewa don warkar da raunukan fata, keɓance sau da yawa ya zama dole. Haka ne, a cikin watan farko da rabi na ajiya, yawan nauyin nauyin nauyin tuber ya dogara ne akan yanayin zafi na iska mai wadata. Amma dangi zafi na iska a lokacin jiyya ya kamata a kiyaye a 90-95%, sai dai idan tubers ne rigar ko cuta. Idan an hango matsaloli tare da cututtuka, to dole ne a yi gyare-gyare mai mahimmanci ga hanyoyin ajiya, zazzabi da zafi, da samun iska.
cututtuka na ajiya sun hada da wadanda za su iya ci gaba sosai a cikin lokacin girbi da kuma ci gaban da ya dogara da yanayin ajiya: na kowa marigayi blight da ruwan hoda rot, anthracnose, kwayan cuta rot - zobe, dikeya, pectobacterium, tuberculate scab - oosporosis, rauni watery (pithy). rot - pytium, scab na azurfa, anthracnose, phomosis, fusarium. Tsayawa zafi ko sanyi amma danshi da kamuwa da dankali yana da kalubale, amma tare da kulawa da kulawa mai kyau, yana yiwuwa. Rigar tubers, haɗe tare da matsa lamba mai zafi da yanayin zafi, suna da haɗari musamman.
Kyakkyawan kima mai mahimmanci na ƙwayar cuta don dankali da za a adana shi wajibi ne yayin da yake ba da cikakken hoto game da ci gaba da yaduwar cututtuka na musamman a cikin amfanin gona. Wajibi ne a tantance a daidai lokacin duk abubuwan da suka haifar da damuwa a lokacin girma da lokacin girbi: ingancin kayan iri, halayen yanayi, tasirin sarrafa sinadarai, matsaloli a cikin filayen makwabta, alamun cututtuka akan tsire-tsire da tubers, comments a kan ingancin pre-zaba samfurori, ingancin desiccation, tuber balagagge, tsaftacewa lalacewa, zafin jiki da kuma zafi a lokacin tsaftacewa. Yin bitar bayanan masana aikin gona na kowane fanni a lokacin noman noma, musamman ma a makonnin da za a yi girbi, yana ba da mafita ga matsaloli ta hanyar aiwatar da matakan da suka dace na ma'ajin ajiya ko kuma ƙi ajiyar dogon lokaci idan haɗarin ya wuce kima. Yawancin masana sun yi imanin cewa ba shi da amfani don adana dankali tare da fiye da kashi 4% na tubers masu kamuwa da cutar marigayi ko 1% tare da lalata mai laushi. Tare da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta a cikin amfanin gona da ke shiga ajiya, ana iya magance yaduwar cututtuka, watau. rike baya. Sarrafa zafin jiki da zafi a kan bango mai kamuwa da cuta yana buƙatar layi mai kyau sosai. Babu shakka akwai sabani tsakanin mafi kyawun yanayi don ƙaddamarwa da kuma kula da cututtuka. Don rage yawan hasara, wajibi ne a aiwatar da tsari mai tsabta da kuma matakan matakan. An buga yiwuwar sarrafa duk cututtuka a mataki na ajiyar dankalin turawa daki-daki a baya (1-3). Matakan duniya a matakin farko na ajiya sune kamar haka:
• Guje wa matsaloli ta hanyar ɗaukar busassun dankali tare da zafin jiki tsakanin 7 da 13 оC.
• Don kuri'a da ke nuna alamun ruɓar ruwa, bushewar bushewa, busassun busassun, idan zai yiwu, jira har girbi har sai bayyanar cututtuka sun bayyana sosai kafin girbi.
• Rarraba tubers marasa lafiya a kan mai girbi; wannan yana buƙatar ƙarin mutane.
• Ware tubers marasa lafiya yayin da ake loda su cikin ajiya, tabbatar da samun isasshen haske, mutane da lokacin yin aikin yadda ya kamata.
• Shirya wurin ajiya tare da aikin iska mai aiki da tsarin sarrafawa. Tabbatar cewa akwai isasshen iska a cikin ɗakuna da wuraren ajiya. Kyakkyawan samun iska yana da matukar mahimmanci don adana dankali mai matsala.
• Kada ku yi amfani da lokacin maganin gargajiya. Saboda matsalar dankalin turawa yawanci jike ne kuma suna cike da ruɓaɓɓen kwayoyin halitta, makasudin shine a sanyaya da bushe amfanin gona da sauri.
