Rubutu: Ilya Rubin
Ba a taɓa ɗaukar haɗin gwiwar aikin gona a matsayin ƙarfin Rasha ba. Idan ya zo ga hadaddiyar kungiya, shahararren Fonterra, Valio da Arla, wadanda suka hada masu samar da madara, nan da nan sai su tuna. A halin yanzu, akwai misalai na haɗin gwiwar cin nasara a cikin kayan lambun Rasha.
Dangane da Farmsungiyar Ma'aikata na Noma (Noma) da Cooungiyoyin Haɗin Gona na Rasha (AKKOR), akwai kusan dubu 4 da ke aiki da haɗin gwiwar aikin gona a Rasha. Wannan adadi yana da kusan, kuma da wuya ya canza cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata. Gaskiyar ita ce a kan takarda, haɗin kai yana bunkasa a Rasha: bisa ga bayanan hukuma, akwai kusan masu hannun jari dubu 400 a cikin kusan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa dubu 6 a cikin ƙasar, kuma yawan kuɗin da suka samu ya wuce biliyan 20.
Koyaya, bayanan Rosstat sun nuna cewa a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata adadin gonaki a Rasha ya ragu da kashi 40% - saura dubu 200 ne kawai suka rage. Gaskiya ne, manoman da ke raye sun haɓaka yankinsu sosai a wannan lokacin - sau 2,5, a matsakaita zuwa kadada 269.
A kowane hali, hikimar al'ada game da gazawar haɗin gwiwar aikin gona na Rasha za a iya ƙara gishiri, saboda har yanzu ana ci gaba da fuskantar misalai na cin nasarar haɗin gwiwar masu aikin gona a Rasha.
Yadda ake siyar da kayan lambu mai riba
A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, tushen haɗin kai na dorewa da noman masu noman kayan lambu shine burinsu na siyar da samfuran su ta hanyar riba. Babban mabukaci shine sarƙoƙin kiri. Hanyoyin sadarwar suna buƙatar isar da garantin manyan kundin tare da ingantaccen inganci. Farananan gonaki ba za su iya yin wannan ba, amma, bayan haɗuwa, suna da ƙarfin samar da kayayyaki a cikin hanyar sadarwar, ƙari ma, a kan sharuɗɗan da suka dace da kansu.
Wannan shine yadda ingantaccen haɗin gwiwar hadin gwiwar AgroKostroma ya haɓaka. Wannan hadin gwiwar samar da kayan masarufi da hadin gwiwar kasuwanci shine samar da kayan lambu na waje. Dangane da tsarin tabbatar da abokan aiki "Kartoteka", kudaden shiga na hadaddiyar kungiyar
ya wuce miliyan 120. Net riba don haɗin kai ba alama ce mai mahimmanci ba, amma yana da mahimmanci yana da kyau.
Tarihin "AgroKostroma" ya fara ne da cewa a 2007 gonaki da dama sun yanke shawarar haɗa kai don ayyukan da suka fi dacewa. “Babban aikin hadin gwiwar shi ne sayar da kayayyaki a kan daidaito ga dukkan mambobin kungiyar hadin gwiwar, don haka ban da gasa a tsakaninsu. Theungiyar ta ba da damar siyan injuna da kayan aiki tare tare da tallafin jihar, tare da karɓar hanyoyin samar da abubuwa bisa ƙa'idodi masu kyau, "in ji Valentina Konkova, shugabar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar AgroKostroma.
“Hadin kai shi ne, da farko, hadin kai mai amfani ga dukkan mahalarta. Sabili da haka, duk da cewa kayanmu suna canzawa a hankali (wani ya bar haɗin gwiwa, sabbin gonaki masu sha'awar shiga), koyaushe muna samun wuraren ma'amala ", -
In ji Valentina Konkova.
