Me yasa tsarin hasashen cututtukan amfanin gona ke buƙatar sabuntawa akai-akai, wanda ya haɗa da masana daga fannoni daban-daban
Dankali marigayi blight lalacewa ta hanyar Magungunan Phytophthora, yana daya daga cikin cututtukan amfanin gona masu haɗari, wanda ke buƙatar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari akai-akai don rigakafi.
Ci gaban cutar ya dogara ne akan yanayin yanayi, sabili da haka an samar da tsare-tsaren hasashen da dama a duniya domin rage kudaden da manoma ke kashewa wajen yaki da cutar.
'Dokokin Irish', waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin 1950s kuma an daidaita su don hasashen yanayi, ayyukan samar da dankalin turawa da matsin lamba na ƙwayoyin cuta. P. estan tsaran gida har yanzu yana zama tushen shawarwari ga manoma.
Duk da haka, tun farkon tsarin mulkin Irish, an sami sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma kuzari na marigayi blight. Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Irish daga Cibiyar Binciken amfanin gona ta Teagasc, Jami'ar Maynooth da Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Irish sun gwada samfurin a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yanzu kuma sun ba da shawarar gyare-gyare da yawa.
Late blight yana tasowa kuma ya zama mafi muni
Late blight (ko marigayi rot dankali) yana daya daga cikin mafi lalacewa cututtuka na dankalin turawa amfanin gona saboda m sake haifuwa sake zagayowar na phytopathogen da m. Idan babu kulawa, ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da lalacewa da sauri ga amfanin gona, duka a cikin filin da lokacin ajiya bayan girbi.
A Irland, ɓarnar ɓarnar dankalin turawa a ƙarshen zamani tana da tasirin al'adu da tattalin arziƙi, wanda ya haifar da yaɗuwar yunwa da ƙaura na manyan sassan jama'a a cikin 1840s.
Yanzu a Ireland kadai, ana kashe kusan Yuro miliyan 5 a duk shekara kan maganin kashe kwari don yakar cutar da ke dadewa, yayin da a duk duniya farashin kula da cututtuka da asarar amfanin gona ya zarce Yuro biliyan 1 a shekara.
Gudun cutar ya dogara sosai akan yanayin, tare da mafi mahimmancin sauye-sauye shine yanayin zafi, dangi zafi da hazo, na biyun suna da alaƙa sosai.
Dogon lokaci na rigar da sanyi yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau don yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ruwan sama da iska ke ɗauka.
Cutar tana haifar da lalacewa a kaikaice da kuma kai tsaye: a kaikaice, ta hanyar rage saman hotuna, da kuma kai tsaye lokacin da zoospores, wanke daga foliage, harba tubers a cikin ƙasa.
Tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar duniya ya haifar da ƙaura na duniya na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga cikin manyan, tsoffin layin clonal ko genotypes, wanda aka fi sani da US-1, kuma ya sauƙaƙe haɓakawa da yada sabbin layin, wasu daga cikin wanda ke nuna karuwar tashin hankali.
An gano sabbin nau'ikan genotype a Ireland kuma ana yin rikodin su tare da haɓaka mitar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Bugu da kari, yawancin noman dankalin turawa na Ireland sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan dankalin turawa masu saukin kamuwa zuwa sabbin nau'ikan cututtukan cututtuka.
Bambance-bambancen cututtukan cututtukan marigayi, tare da tasirin canjin yanayi, yana sa sarrafawa da wahala, kuma haɗarin annoba ya fi girma. Sakamakon haka, masu noman dankalin turawa akai-akai suna amfani da kariya ta fungicide - a Yammacin Turai yana kaiwa fiye da aikace-aikacen 10 a kowace kakar.
Bukatar samar da samfura don tsinkayar cututtukan dankalin turawa, an daɗe ana gane shi a matsayin muhimmin kayan aiki don yaƙar cutar, wanda abubuwan muhalli da tattalin arziƙin biyu ke motsa su.
Dangane da kalubalen muhalli da karuwar amfani da kayan aikin gona ke haifarwa, Dokar Tarayyar Turai mai lamba 128/2009 kan ci gaba da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ya kunshi tsauraran ka'idoji kan dorewar amfani da kayayyakin kariya daga tsiro don rage illa ga lafiyar dan Adam da muhalli.
Hasashen cututtuka mai dogaro yana ba da damar rage asarar amfanin gona da yawan amfanin gona a cikin yanayi mara kyau, tare da tabbatar da hujjar haƙiƙanin amfani da samfuran kariya na shuka daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa.
Tsarin tsinkaya ba zai iya rayuwa tare da bayanan da suka gabata da sauran bayanan mutane ba
A ainihin su, tsarin tsinkayar cututtukan amfanin gona suna amfani da algorithms, duka na asali da kuma na asali, don tsinkayar hawan cututtuka.
An samo asali na asali daga gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakuna, wuraren shayarwa ko filayen muhalli da aka sarrafa kuma suna bayyana ɗaya ko fiye da ɓangaren dangantakar mai masaukin baki waɗanda muhalli ke tasiri.