• Yi sanyi da sauri zuwa zafin jiki na ƙarshe (3-4оDAGA). Kada ku jiƙa dankali kuma ku hana kumburi a cikin ajiya.
• Ci gaba da yin iska (shigar ƙarin magoya baya idan ya cancanta) har sai amfanin gona ya bushe kuma yana ƙarƙashin iko. A lokacin lokacin matsala, dole ne a ba da iska akai-akai ga yawan dankali, koda kuwa ba a yi amfani da iska a waje ba.
• Don tabbatar da motsin iska ta hanyar dukkanin samfurori na samfurori, wanda haɓakar ƙararrawa a cikin gida yana da ma'ana, tun da ruɓaɓɓen dankali da datti suna hana motsin iska.
Kula da matsayin ajiya kullun. Ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da ke cikin wurare daban-daban na ɗimbin ɗimbin ajiya suna ba da kyakkyawar alamar matsakaicin zafin jiki. Na'urorin daukar hoto na infrared suna taimakawa gano yanayin zafi na gida kafin suyi wari da yadawa.
• Kada a bijirar da dankali mai sanyi ga iskar waje mai dumi. A Layer na free ruwa zai condense a kan tubers. Saduwa da ruwa a kan tubers yana haifar da shaƙar su, yayin da a lokaci guda inganta haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu laushi.
Misalai biyu na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun cututtuka.
1. Robe mai laushi a lokacin ajiya, lalacewa ta hanyar pectobacteria:
- akwai bayanai game da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta ko magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta don sarrafa ruɓar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kai tsaye a cikin ajiya. Wannan za a tattauna a kasa;
- ajiya da kwantena ya kamata a tsaftace su sosai (kuma a lalata su idan an adana dankali mai cuta a baya) kafin amfani;
- don cimma samuwar kwasfa mai ƙarfi da balaga kafin girbi;
- girbi a hankali kuma ku guje wa ɓarna, kada ku girbi a cikin ruwan sama;
- idan ana zargin kamuwa da cuta mai laushi a cikin wani yanki kawai na kuri'a, to, sanya shi kusa da samun damar yin amfani da shi don a iya cire shi da sauri idan ya fara lalacewa;
- yi amfani da iska tare da ƙananan zafi tare da kullun iska mai gudana yayin bushewa, ƙaddamarwa, ajiyar wuri.
- Kada ku warkar da raunuka a yanayin zafi (> 15 оDAGA);
- kula da ƙananan zafin jiki na ɓangaren litattafan almara a matakin babban ajiya (kasa da 4 ° C);
- idan cutar ba ta bayyana nan da nan ba, amma a lokacin jiyya, rage yawan zafin jiki zuwa yanayin bayyanar ya kamata ya kasance da sauri, tare da yawan iska;
- hana samuwar condensate a kan tubers, yi amfani da ci gaba amma ƙarancin saurin iska don daidaita yanayin zafi a duk wuraren ajiya da aka tara;
- yi amfani da ƙarin samun iska na raunukan da suka yi muni mai tsanani, ware su, idan zai yiwu, don wannan magani.
2. Busassun bushewa da Fusarium sambucinum ke haifarwa da sauran Fusarium spp..:
- rage girman samuwar raunuka a lokacin girbi da sarrafawa;
A guji girbi dankali a ƙananan zafin jiki saboda dankalin sanyi yana da saurin kamuwa da rauni.
- kafin girbi, tabbatar da cewa fata da girma na dankali suna cikin yanayi mai kyau;
- cire wuce haddi da datti a lokacin girbi da kuma kafin ajiya;
- bayan girbi magani na tubers ba tare da gurbatawa ba.
- zafin jiki na 13 ° C da dangi zafi na 95% yana inganta warkar da raunuka, an gama warkar da rauni a cikin makonni 2-3;
- Bayan an gama ƙaddamarwa, sannu a hankali rage zafin jiki a cikin adadin 0,5 ° C kowace rana har sai an kai yanayin babban lokacin ajiya.
Don rage bayyanar cututtuka a lokacin ajiya, rage yaduwar cututtuka, yana da kyau a bi da tubers kafin ajiya ko, kamar yadda ya cancanta, kai tsaye a lokacin ajiya tare da fungicides ko disinfectants. Algorithm na yanke shawara don magani ya dogara da yanayi da yawa kuma yana da takamaiman ga kowane cuta (Fig. 5).