A cewar ta, babban aikin da ke gaban hadin gwiwar shi ne fara hadin gwiwa da manyan sarkokin sayar da kayayyaki na tarayya. A shekarar 2017, an sanya hannu kan babbar kwangila ta farko don samar da samfuran mambobin kungiyar hadin gwiwar. “Ya fi sauƙi ga manyan sarƙoƙin sayarwa suyi aiki tare da manyan masu samar da kayayyaki. Ba duk ƙananan gonaki bane ke da albarkatun haɗin kai tare dasu. Irƙirar hanyar haɗin kai guda ɗaya ya ba wa masana'antun da ke da nau'ikan samarwa daban-daban damar zama mahalarta wannan kwangilar. Mun yi nasara ne kawai saboda kyakkyawar hadin gwiwar aiki, "in ji Valentina Konkova.
Af, tallace-tallace masu fa'ida na samfu ba shine kawai dalilin haɗin kai ba. Sau da yawa galibi ƙungiyoyi na iya karɓar lamuni da tallafi kawai ta hanyar haɗa kai, saboda tare suna da ƙarin tabbaci ga bankuna, ƙarin albarkatu don tattara takardu da ƙarin dalilai don samun tallafin gwamnati.
Misali, hadin gwiwar sayar da kayan masarufin kayan amfanin gona na kayan lambu "Kazachiy", wanda ke cikin garin Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory, ya sami damar gina wuraren adana kaya ne kawai saboda aikin hadin gwiwar gonakinsu. Don ginin su a cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Masana'antu ta Yankin Krasnodar sun ba Kazachiy haɗin gwiwar da tallafi a cikin adadin miliyan 19,5 rubles. Wani 13 miliyan rubles. an yi amfani da kuɗaɗen don aiwatar da aikin gini, siyan injuna da kayan aiki. Zai fi wuya a sami tallafi kuma a tara irin waɗannan kuɗin dabam.
Hadin gwiwa na dogon lokaci na gonaki da ke hade cikin hadin kai kusan koyaushe yana nuna kyakkyawan sakamako. Zamu iya buga misali da SEC "Vyshgorodsky", wanda aka kafa a 2004 a ƙauyen Vyshgorod, yankin Ryazan. Yana da kwarewar fadada sosai, gami da noman kayan lambu.
Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya zama jagoran yankin a cikin masana'antar masana'antu da masana'antu daidai saboda aikin haɗin gwiwar gonaki, wanda ba zai iya samun daidaikun mutane su sayi injunan noma da kayan aiki ba. A cikin 2012-2019, tare da tallafin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Abinci na Yankin Ryazan, a cikin tsarin shirin jihar na yankin Ryazan "Ci gaban rukunin masana'antun masana'antu da masana'antu", an ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da lamuni da tallafi. a cikin adadin miliyan 80,9 rubles. don siyan kayan aiki. Bugu da kari, kungiyar hadin gwiwar ta saka jari kusan miliyan 9,9 a cikin aikin.
mallakar kuɗi.
Godiya ga waɗannan saka hannun jari, kuɗaɗen shiga na haɗin gwiwa ya haɓaka cikin shekaru sama da 90%, da kuma yawan amfanin gona na kayan lambu da kashi goma.
Zamu iya cewa hadin kai game da noman kayan lambu yana ba da damar kananan gonaki warwatse su zama masu karfi kamar kayan gona. A lokaci guda, ikon iya sarrafa ƙananan masana'antu na iya sa su ma su da inganci. Koyaya, an yi amannar cewa Rasha ƙasa ce mai tarin albarkatun noma waɗanda ke gab da kwace ragowar ƙasar daga ɓarnatar manoma. Koyaya, wannan matsalar ta ɗan wuce gona da iri.
Labari na kayan gona
Daga waje yana iya zama da alama cewa dukkanin masana'antun masana'antu da masana'antu a Rasha ci gaba ne na kayan aikin gona, yana faɗuwa daga sararin sama zuwa sararin sama. A zahiri, yawancin ƙananan kamfanoni da manoma suna wakiltar aikin noma na Rasha, musamman a cikin kayan lambu.
gonaki.
Af, a cikin ƙasashen Turai, inda kusan babu manyan gonaki, amma galibi akwai ƙananan gonakin dangi, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa sun sami babban nasara, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun wanzu shekaru goma ko ɗaruruwan shekaru.
