Indiya ce ta biyu a duniya bayan China wajen noman dankalin turawa. A cewar Portal Statista.com, a cikin 2023, ƙasar ta girbe kusan tan miliyan 59,74 na kayayyakin, wanda ya haura tan miliyan uku fiye da na 2022.
Ya yi magana game da yadda Indiyawa ke sarrafa don cimma irin wannan sakamako. Rajver Singh (Rajvir Singh), Mataimakin Shugaban KF Biotech Pvt Ltd.
KF Biotech Pvt Ltd. girma babban kamfani ne na agro-biotechnological, wani ɓangare na rukunin kamfanoni na Kapur.
Yana da sassa biyu, ɗaya ya ƙware wajen samar da dankali mai inganci, na biyu - wajen samar da kayan dashen ayaba.
A duk shekara kamfanin yana samar wa kasuwa da kimanin tan dubu 50 na dankalin iri.
KF Biotech Pvt Ltd yana da kwazo, ingantaccen masana'anta da ke Bangalore, babban birnin fasahar kere-kere na Indiya. Filayen iri sun fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin jihar Punjab, a cikin yankin da babu kwari da ke da mahimmancin keɓe.
Daga tarihi
An yi imanin cewa ma'aikatan ruwa na Portugal sun kawo dankali zuwa Indiya a farkon karni na 17. Kamfanin British East India Company ne ya sauƙaƙe yaduwar al'ada: 'yan kasuwa na Ingila sun inganta da kuma karfafa noma da cin dankali a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara. Har ma kamfanin ya keɓe samfurin daga harajin wucewa. Ƙoƙarin da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi ya biya, kuma an haɗa dankalin turawa cikin sauƙi a cikin abincin yankin Indiya.
Indiyawa suna son dankali a kowane nau'i - soyayyen, stewed, gasa. Yana aiki a matsayin babban sinadari a cikin ciko fitattun kayan yaji na samosa a ƙasar, ana amfani da shi don shirya kayan ciye-ciye na aloo tikki, Calcutta biryani da sauran jita-jita.
Girman samarwa
A cewar FAO, tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 2000, noman dankalin turawa a Indiya ya karu da kusan kashi 850 cikin 90, a wani bangare sakamakon karuwar bukatar mazauna birane masu arziki. A cikin 12s, amfani da dankalin turawa kowane mutum ya karu daga 17 zuwa XNUMX kg a kowace shekara.
Amma nasarar da aka samu sakamakon rikodi ya kasance saboda fadada yankuna maimakon karuwar yawan amfanin gona.
Siffofin girma
Ana noman dankalin turawa a cikin jihohi 23 na Indiya, amma yawancin abin da ake nomawa (kimanin kashi 74%) yana cikin Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal da Bihar.
Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa a ƙasar ana girbe shi a Uttar Pradesh, wanda ke da yanayin yanayi mai kyau, ƙasa mai albarka da manyan kayayyakin aikin gona.
Yanayin yanayi na yawancin yankuna na ƙasar yana ba da damar girbin dankalin turawa ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara. Banda shi ne Punjab, inda a wasu yankunan manoma ke girbi amfanin gona guda biyu, amma saboda karancin ruwa gwamnati ta hana yin hakan.
Ana shuka dankalin turawa a juye-juye tare da sauran amfanin gona, yawanci shinkafa da alkama.
Dasa dankali yawanci yana faruwa daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba, girbi daga Fabrairu zuwa Maris.
Matsakaicin girman gonar dankalin turawa shine kadada 5 zuwa 10 (kimanin kadada 2,025 zuwa 4,05). Amma wannan amfanin gona kuma ana noma shi da manyan kamfanonin noma.
Manyan manoma a Punjab suna amfani da injinan shuka da girbi, yayin da a jihohi kamar West Bengal da Bihar duk ayyukan noma ana yin su da hannu.
Domin aikin noman noma, manoma na amfani da nasu rijiyoyin, da kuma ruwa daga magudanan ruwa. A wasu jihohi kamar Gujarat, ana shuka dankali a ƙarƙashin ban ruwa.
