Shirye-shiryen dankali don matakin ajiya ya fara tun kafin samfuran su isa shagon. Game da yadda za a gudanar da wannan aikin daidai da abin da za a ba da hankali na musamman, muna magana da Stanislav Vladimirovich Maltsev, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma, Shugaban Dakin Ajiye Dankali da kuma Laboratory na Kula da Cibiyar Nazarin Tarayya ta Dankali. A.G. Lorkha.
- Stanislav Vladimirovich, bari mu fara da zabar ire-iren iri. Sanannen abu ne cewa akwai nau'ikan da basu dace da ajiya ba. Shin wannan halayyar ta dogara ne da lokacin girki na tubers? Shin yana yiwuwa a iya cewa nau’ukan da ba su daɗewa, misali, sun fi dacewa da ajiya fiye da na farkon-na farkon su?
- Tubers na iri na farkon ripeness kungiyoyin tara kasa bushe kwayoyin da sitaci a lokacin girma kakar. Dangane da haka, suna da ruwa mafi girma, ƙarancin ruwa a yayin asusun ajiya na dogon lokaci don wani muhimmin ɓangare na asarar ƙasa na yawan dankalin turawa. Bugu da kari, a baya an girbe nau'o'in da suka gabata kuma an adana su da yawa. Sabili da haka, sauran abubuwan daidai suke, farkon kuma musamman ma farkon-farkon nau'ikan ana alakanta su da matakin hasara mafi girma yayin adanawa. Duk da haka, kiyaye ingancin dankali kuma ya dogara sosai da tsawon lokacin dormancy na tubers, wanda ke tabbatar da farkon faruwar su da asara ga tsiro. Wannan mai nuna alama yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da halaye daban-daban kuma baya dogara da ƙarancin tsarin.
- Kafin dasa dankalin turawa, masana sun bayar da shawarar yin gwajin kasa don tantance wadanne abubuwa ne suke da yawa da kuma wadanda basu samu ba. Waɗanne alamu za ku ba da hankali na musamman idan kuna shirin adana dankali?
- Ilimi na agrochemical sigogi na kasar gona yana da mahimmanci don ƙididdige ingantattun allurai na takin mai magani don dankali. Sau da yawa, furodusoshin noma, suna ƙoƙari su sami albarkatu mai yawa, suna ƙara yawan nitrogen, saboda wannan, a lokacin girbi, tubers sun zama ba su balaga da ilimin lissafi ba (tare da ƙananan sitaci, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar dandano; tare da ƙara abun ciki na nitrates). Kari akan haka, wadannan dankalin suna da fata mai rauni wanda ke iya fuskantar mummunar lalacewa yayin girbi. Sakamakon wannan shine raguwar ingancin kiyaye tubers.
Matsayi mafi kyau duka N: P: K don dankali shine 1: 1-1,2: 1,2-1,5. Ya kamata a tuna da cewa babban abin da ke cikin phosphorus a cikin ƙasa bai ba da tabbacin samun wadataccen tsire-tsire ba, tunda yana iya kasancewa cikin hadadden ƙarfe da alminiyon. A kan irin wannan ƙasa, wajibi ne a yi amfani da isasshen adadin takin mai magani na phosphorus. A halin yanzu, filayen da ke cikin phosphated suna nan a gonaki da yawa wadanda ke amfani da hanyoyi masu karfi na samar da amfanin gona, kuma don jujjuyawar amfanin gona wadatacce da dankali, wannan lamari ne mafi yawan lokuta (ba tare da lalatawa ba, karuwar acidity, kayan ƙarfe da na ƙarfe suna ƙaruwa, wanda ke daɗaɗa phosphorus kuma yana kaiwa ga phosphating).
- Wadanne abubuwa ya kamata a saka a cikin tsarin abinci mai dankalin turawa a lokacin bazara kuma a wadanne lokuta?
- Mafi yaduwa a cikin gonakin Rasha shine hanyar amfani da takin gargajiya na gida: 2/3 lokacin yankan shinge (ko lokacin dasa, idan ana amfani da fasahar Dutch) da 1/3 - a cikin tushen ciyarwa tare da noman tsakanin jere sati biyu. bayan fitowar (misali, misali, N60P60K90 +N30P30K45 bisa ga abu mai aiki). Dankali amsa da kyau ga ban ruwa, kuma idan zai yiwu, watering (200 m3/ ha) ana haɗuwa tare da gabatarwar ammonium nitrate 5 kg / ha ko takin mai gina jiki (a yankin tsakiyar Rasha, ana yin ban ruwa biyu zuwa huɗu a watan Yuli-Agusta, dangane da yanayin yanayi).
- Me kuma yake da mahimmanci a yi la'akari yayin noman dankali, don daga baya a adana shi da kyau? Ta yaya kuma yaushe ya fi kyau a lalata ciyawar? A wane zafin jiki na iska da ƙasa aka ba da shawarar girbi?
