Yin amfani da takin kore a cikin tsarin shuka dankalin turawa - abin da kuke buƙatar sani don dasa shuki koren taki yana da fa'ida sosai kuma baya cutar da al'ada.
Noman taki koren sanannen batun noman amfanin gona ne. Masana kimiyya da agronomists a cikin komai suna gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa tare da murfin ƙasa daban-daban, suna buga binciken su a cikin jama'a.
Menene siderates don dankali: ribobi da fursunoni
Don haka, bisa ga ɗaya daga cikin binciken da masana kimiyyar Dutch suka yi, jan Clover kafin dasa dankali ya ƙaru yawan amfanin gonar tubers fiye da cakuda hatsi / Peas / vetch.
Duk da haka, clover yana da saukin kamuwa da verticillary wilt, wanda ke da haɗari ga al'adun dankalin turawa na gaba. Kuma farin Clover, a matsayin precursor zuwa dankali, gabaɗaya yana da mummunan tasiri akan yawan amfanin ƙasa.
hatsin daji ko hatsin daji, wani kwaro na hatsi, ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mai amfani ga dankali. An gudanar da gwaji na tsawon shekaru biyu a kasar Ajantina Wild oats, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman koren taki, ya yi tasiri sosai kan amfanin gona da kuma abin da ya faru. Yawan amfanin tubers ya fi girma, kuma matsa lamba na scab a kan wuraren da aka yi wa ƙwayoyin cuta ya ragu.
Waken soya yana da kyau sosai ga dankali, musamman a yanayin zafi. Waken soya ya fi juriyar acidity na ƙasa fiye da yawancin legumes kuma ya yi aiki da kyau a kan scab. Lalacewar noman waken soya a matsayin amfanin gona shi ne cewa yana samar da saura kaɗan don haka baya taimakawa wajen kiyaye matakan ƙwayoyin halittar ƙasa.
Lupine shine abin da aka fi so a Gabashin Turai a matsayin amfanin gona na rufewa kafin dankali.
Tasirinsa akan yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu a cikin juyawa. Lupine wake yana da tasirin hanawa akan nematodes da rhizoctonia kuma yana iya zama zaɓi mai ban sha'awa.
A wasu ƙasashe, hatsin rai a baya ya kasance sanannen amfanin gona na rufe ko jujjuya amfanin gona don dankali, musamman a ƙasa mai haske. Ba kamar legumes ba, hatsin rai baya buƙatar babban pH kuma yana da fa'ida sosai tare da ciyawa. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun tsire-tsire don hana nitrate leaching a cikin fall. Rye kuma yana jure wa ƙananan yanayin sanyi. Abin takaici, hatsin rai yana da wuya a kashe a cikin bazara kuma shine, alas, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire don nematodes suna kai hari ga dankali.
Noman Kabeji irinsu farin mastad, radish mai da irin fyaɗe suna da fa'idodi da yawa. Suna girma da sauri, suna da sanyi, suna da kyau masu tara nitrogen, tsaba suna da arha kuma suna mutuwa a cikin hunturu. Kashe nematodes. Bugu da ƙari, mustard ya bayyana yana da tasiri a kan scab da rhizoctonia. Ɗaya mai yuwuwar koma baya shine phytotoxicity a cikin maɓuɓɓugan sanyi. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire yawanci suna ƙara busasshen busasshen amfanin gona na dankalin turawa na gaba.
Menene masana kimiyya suka ce? Ra'ayin masanin aikin gona
Lokacin yin la'akari da koren taki don dankali, zai zama taimako don karanta labarin Andrew McGuire, masanin noman noman ban ruwa a Jami'ar Washington. Marubucin ya kira koren taki ko koren taki koren taki don dankali, wanda yayi daidai da manufar amfanin gona na ƙasa.
“Koren taki amfanin gona ne da ake nomawa sannan a sanya shi cikin kasa yayin da ya rage korayen. An yi amfani da wannan aikin sosai don inganta ƙasa da samar da abubuwan gina jiki ga amfanin gona kafin a sami takin roba.
Kwanan nan, manoman dankalin turawa sun sake yin sha'awar wannan tsohuwar fasaha, inda suke zabar taki mafi yawa daga mustard don haɓaka amfanin gona ta hanyar haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa.
Koyaya, ba kamar takin mai rahusa ba, koren takin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a baya, koren mustard yana buƙatar ƙarin ciyarwa, takamaiman fasahar aikin gona da, a wasu lokuta, ban ruwa.
Suna buƙatar fahimtar zamani game da ilimin yanayin ƙasa, kwari na ƙasa, nazarin halittu na shuka, da dabarun kiwo da tantancewa. An yi imani da cewa, ba kamar takin zamani ba, koren taki zai iya inganta yanayin jiki, sinadarai da kuma ilimin halitta na ƙasa.