Dankali iri
Manoma galibi suna shuka nau'ikan tebur na Indiya waɗanda Cibiyar Binciken Dankali ta Tsakiya (ICAR-Central Dankali Research Institute) ta haɓaka.
Don tunani: Cibiyar Nazarin Dankali ta Tsakiya tana cikin Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Makasudin cibiyar sun hada da gudanar da bincike na asali, dabaru da amfani don inganta dorewa, yawan aiki, da ingancin dankali; samun lafiya iri kayan iri iri ci gaba da cibiyar.
Zaɓin nau'in yana da faɗi sosai, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an ƙirƙiri sababbi 65, waɗanda 33 daga cikinsu suna da juriya ga matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma takwas sun dace da sarrafa masana'antu. A lokaci guda, nau'ikan iri 23 a halin yanzu sun mamaye kusan kashi 95% na yankin da aka ware don dankali a cikin ƙasa.
Abubuwan da ake so a tsakanin Indiyawa game da zaɓin iri-iri (launi na fata, launin ɓangaren litattafan almara) ya bambanta dangane da yankin. Don haka, a West Bengal, mutane suna son dankali mai launin ja, yayin da a wasu jihohi, ana ba da fifiko ga dankali mai launin fari mai launin fari ko rawaya mai haske.
Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutane a kasar sun hada da Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Chipsona, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Jawahar da sauransu. Akwai nau'ikan na musamman don sarrafawa: K Frysona, K Chipsona 1, K Chipsona 2, K Chipsona 3 da K Fryom, da sauransu.
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma suna gabatar da nau'ikan kasashen waje a cikin kasuwar Indiya.
Sabbin hanyoyin kiwo
A cikin 2010, masana kimiyyar halittu daga Cibiyar Nazarin Tsirrai ta Ƙasa a New Delhi sun ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar dankalin da aka canza ta hanyar halitta wanda ke ɗauke da furotin 60% fiye da tubers na al'ada.
Masu haɓakawa sun yi amfani da ƙwayar AmA1 daga shukar amaranth, wanda aka ci shekaru aru-aru a Amurka ta tsakiya da Asiya. Masana kimiyyar sun lura cewa sun fuskanci aikin samun tushen furotin mai araha, tun da legumes, kifi ko waken soya sun fi dankali tsada.
A karshen shekarar 2023, Ministan Biotechnology na Indiya, Dokta Manju Sharma, ya jaddada cewa sakamakon gwajin shekaru uku na dankalin turawa tare da karuwar abun ciki mai gina jiki yana da kwarin gwiwa sosai kuma za a iya amincewa da sabon samfurin don noman kasuwanci a kusa. nan gaba.
Amma wannan manufar tana da isassun abokan adawa. Masu hamayya suna jayayya cewa yin amfani da dankalin da aka canza ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta zai yi watsi da tushen furotin na gargajiya kuma don haka ya dagula rashi na wani muhimmin sinadari.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa har yanzu Indiya ba ta amince da amfani da abinci da aka gyara ba a cikin ƙasar. Tun da farko a cikin 2023, gwamnati ta ƙi samar da tan dubu da yawa na cakuda waken soya da aka gyara daga Amurka.
Adana da sayar da dankali
Bayan girbi, ƙananan manoma suna sayar da dankali a kasuwannin kayan lambu ko kuma su mika su ga masana'antun sarrafa su. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana sayar da dankali a cikin nau'i na "datti"; kawai masana'antun sun tattara samfuran kafin su sayar da su zuwa manyan kantuna.
Manyan masana'antun suna sanya samfuran su cikin ajiya. Wuraren ajiya na dankalin turawa sanye take da kayan sanyi suna ba ku damar kula da kayayyaki masu inganci na watanni 10-12. Matsakaicin ƙarfin ajiyar dankalin turawa shine ton dubu 5.
Halin da ake ciki tare da samar da sararin ajiya yana inganta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda ana gina sababbin ɗakunan ajiya na fasaha a cikin manyan wuraren da ake samar da dankalin turawa.