- Da fari dai, a lokacin girma, ya zama dole a gudanar da magani kan tsirrai na lokaci-lokaci tare da tuntuɓar juna, tsarin tsari da shirye-shiryen translaminar akan ƙarshen ɓarkewar cuta, alternaria, anthracnose da sauran fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Adadin da ake buƙata na jiyya shine aƙalla biyar a kowace kakar. Abu na biyu, don kauce wa shaƙuwar ƙasa mai yawa na tubers, dole ne a kiyaye ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka da aisles har sai girbi. Abu na uku, yana da mahimmanci a aiwatar da cirewar girbi na sama ta hanyar sinadarai (raglon super 2,5 l / ha, busasshiyar iska 2,5 l / ha, basta 2,0 l / ha), hanyoyin inji ko haɗe-haɗe, dangane da yanayi da ci gaban fi akalla kwanaki 10-12 kafin tono tubers din. Abu na huɗu, yakamata a aiwatar da tsaftacewa a cikin lokaci kuma a yanayin zafin iska na aƙalla +10 °C, in ba haka ba yawan ƙarfewar lalacewar injiniya da tasirin Fusarium rot tubers yana ƙaruwa sosai. Tare da jinkiri a girbi da aiwatar da shi a yanayin danshi na ƙasa mai ƙarfi (wanda yake halayyar musamman loams masu nauyi), tubers yana da ƙarin turgor, kuma ɓangaren ɓangaren litattafan almara ƙarƙashin tasirin tasirin injina, hawaye da duhu suna samuwa. Idan girbi ya yi jinkiri kafin farkon sanyi, raunin rauni na tubers yana ƙaruwa fiye da haka, tun da ɓangaren litattafan almara yana cikin yanayi mai wahala kuma ya rasa ƙarfinsa (musamman a yanayin babban abun bushewa). Sau da yawa, a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi mara kyau, dole ne a bar ɓangaren amfanin gona gaba ɗaya a cikin filin, kuma tubers ɗin da har yanzu za'a iya girbe su suna da yawan lalacewar inji kuma, sakamakon haka, ƙarancin kiyaye abubuwa.
- Waɗanne matakai ne ake buƙata na shirye-shiryen girbi? Masana da yawa sun ce yawancin gonakin Rasha ba su mai da hankali sosai ga cire ƙasa daga yawan samfuran samfuran ba, ba sa tsunduma cikin sikan tubers. Me yasa yake da hadari? Wane kashi na ƙasa ne abin karɓuwa don adanawa?
- Girbi yana biye da matakin fasaha na aza dankali don ajiya. Akwai fasahohi uku don yin alama - cikin layi, saukarwa da kuma kai tsaye.
Yawo - Ana aikawa da dankalin da aka girbe zuwa tashar rarrabuwa don raba ƙasa, ƙazanta da daidaitawa cikin ɓangarori tare da ajiya na gaba. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahohin, wannan tubers yana karbar mafi yawan lalacewar inji. Sabili da haka, ya kamata a yi amfani dashi kawai a waɗancan lokuta lokacin da: 1) ana shirin sayar da samfurin yayin faduwar; 2) dankalin da aka girbe ta haɗin ya fito ne daga filin tare da haɗuwa da ƙasa fiye da 25-30% kuma tare da ragowar tsire-tsire; 3) tubers cikakke ne, suna da kwasfa mai kauri kuma cututtuka basu shafesu ba.
Saukewa - ana ajiye tubers a cikin tarin wucin gadi kafin ajiya ko rarrabewa a wurin. Amfani da wannan fasaha ya zama tilas idan akwai mummunar lalacewa ga tubers ta shaƙatawa, ƙarshen bushewa, ruɓaɓɓen rigar ruwa, haka nan a lokutan da ake aiwatar da girbi a cikin yanayin sanyi da ruwan sama, musamman tare da haɗuwa akan ƙasa mai nauyi.
Kai tsaye-kwarara - nan da nan dankalin da ke zuwa daga filin ana sanya shi ba tare da rarrabe kaka ba. Dangane da yanayin, ana iya aiwatar dashi ta hanyoyi biyu. Idan haɗuwar ƙasa a cikin tudun bai wuce 10-15% ba, kuma ƙarancin ƙaramin tubers har zuwa 30 mm a girma ba shi da muhimmanci, ana girbe su bisa ga tsarin hada-hada mafi sauƙi, wato, dankalin daga haɗuwa ana kai su wurin ajiya kuma a sauke su a cikin hopper na nau'in TZK mai nau'in 30/60, wanda ke sanya tubers a cikin tudun. Idan ƙarar ƙasa a cikin jimlar samfurin ya wuce 20% kuma akwai ƙananan tubers da yawa, an sauke dankalin da ke zuwa daga haɗuwa a cikin hopper mai karɓar da aka sanya a gaban ƙofar ajiya. Bakin yana sanye da mai tsabtace ƙasa, wanda ya raba ƙasa da ƙananan tubers, kuma babban ɓangaren dankalin ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar tsarin masu ɗaukar kaya (masu ɗauka) zuwa wurin ajiya, inda mai bugun yake. A kan masu jigilar kaya, tubers waɗanda ba na yau da kullun ba, dunƙule, duwatsu da sauran ƙazantattu ana zaba su da hannu. Ana adana irin dankalin da aka ɗora ta amfani da wannan fasahar har zuwa bazara, kuma a daidaita shi cikin kashi-kashi a yayin shirye-shiryen shuki.