An yanke girbi na koren mustard taki kuma an rufe shi a cikin kaka kafin shuka dankalin turawa a nan gaba.
Halayen zahirin ƙasa kamar gangara, shigar ruwa, riƙe ruwa da iska ana inganta gabaɗaya ta hanyar ƙara kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa, taki, koren taki, takin, ko ragowar amfanin gona. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar mafi girma, tsarin tushen lafiya, wanda ke taimakawa tsire-tsire don magance damuwa.
Hakanan za'a iya inganta halayen halittun ƙasa kamar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ayyukan nazarin halittu da bambancin halittu tare da takin kore. Wadannan canje-canje a cikin ilmin halitta na ƙasa suna ba da ƙarfin tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci don amfani da koren taki a cikin tsarin noman dankalin turawa, musamman don kula da kwari da cututtuka irin su fungi da cututtuka na kwayan cuta.
Abubuwan sinadarai na ƙasa an inganta su ta hanyar haɓaka matakan abubuwan gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a wasu tsarin girma, koren taki yana aiki a madadin fumigants masu tsada.
Koyaya, girman da tsawon lokacin waɗannan tasirin masu fa'ida ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, kamar yanayin ƙasa, zafin jiki da zafi, shekarun shuka da nau'in, yanayi, ayyukan noma, nau'in kwari da matakan, da jujjuyawar amfanin gona. Saboda haka, amfanin mustard a matsayin siderat ga dankali ya bambanta a cikin filayen.
Tasirin koren taki a kan kwari na ƙasa shine sakamakon hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da yawa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin sarkar cuɗanya a cikin ƙasa. Sabili da haka, har yanzu ba zai yiwu a faɗi abin da ya fi mahimmanci ba ko yadda kowannensu ke aiki tare da ɗayan - za mu iya ƙayyade kawai waɗanne hanyoyin da za su iya aiki kuma su kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin girma dankali.
Juyin juyawa
Har sai an sami ci gaba a ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, yawancin nau'ikan amfanin gona na ƙasa an shigar da su cikin tsarin jujjuya amfanin gona.
Daidaitaccen juyewar amfanin gona yana rage matsalolin kwari ta hanyar canza yanayin muhalli da halittu a cikin filin.
Kowane kwaro yana da saitin yanayin da ya fi so. Idan an ƙyale kwari su sami yanayin da suka fi so na dogon lokaci, suna ninka da sauri kuma suna haifar da matsaloli.
Gabaɗaya, jujjuyawar amfanin gona tare da kwanakin shuka daban-daban ( bazara da kaka), amfanin gona daban-daban (shekara-shekara da perennials; dogaye da gajere; tare da tsarin tushen tushen fibrous) da kamuwa da cuta daban-daban (ciyawar ciyawa da weeds) ya zama muhimmin taimako ga amfanin gona. da masu noman dankalin turawa.
Danniya da ƙasa cututtuka
Hanya na biyu a cikin wasu amfanin gona na ƙasa ana kiransa cutar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Masana kimiyya suna kallonsa a matsayin abin da aka lura da shi na hana cututtuka da ke haifar da ƙasa, duk da cewa kwayoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka suna nan a cikin ƙasa a kan masu haɗari.
Musamman akan dankali a cikin yanayin wilt na verticillary (Verticillium dahlia) masu bincike sun lura da cewa lokacin da wasu korayen taki (sha'ir, mustard, rapeseed, ciyawar Sudan, da masara mai zaki) aka cushe a cikin ƙasa kafin shuka, matakin kamuwa da cuta. Verticillium ya kasance ƙasa, ko da lokacin da akwai babban matakin naman gwari a cikin filin.
Koren taki shine tushen kuzari ga microorganisms masu amfani. Ana ɗauka cewa waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna ƙaura Verticilliumkaruwa a lamba.
Bayan haka, bayan dasa dankalin, za su iya kawar da Verticillium daga wani yanki tare da tushen dankalin turawa da ake kira rhizosphere. Wannan shine kawai wurin da ƙwayoyin cuta na verticillium za su iya cutar da tsire-tsire dankalin turawa.
Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa wasu hanyoyin suna wanzu a cikin gwagwarmayar amfanin gonar ku, ciki har da tsangwama (ƙaramar juna ko raguwa a sakamakon girman) na siginar sinadarai tsakanin cututtuka da tsire-tsire.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa busassun tsire-tsire ba sa aiki da kyau kamar sabbin tsire-tsire. Sabili da haka, rufe amfanin gona tare da murfin ƙasa yayin da yake kore.