Matsalolin masu noman dankalin turawa
Manoma a Indiya na fuskantar kalubale iri daya da manoma a wasu kasashen duniya. Masana'antar na fama da karancin dankalin iri a farashi mai sauki. Ana haifar da asarar amfanin gona ta hanyar yaduwar cututtuka (maƙarƙashiya, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, scab na kowa, tushen rot) da kwari (cyst nematodes).
Amma babban abu shine cewa ribar noman dankalin turawa tana raguwa. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, farashin noman amfanin gona ya ninka sau biyu, amma farashin samfurin ƙarshe bai canza ba. Halin yana da wahala musamman a shekarun da, saboda yanayin yanayi mai kyau, manoma suna samun yawan amfanin gona.
Shirye-shiryen tallafi na jiha ga manoma
Jihar ta baiwa manoma tallafi mai yawa don samar da hanyoyin noman rani, wani bangare na biyan kudin wutar lantarki da takin zamani, bayar da tallafin kudi a lokutan da ake nomawa, karfafa gwiwar masu noma su fitar da kayayyakinsu zuwa kasashen waje ta hanyar biyan su kudin sufuri, da dai sauransu akwai tallafi na musamman. shirye-shirye ga manoma masu tsunduma cikin aikin noma
Sakewa
Har zuwa farkon 90s, sarrafa dankalin turawa a kasar gaba daya ba a bunkasa ba. Bayan haka, tare da fara aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma fitowar 'yan wasa na cikin gida a kasuwa, masana'antar cikin sauri ta tashi tare da nuna babban ci gaba cikin shekaru 10. A halin yanzu, ana sarrafa kashi 6 zuwa 8% na adadin dankalin turawa a Indiya. Kuma samfuran da aka sarrafa (chips, fries na Faransa) suna ƙara samun shahara a cikin ƙasar, musamman a tsakanin matasa.
A Indiya akwai manya-manyan masana'antu na shahararrun kamfanonin duniya kamar McCain, Hyfun, Funwave, Pepsico. Suna samo albarkatun kasa daga duk jihohin da ake noman dankalin turawa kamar Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal.
A cikin kaka na 2023, PepsiCo ya ba da sanarwar fara gina sabon shuka don samar da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na Lay a Indiya. Zuba jari a wurin samar da kayayyaki, wanda zai kasance a cikin jihar Assam, zai kai kusan dala miliyan 95.
Kananan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke samar da kayayyakin dankalin turawa, wanda a ko da yaushe ke karuwa, su ma suna ba da gudummawarsu wajen bunkasa sarrafa su. Alal misali, kukis na dankalin turawa na bakin ciki tare da dandano na kwakwalwan kwamfuta sun bayyana a kasuwa.
Fitarwa
Indiya na fitar da dankalin iri zuwa kasashe daban-daban kamar Rasha, Masar, Saudi Arabia, Aljeriya, Turkiyya, Senegal, Bangladesh da Nepal.
Bugu da kari, ana ba da kayayyakin sarrafa dankalin turawa a kasashen waje. Bari mu dauki soyayyen Faransa a matsayin misali. Komawa cikin 2007, Indiya tana shigo da ton dubu 6 na waɗannan samfuran kowace shekara, kuma a cikin 2019 ƙasar ta riga ta fitar da tan dubu 30 na dankali mai daskarewa. A yau, Indiya tana ba da mafi yawan waɗannan samfuran zuwa Philippines. Indiya kuma tana fitar da guntun dankalin turawa, galibi zuwa Japan da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Noman dankali a Indiya yana haifar da kalubale da yawa, amma masana sun yi imanin amfanin gona zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai albarka da riba ga manoma. Makullin wannan shine ci gaba mai ƙarfi na sashin sarrafawa. Ana ci gaba da samun karuwar bukatar kayayyakin dankalin turawa iri-iri a kasar, kuma a bisa wannan yanayin, makomarta tana da kyau.