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don magance dankali da cututtukan ajiya sune azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, difeconazole, sedaxan, mancozeb, flutalanil, penflufen, prothioconazole, thiophtanate-methyl, acid phosphorous, potassium phosphite, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, benzoic acid, peroxyacetic acid. Babu wata hanya ta duniya don murkushe duk ƙwayoyin cuta, wajibi ne a yi amfani da abubuwa masu aiki waɗanda ke da tasiri ga abin da ake nufi (Tables 2, 3).
Tebur 2. Wasu nau'ikan fungicides na kasuwanci
Abubuwa masu aiki | Rhizoctonia stolons da mai tushe | Tuber rhizoctoniosis | Fusarium | azurfa scab | Scab Obyknov | Phytophthora |
Thiaftanat methyl + mancozeb + cymoxanil | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
fludioxonil | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
Fludioxanil MZ | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl 2,5D | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl 5D | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl MZ | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
Thioftanate methyl MZ + imidacloprid | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
5 - mai kyau; 4-mafi kyau; 3- mai kyau; 2 - rauni |
Babban ingancin magani tare da fungicides da disinfectants shine fesa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi tare da yawan ruwa mai aiki wanda bai wuce 3 l / t ba. Wannan yana yiwuwa lokacin amfani da atomizers diski akan kowane wuri mai juyawa - hopper rollers, tebur dubawa ko kayan aiki na musamman na Mafex. Adadin kwararar ruwa mai aiki na 10-20 l/t a asibiti kuskure ne kuma ba za a yarda da shi ba. A cikin zamani phytopathological halin da ake ciki, bayyananne wetting na tubers ne m tsokane ga ci gaban kwayoyin cututtuka. Bayan aiki a asibiti, har ma a ranar dasa shuki, dole ne a bushe dankali.
Ya zuwa yanzu babu fungicides tare da aikin antibacterial. Don batches dankali mai mahimmanci a cikin yanayi mai wuya a Jamus Don gano rigar ƙwayoyin cuta, ana zubar da tubers kafin adanawa tare da busassun busassun lemun tsami a cikin adadin kilo 20-50 a kowace ton.. Lemun tsami ba ya lalata ingancin tebur na tubers, amma bayan haka bayyanar ya zama sabon abu. A bayyane yake cewa a wannan yanayin, dole ne a wanke dankali daga baya ko kuma mabukaci dole ne su yarda su sayi dankalin da aka yi da lemun tsami.
Wanke dankali kafin a ajiye shi abu ne da ba kasafai ake yin noma ba.. Yana da ma'ana a wanke dankalin turawa don adana ɗimbin ƙima yayin da ɗigon ɗigon ruwa ya bazu ko'ina a lokacin girbi. A wannan yanayin, ba za ku iya amfani da kwantena masu ruwa ba, kawai sprayers. Wajibi ne a sami da dama kwatance na nozzles domin dukan surface na tubers an wanke da tsabta. Dankali da aka wanke kafin bushewa da sauri kuma dole ne a bi da shi tare da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta (hydrogen peroxide, benzoic acid, sodium hypochlorite, da dai sauransu tare da cikakken ƙimar).
Hakazalika da matakan bushewa da bushewa, jadawali na mataki na sanyi na gaba ya kamata kuma suyi la'akari da yanayin batches dankalin turawa, watau zazzabi, zafi, kasada da batutuwa. A cikin yanayi na al'ada, ana rage yawan zafin jiki na iska a cikin adadin 0,3-1,0 ºC kowace rana har sai an kai yanayin babban lokacin ajiya na dogon lokaci. Auna zafin ɓangaren litattafan almara shine mafi ingantaccen hanyar sarrafa tsari. Mafi kyawun lokacin don auna sakamakon sanyaya shine da sassafe saboda ana yin sanyaya ta amfani da ƙarancin dare a waje da yanayin zafi. Dole ne a kunna iska koyaushe yayin sanyaya. Da zarar yanayi a cikin kantin sayar da ya daidaita, samun iska na yau da kullun ya kamata ya kasance mai tsayi don kiyaye bambancin da bai wuce 1,0 ºC tsakanin kwantena na kasa da na sama ko cika yadudduka ba, kuma a baya da gaban ɗakunan ajiya. Yana da kyau a gudanar da magoya baya tare da guntun hawan keke (2-4 hours a kan kuma akalla 2 hours a kashe). Wannan jadawalin yana rage sauyin yanayi a cikin rumbun ajiya. Idan an dakatar da magoya baya na dogon lokaci, tubers sukan yi zafi; don haka, zai ɗauki ƙarin lokaci don kwantar da hankali zuwa zafin jiki mai riƙewa.