Biofumigation
Ana amfani da wannan kalmar don yin nuni ga tasirin juyawar amfanin gona ko koren taki akan kwari da ke haifar da ƙasa.
Abubuwan amfanin gona irin su irin rapeseed da mustard sun ƙunshi sinadarai masu aiki da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira glucosinolates.
A cikin ƙasa, wasu glucosinolates a cikin tushen, mai tushe da ganye suna rushe zuwa isothiocyanates (ITCs) da sauran sinadarai.
An san Isothiocyanates don kashe ko kashe wasu phytopathogens da nematodes. Akwai nau'ikan glucosinolates da yawa waɗanda ke samar da nau'ikan ITC daban-daban tare da guba daban-daban ga kwari daban-daban.
Methyl ITC wani sinadari ne mai aiki wanda, kamar fumigant na roba na al'ada, a cikin vitro yana danne ci gaban farar rot, scab scab da ruwan hoda rot. Gwaje-gwajen filin sun nuna gaurayawan sakamako, kuma ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike.
An nuna ciyawa ta Sudan (ko dawa ta Sudan) da gero suna da tasiri a kan tushen nematodes ta hanyar samar da durrin, wanda, kamar glucosinolates, ya zama wani fili mai guba idan aka shafa ƙasa - a cikin wannan yanayin hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Yawanci, ƙididdigar glucosinolate yana ƙaruwa kafin fure kuma ya kasance har sai tsiron ya fara bushewa.
Aikin da ake yi a yanzu shi ne a nika koren taki kafin a yada shi don tabbatar da cewa an gauraya kwayoyin halittun da kasa. Mafi kyawun kayan aiki don wannan na iya zama shredder mai saurin gudu. A ƙarshe, samar da ITC ya fi girma akan ƙasa mai laushi fiye da busassun ƙasa, don haka shayar da filin bayan aikace-aikacen idan zai yiwu.
Wannan tsari na murkushe cututtuka na halitta yana faruwa ne lokacin da wasu kwayoyin halitta suka saki sinadarai da suka yi mu'amala da tushen shuka kuma suna kunna tsarin kariya na dabi'ar shuka.
Kafin zabar koren taki, ayyana burin
Kafin ƙara koren taki amfanin gona zuwa jujjuya ku, dole ne ku yanke shawarar abin da kuke son cimmawa: sarrafa wani nematode, cuta, sako mai matsala, ko inganta ƙasa kawai.
Da zarar kun yanke shawara kan burin ku na farko, yakamata ku yanke shawarar gudanarwa don haɓaka tasirin da zai kai ku ga burin.
Saitin manufa yakamata yayi la'akari da nau'ikan amfanin gona, ƙasa da kwari a gonar ku, ko ma a kowane yanki da kuke noma.
Tun da wasu nau'ikan taki na kore za su fi kyau a wasu yanayi, ya kamata ku bincika fa'ida da rashin amfani da kowane nau'in amfanin gona kuma ku gwada waɗanda suke da alama suna aiki mafi kyau don yanayin ku.
Nasara ko gazawar samun fa'ida daga amfanin gonakin murfin ƙasa ya dogara da cikakkun bayanai: hanyar shuka, kwanan wata, ƙimar iri, hadi, sarrafa ciyawa, da hanyar dasa shuki da lokaci. Kafin siyan iri, tabbatar cewa kuna da duk bayanan game da amfanin gona da kuka zaɓa.
Tsaba daga rufin ƙasa na musamman na iya yin tsada. Koyaya, koren taki da aka samar tare da mafi arha iri, a cikin ƙananan yankuna kuma tare da ƙarancin ban ruwa, yawanci baya ba da sakamako mai gamsarwa, musamman dangane da sarrafa phytopathogens da nematodes.
Lokacin la'akari da farashin takin kore, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da duk amfanin. Duk da yake yana da sauƙin ƙididdige fa'idodin idan za ku iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, yana da wahala sosai don tantance fa'idodin ingantattun halaye na ƙasa ko wasu fa'idodin na dogon lokaci.
Har ila yau, ku tuna cewa da an kashe wasu kuɗin da kuke kashewa don kula da murfin ku. Wannan ya shafi takin mai magani - yawancin su za su kasance a cikin ƙasa don amfanin gona na gaba.
Yi la'akari da lokaci da ƙoƙarin da ake bukata don samun sakamako mai kyau. Shin waɗannan albarkatun za su kasance a lokacin da kuke buƙatar su? Kuna da wasu ayyuka a wannan lokacin na shekara da za su iya hana ku kula da kyau ga girbin taki mai koren? Kuna iya buƙatar siyan ƙarin kayan aiki da ɗaukar ma'aikata."
Karanta cikakke: https://www.agroxxi.ru/