A cewar Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tarayya, a Rasha, rabon gonakin da ke da fadin sama da hekta dubu 10 a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan ya kai kashi daya bisa uku na dukkan gonakin Rasha, yayin da a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 wannan adadi bai kai 20 ba %. Koyaya, ba kawai yankin mallakar noma ya girma ba, har ma ƙasar
filayen da ba manya-manyan kamfanonin aikin gona ba, wanda aka sauƙaƙa shi da lalacewar gonaki masu zaman kansu da yawa. Wannan shine ya haifar da ci gaban yankunan kamfanonin "matsakaici" na aikin gona a Rasha - "ƙwararrun" manoma suna tura "yan koyo" daga cikin makircin gida mai zaman kansa. Misali, jimillar gonakin ta ninka sau biyu a daidai wannan lokacin - zuwa kusan kadada miliyan 2. Wannan sananne ne musamman a noman kayan lambu, inda, a kan asalin ragin yawan kungiyoyin noma, yawan manoma ya karu.
Yanzu akwai manoma sama da dubu 200 a Rasha, kuma suna faɗaɗa yankunansu, kamar dai abin da aka mallaka. Koyaya, filayen filayensu ƙananan ne - matsakaiciyar yankin gonar ta kadada 269 (yayin da kowace ƙungiyar aikin gona ta Rasha ta kai kimanin kadada dubu 6). Saboda haka, manoma suna da ƙarin dama a cikin haɗin gwiwa.
A halin yanzu, akwai ƙaruwa cikin shaharar haɗin kai. Gabaɗaya, a cikin shekarar 2018-2020, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar aikin gona ta 1848 a Rasha, wanda 1698 daga cikinsu masu amfani ne, a cewar Corporationungiyar Tarayya don Ci gaban Businessananan andan Kasuwa da Matsakaitan esan Kasuwa. Wannan shi ne saboda kasancewar
Manufofin aikin gona makasudin buƙatar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi don aiwatar da takamaiman ayyukan aiki.
Don inganta ci gaban hadin gwiwa, Kamfanin SME Corporation, tare da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Rasha, bankin SME, Rosselkhozbank, Sberbank da Rosagroleasing, sun kirkiro da Kunshin Matakan Tallafi (samfurin "akwatin") don hadin gwiwar aikin gona da manoma-mambobin manoma hadin kai. Wannan kunshin matakan tallafi sun hada da kayayyakin kudi na musamman don hadin gwiwar aikin gona. Waɗannan sune, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, garanti daga Kamfanin "SME", samfuran bashi daga "SME Bank", "Rosselkhozbank", Sberbank, an haɗa su tare da tallafi na tallafi da tallafi daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona
Russia, samfuran haya na musamman na kamfanonin bada haya na yanki don siyan kayan aiki da kayayyakin haya na Rosagroleasing.
Bugu da kari, Kunshin Matakan Tallafi ya hada da matakan tallafawa Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Rasha don jawo hankalin kudade a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari. Hakanan, baya ga matakan tallafi na kuɗi, ya ƙunshi bayani kan matakan tallafi ba na kuɗi ba, gami da faɗaɗa kasuwannin samfura: tallata kayayyaki a Intanet, sayan manyan kwastomomi, da haɗin gwiwa tare da sarƙoƙin tallace-tallace na tarayya.
Sai dai kuma, duk wadannan matakan tallafi da wuya su iya magance babbar matsalar hadin kai - rashin yarda tsakanin manoma, in ji Alexander Nikulin, darektan Cibiyar Binciken Noma ta RANEPA karkashin Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha. Yana nazarin motsi na hadin kai a Rasha kuma a cikin tsarin sa
aikin kimiyya koyaushe yana tattaunawa da manoma. "A ka'ida, kananan manoma na iya hada kai don haka su fara gogayya da kayan gona wajen samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na tarayya da na yanki, amma a aikace ba safai suke samun nasara ba," in ji Alexander Nikulin.