Rage yawan zafin jiki da sauri yana taimakawa rage lalacewa daga yawancin cututtuka. Duk da haka, wannan hanya ba tare da kasada ga al'ada, balagagge tubers. Daya daga cikin rashin amfani da m sanyaya shi ne cewa tubers a kasan kwantena da kuma a cikin ƙananan yadudduka na tudun iya rasa turgor, flatten a karkashin matsa lamba da kuma ji ƙyama. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda haɓakar yanayin zafin iska mai sanyi da ake amfani da shi don saurin sanyaya, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi. A sakamakon haka, iskar da ke kewaye da tubers tana da ƙarancin ƙarancin tururi idan aka kwatanta da abun ciki na cikin ruwa na dankalin turawa. Wannan yana haifar da ruwa na ciki ya fito daga cikin tubers don gyara rashi. Rashin danshi yana raunana ƙarfin tsarin salula na ciki na dankalin turawa. Rashin lahani na biyu na saurin sanyaya shi ne cewa a lokacin daɗaɗɗen yanayi mai dumi a cikin kaka har ma da farkon hunturu, bayan sanyaya, wajibi ne don rage yawan amfani da iska na waje na dogon lokaci (don haka zazzabi a cikin kantin sayar da kada ya tashi). wanda ke hana tubers iskar oxygen kuma yana haifar da tarin carbon dioxide. Ƙwayoyin da ba su da yawa za su kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin wannan yanayin. Hakanan, ƙananan yanayin zafi da haɓakar matakan carbon dioxide suna rage jinkirin aikin warkar da raunuka. A lokaci guda, ana buƙatar saurin sanyaya idan akwai haɗarin farkon germination na tubers. Har ila yau, wannan hadarin ya kasance na hali don lokacin da ake ciki, tun lokacin da tubers ya karbi babban adadin zafi a cikin tsarin girma a lokacin girma. A saboda wannan dalili, nau'ikan da ke da ɗan gajeren lokacin hutu za su iya yin fure a cikin Oktoba - Nuwamba, wanda ba a so ga duka tebur da dankalin iri.
Daga karshe. Yana da kusan ba zai yiwu ba don ware yiwuwar matsaloli yayin ajiyar dankali na dogon lokaci. Kowane ƙwararren mai noman dankalin turawa yakan gane su da idon basira yayin da suke girma kuma ana girbe su a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayi.Kyakkyawan zafin jiki da kula da zafi a cikin 'yan makonnin farko na ajiya shine muhimmin abu guda ɗaya mafi mahimmanci na nasarar duk ajiyar dogon lokaci. Watan farko na ajiya yana da mahimmanci, saboda a wannan lokacin ne kuke buƙatar bushewa da sauri, warkar da lalacewa ga kwasfa kuma sanyaya samfurin yadda ya kamata. Ko matsalolin sun shafi yanayi ko cututtuka, zafin jiki ko zafi, dole ne a biya hankali ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan don adana matsakaicin girma da ingancin tubers. Isasshen iskar iska a daidai zafin jiki da zafi yana da mahimmanci ga matsala dankali. Haƙiƙanin hanyoyin aiwatar da matakan farko na ajiya na iya buƙatar daidaitawa don rage asara. Don adana adadi da ingancin dankali a kowane wuri, ya kamata ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ya kamata a gina su da yanke shawara mai ƙarfi, da kuma kayan aikin dankalin turawa.
Littattafai:
1. Adana dankali iri / S.A.Banadysev. - M .: Knihizdat, 2020. -292 p.
2. Fasaha na aiki iska na kayan lambu (2nd ed.) / S.A.Banadysev, Yu.V.Patsyuk. - Minsk: Witposter, 2016. - 148 p.
3. Banadysev S.A. girma Cututtukan ajiyar dankali. - "Tsarin dankalin turawa", 2021. - No. 4, p.42-47
4. XieT, Shen S, HaoY, LiWandWangJ. Kwatancen kwatancen bambance-bambancen ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun al'ummomi da haɓakawa a kan bututun da suka kamu da cutar yayin ajiyar dankalin turawa a yankuna daban-daban na Qinghai Sin. gaba. Genet., 2022.-13:818940. Shafin: 10.3389.
5. Matsalar Dankali a Harvest./Suberizer Inc. - 2019
Author: Sergey Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Kimiyya, "Doka-Gene Technologies"