Kasancewar adadin ƙasa mai yawa a cikin ɓarkewar dankalin turawa ya ƙara munin yanayi na samun iska, yana haifar da tafki don tarin ƙwayoyin halittar phytopathogenic kuma, hakika, gonaki suna ƙoƙari su guji wannan gwargwadon iko. Koyaya, wannan baya aiki koyaushe idan an jinkirta girbi saboda wasu dalilai, musamman ma idan ana aiwatar da aikin a ƙasa mai nauyi.
A cewar GOST 7176-201 “Abincin dankali. Yanayin fasaha "ba a ba da izinin kasancewar ƙasa mai bin tubers don farkon dankali, don waɗanda suka makara - ba a yarda da fiye da 1% na ɓangaren juzu'i ba. A cewar GOST 33996-2016. "Irin dankali da kuma hanyoyi don tantance ingancin" ya ba da damar kasancewar ƙasa da ƙazanta, bai wuce 2% da nauyi a cikin nau'ikan OS, ES, RS1-2.
- Wadanne matakai ne "lokacin magani" ya hada da dankali? Shin ana buƙata koyaushe?
- Gabaɗaya, fasahar adana dankalin turawa ta haɗa da manyan lokuta biyar: bushewa (100-200 m3/ t a kowace awa), warkewa, sanyaya (0,5 °C kowace rana), babba da bazara.
Ana ba da shawarar koyaushe don aiwatar da lokacin kulawa, idan zai yiwu, tun da ya zama dole don warkar da lalacewar inji da ya haifar da tubers yayin girbi da sufuri, kuma game da shi ya tabbatar da shirye-shiryen dankali don ajiyar lokaci. Tsawancin lokacin jiyya ya dogara da zafin jikin iska: a 18-20 °Tare da shi yana ɗaukar kwanaki 14-16, a 14-16 °Daga - 20-25 kwanakin. A zazzabi na 12 °Daga kuma ƙasa matakan bishewa da raunin ɓangarori da ƙuƙwalwa ba sa faruwa.
Mafi saurin warkarwa na raunin da ya faru (samuwar yadudduka na ƙwayoyin cuta da raunin raunuka) yana faruwa a zafin jiki kusan 18 °C.
Dankali a cikin ajiya ana sanyaya iska mai dumi mai sake zagayawa (na ciki) sau 5-6 a rana tsawon minti 30 tare da tazara na awanni 3,5-4. Gateofar ajiya da wadata da bawul ɗin sharar an rufe su. A lokacin lokacin jiyya, danshi mai dan iska (RHM) ana kiyaye shi a matakin kashi 90-95% ta hanyar ƙara mafi ƙarancin sanyi a waje da iska zuwa cikin iska na ajiyar dankalin turawa, misali, da daddare. Shigar da kayan ƙanshi na wucin gadi a cikin bututun iska a bayan fanka ya fi inganci. Raguwar ƙarancin iska ƙasa da 80% yayin lokacin jiyya ba abin karɓa bane, tunda yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin danshi daga danshi daga kyallen tubers.
A lokacin lokacin magani, don hana samuwar busassun ruɓaɓɓu a wuraren lalacewar inji ga tubers (cututtukan fungal), ana ba da shawarar kula da dankali tare da taimakon samun iska mai aiki tare da shirye-shiryen hayaki tare da sinadarin mai aiki thiabendazole (alal misali, " Vist "tare da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na 8-10 g / t).
- Shin wajibi ne a gudanar da bincike na tuber idan ya zo ga dankalin turawa?
- Ee, tunda fasahar adana dankali sun dogara da ingancin farko na tubers, wanda aka tantance shi daidai ta hanyar binciken tuber. Dogaro da ingancin tuber da aka ɗora da kuma tasirin cututtukan su, ana yanke shawara akan ƙarfi da tsawon lokacin samun iska yayin lokacin bushewa, zafin jiki na adanawa a lokacin babban lokacin, har ilayau ajiyar ajiyar mafi ƙarancin lokaci don wasu rukuni na dankali da lokaci mafi kyau na sayarwarsu.
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