Koyaya, akwai fata cewa sabon ƙarni na manoma, waɗanda ba sa nuna wariya game da haɗin gwiwar, za su fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Masanin yana ganin alamun farko na wannan motsi a cikin yankin Moscow, inda matasa manoma suka riga sun ƙirƙiri madadin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ga AKKOR.
Kuma yaya game da dokoki?
Yana da matukar wahala ga hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwar noma ba tare da kyawawan manufofin gwamnati ba. “A kasashen Turai da yawa, hadin kai ya samu nasara daidai saboda kula da kananan gonaki. Misali, a Faransa, a hukumance ana daukar manoma wani bangare na al'adun gargajiya, kuma a Switzerland, ana bawa kananan manoma babban tallafi na kudi (ba kai tsaye ba, amma fiye da yadda suke samar da ababen more rayuwa, kyakkyawan yanayin bashi, da makamantansu) ", - in ji darektan tallace-tallace na kamfanin lauyoyi na Hoban Law Group Halston Punchek.
Ya nanata cewa sanannen kuma mashahurin hadin gwiwar - Valio, CHS, Mondragon ko Arla - an halicce su ne tare da tallafin gwamnati ba tare da wani sharadi ba, wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. A Japan, alal misali, sama da 90% na dukkan manoma membobin kungiyar hadin gwiwa ne; hadin gwiwar su ZEN-NOH na daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Gonaki a can suna da ƙanana, amma saboda irin wannan haɗakar za su iya kare haƙƙoƙinsu a matakin mafi girma, sabili da haka rabon tallafin gwamnati a cikin ribar da suke samu ya fi 50%.
Yanzu haka ana tattauna batun buƙatar tallafi na ƙasa don haɗin kai a cikin Rasha. Saboda kebantattun abubuwan hadin kai, goyon bayan hukumomin jihar na da matukar muhimanci ga ci gabanta. A wannan batun, a duk yankuna (ban da Moscow da St. Petersburg), sun ci gaba kuma
ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye don ci gaban haɗin gwiwa, kuma cibiyoyin ƙwarewa a fagen haɗin gwiwar aikin gona da tallafawa manoma suna da hannu wajen shirya tallafin kayayyakin more rayuwa.
Godiya ga tallafi, manyan yankuna a cigaban hadin gwiwar aikin gona sune Lipetsk, Tyumen, yankunan Belgorod, Krasnodar Territory, Jamhuriyar Sakha (Yakutia), Bashkortostan da Tatarstan. A cewar masana, yankuna masu zuwa na iya zama masu ba da gudummawa: samar da kayan kwalliya da na samfuran muhalli, samfuran da ke da halaye masu girma na ciki da na abinci, da kuma
samar da samfuran abinci na yanki na musamman, gami da samfuran da ke da kayan fitarwa mai yawa.
«Idan muka kalli alkaluman da ke nuna yawan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a cikin kwaskwarima a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, za mu ga cewa shugabannin can suna canzawa koyaushe, - in ji Alexander Nikulin. - Kwanan nan, Tatarstan yana daga cikin shugabannin dangane da yawan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, kuma yanzu ya zama yankin Lipetsk. An bayyana wannan
wato tallafi na yanki. Yanzu wasu, sannan wasu yankuna sun fara ware kudade kuma ta kowace hanya don tallafawa hadin kai, amma da shigewar lokaci, sha'awar wannan yanki ya ragu, kuma bayan hakan hadin gwiwar ma ya dushe. "
A cewarsa, akwai sabani a dokar hadin kai, kuma himmar "daga sama" ba koyaushe take haduwa da burin manoma da kansu su hada kansu ba. Saboda haka matsalolin da ake yawan magana akai kuma ake rubuta su. Amma matasa manoma sun fi sauki hadin kai. Don haka watakila wani wuri a Rasha
hadin gwiwar kayan lambu mai zuwa nan bada jimawa ba zai bunkasa, wanda zai zama kwatankwacin girma da tasiri ga shahararren kiwo Fonterra.