Da farko, haɓaka samfuran hasashen cututtukan amfanin gona sun fi mayar da hankali kan nazarin abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi don hasashen haɓakawa da farawar annoba kuma galibi yana da tasiri a cikin yanayi, dangane da tsawon lokacin abubuwan da suka faru a waje da ƙimar kofa da kuma matakin ciyayi na shuke-shuke. .
Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don rufe abubuwan da suka fi rikitarwa na annoba, tare da ayyukan noma da kariyar sinadarai.
Austin Burke, ɗaya daga cikin majagaba wajen tsinkayar dankalin turawa, ya ƙirƙiri samfurin PLB mai suna Dokokin Irish. Wannan samfurin ya nemi haɗawa da ilimin tsarin rayuwa na cutar, sabanin hanyar da ta dace kawai. Misali, zaɓin ma'aunin yanayin da ya dace don ci gaban cututtuka an ƙaddara bisa ga rubuce-rubucen gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje maimakon nazarin yanayin tarihi a lokacin barkewar cututtuka.
Koyaya, kwanan nan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin ƙasashen Turai, kwatancen ka'idar tare da nau'ikan hasashen haɗarin Turai da yawa ya nuna cewa ƙirar Irish tana ba manoma mafi ƙarancin haɗari saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodinsa.
Ƙimar fage na tasiri na ƙirar Irish ya nuna cewa sarrafawa bisa ga bayanansa ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin amfani da fungicides amma tare da rashin kulawa da rashin lafiya na marigayi idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin goyon bayan shawarar manoma Negfry (ko DSS) ko ayyukan kariya na fungicidal na al'ada.
Amma yayin da manoma a da suka kasance suna “ji daɗi” wajen kafa shawararsu kan shawarwarin DSS don tabbatar da ƙarin jiyya na sinadarai, yanzu yanayin ya bambanta - suna neman haɓaka fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar rage farashi da bin manufofin kashe kashe kashe da manyan kantuna ke buƙata.
“Saboda haka, yanzu ne lokacin da za a sake duba ‘Dokokin Irish’ tare da gudanar da tantance tsarin domin fayyace ka’idojin dangane da sauye-sauyen da aka samu a baya-bayan nan. Wajibi ne a samar da wani hadedde, tsari da kuma m hanya domin aiki aikace-aikace na tsarin a cikin mahallin canje-canje a cikin epidemiology na cuta da kuma karfafa tsarin (kasuwa / manufofin), "masana kimiyya rubuta a cikin aikinsu.
Sabanin rahotanni na baya-bayan nan, mun gano cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cutar a ƙarshen ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa 12 ° C. Tare da ƙarin cikakkun bayanan fashewa da fahimtar yawan ƙwayar cuta, mun yi imanin cewa ƙimar zafin jiki a cikin ƙirar na iya yuwuwa a ƙara. daga 10 ° C zuwa 12 ° C, yana ba da ƙarin dama don rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, ”in ji su.
"Tsarin tsinkayar haɗari yana da amfani kawai idan yana ba da kariya iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake yin daidaitattun ayyuka, yayin da rage farashin da ake buƙata da aiki ... A halin yanzu, lokacin fesa yana daga 5 zuwa 7 kwanaki a cikin yanayin Irish, wanda muka yi la'akari da shi. wannan karatun.
Muna ɗauka cewa dasa shuki yana farawa ranar bayan matsakaicin yanayin ƙasa na yau da kullun ya wuce 8 ° C na kwanaki uku a jere bayan 1 ga Afrilu. Wannan al'ada ce ta gama gari a Ireland kamar yadda ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta ƙasa Teagasc ta ba da shawarar. Manoma yawanci suna fara maganin fungicides da zarar germination ya kai kashi 50% kuma yana ci gaba har sai sashin iska ya mutu gaba ɗaya, yawanci makonni uku bayan bushewa. Anan muna ɗauka cewa lokacin girma shine kwanaki 120. Duk da haka, ana ci gaba da kare kariya daga magungunan kashe qwari har tsawon makonni uku har sai an bushe dankalin da ke sama.
Mun nuna cewa, a matsakaita, yin amfani da samfuran tsinkayar haɗari yana ba da dama don rage yawan amfani da kayan aikin fungicides idan aka kwatanta da daidaitaccen aikin masu girbin Irish. Rage yiwuwar raguwa a cikin kashi da adadin jiyya suna nuna bambance-bambance a lokacin binciken. Wannan yana nuna yanayin samar da noma kuma yana ƙara ƙarfafa buƙatar haɗin gwiwar kwaro da tsarin kula da cututtuka don ayyana lokutan jiyya.
Masu binciken da suka haɓaka su kuma suka yi amfani da su ba tare da daidaitawa ba a cikin tsarin agroecosystem ban da waɗanda aka tsara don su.
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa akwai buƙatar sake duba ma'auni na ƙirar Dokokin Irish don yanayi daban-daban da damar aiki, da kuma yin amfani da samfurin aiki.
Muna ba da shawarar rage ƙimar ƙimar don dangi zafi daga 90% zuwa 88% da tsawon lokacin sporulation daga sa'o'i 12 zuwa 10; da kuma gabatar da ɗaukar ƙarin alamar danshi ganye, gami da hazo (≥0,1 mm) da zafi mai dangi (≥90%), "marubuta aikin sun kammala.
Karanta cikakke: https://www.agroxxi.ru/