Sergey Banadysev, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma, SGC DokaGene
Babban al'adun samarwa shine babban mahimmin keɓaɓɓen mahimmancin adana ingantaccen dankali. Ungiyar dole ne ta kasance tana da tsayayyen tsari na aiki na mitoci daban-daban don tabbatar da tsabta koyaushe a matakin adanawa. Ana ba da shawarar don samun takardar shaidar aikin tsabtace tsabta a cikin shagon. Binciken da aka gudanar a lokaci guda yana taimakawa wajen gano matsaloli tare da cikar mahimman buƙatu game da tsabta da yanayin kayan aiki da kuma ajiyar gaba ɗaya. Binciken yana kuma tabbatar da kasancewar takaddun don tsara mahimman ayyukan aiki (tab. daya).
Table 1. Ka'idoji don tantance matakin tsabtace ajiya na dankali
Alamar | ||
1. | An share shagon kuma an gyara shi da kyau. EE / NO 5/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
2. | An tsabtace wurin ajiyar kuma an kashe ta kafin amfani. EE / NO 5/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
3. | Shagon ya wadatar sosai ko kuma an ware shi daga gurɓataccen waje EE / A'A 10/0 | |
4. | An tsaftace yankin da ke kusa da wurin ajiyar cikin tsari mai kyau. EE / NO 5/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
5. | Filayen da ke cikin shagon koyaushe suna bushe. EE / A'A 5/0 | |
6. | An kiyaye yankin sarrafa kayayyakin daga shigowar najasa ko ruwan saman ta shinge ko tazara mai nisa. EE / A'A 10/0 | |
7. | Kasancewar wata hanya don aiki / zubar da samfuran samfuran yau da kullun. EE / NO 15/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
8. | Sharar gida da zubar da datti. EE / NO 15/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
9. | Ana adana kwantena masu kwalliya daidai da ƙa'idodi kuma ana kiyaye su daga ƙazanta (tsuntsaye, beraye, kwari, da dai sauransu) EE / NO 10/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
10. | Pallets, akwatuna, akwakun, da sauransu suna da tsabta, suna cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma basa gabatar da kayan ƙetare a cikin samfurin. EE / NO 5/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
11. | Samfurin da aka ajiye a waje a cikin manyan motoci, kwantena, kwantena ko a ƙasa cikin girma an rufe shi kuma an kiyaye shi daga gurɓatuwa. EE / NO 10/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
12. | Abubuwan da ba abinci ba kamar fenti, man shafawa, magungunan ƙwari, da sauransu ba a adana su a cikin kusancin samfurin. EE / NO 10/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
13. | Kayan aikin inji wadanda aka yi amfani dasu yayin adanawa suna da tsabta kuma suna hana samfuran samfura. EE / NO 5/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
14. | Ana ɗaukar matakai don taimakawa banda kwari (kwari, beraye) daga shagon YES / NO 10/0 Akwai takardun da ke tabbatar da hakan. | |
15. | Samuwar tsarin kula da kwari a cikin ma'ajiyar. EE / NO 10/0 Akwai takardun tallafi. | |
16. | Ganuwar ciki, bene da rufi suna cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma basu da datti da fasa. EE / A'A 5/0 | |
17. | Ana amfani da ruwan sha don sanyaya / danshi kayayyakin. YES / NO 10/0 Akwai takardun tallafi. | |
18. | Samuwar rubutattun ka'idojin ajiya a cikin sha'anin. EE / A'A 10/0 | |
19. | Kula da nauyin kwararru don adanawa. EE / A'A 10/0 | |
20. | Ana kula da ɗakunan ajiya don bin tsarin da aka kafa na zafin jiki da zafi. EE / A'A 10/0. Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
21. | Ana bincikar ma'aunin zafi da sanyin jiki don daidaito. YES / NO 5/0 Akwai takardun tallafi. | |
22. | Akwai sandaro akan samfurin, ganuwar, rufi. A'A / EE, 15/0 | |
23. | Sandarowar daga firinji baya haduwa da samfurin. Tsarin firiji yana aiki daidai. EE / A'A 10/0 | |
24. | Ana kula da tsabtace kayan aikin firji (masu sanyaya, fans, da sauransu) bisa tsarin da aka tsara. EE / MARA 10/0 Shin akwai wasu takaddun shaida da ke tabbatar da hakan? | |
25. | Ana aiwatar da aikin samfurin a cikin ajiya bisa bin tsarin mulki da lalata lalacewa. EE / NO 15/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
26. | Kafin fara aikin lodin, motocin suna cikin yanayi mai kyau (tsafta, cikin kyakkyawan tsari, babu ƙamshi mai daɗi). EE / NO 10/0 Akwai daidaitaccen rubutaccen tsari. | |
27. | Kamfanin ya rubuta ƙa'idodi don dako da ababen hawa don kiyaye ƙayyadadden zafin jiki yayin jigilar kaya. Sharuɗɗan suna nuna zafin jikin kaya kuma ana girmama shi. EE / A'A 10/0 | |
28. | Ana ɗora motoci don rage lalacewar samfura. EE / A'A 5/0 | |
29. | Yankunan ma'aikata (ɗakunan canzawa, wuraren cin abinci da wuraren shakatawa, da dai sauransu) suna da tsabta kuma suna nesa da wuraren ajiya, jigilar kaya da wuraren tarba. EE / A'A 10/0 | |
30. | Ana adana bayanai da ke nuna asalin samfurin da ke shigowa da kuma inda samfurin yake fita, wanda hakan zai ba ka damar gano da kuma gano takamaiman tsari. EH / NO 10/0 Shin akwai takaddun shaida don tabbatar da hakan? | |
31. | Jimlar Mahimman bayanai | |
32. | Matsakaicin matsakaici mai yiwuwa = 265 | |
33. | Rabin daidaitawa (31:32) |
An kiyasta matakin tsabtace ma'auni a matsayin kyakkyawa idan haɓakar daidaito ta fi 0,9, mai kyau - sama da 0,8, mai gamsarwa - sama da 0,7.
Tsaftacewa, tsaftacewa da kuma kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na iya hana yaduwar cututtukan dankalin turawa da yawa.
Kwayar cututtukan dankalin turawa na cigaba da kasancewa cikin ajiyar na wani dogon lokaci. Kayan ajiyar kaya da dakin adana kanta suna matsayin matattarar kayan gwari, kwayoyin cuta, kwari, nematodes da iri. Sun yaɗu daga tuber zuwa tuber, daga fagen zuwa filin akan kayan aiki, yayin adanawa, kuma suna haifar da matsaloli idan ba a kawar da su ba, ko kuma aƙalla an rage su. Don haka wakili mai jan silin na azurfa zai iya rayuwa na tsawon aƙalla watanni tara a kan rufin kumfa da ajiyar ƙasa da kimanin watanni uku a cikin plywood da takardar ƙarfe. Wakilin da ke haddasa ruɓaɓɓen zoben ƙwayoyin cuta ya kasance har zuwa shekaru uku a saman wuya kuma har zuwa shekaru bakwai akan saman katako. Wasu cututtuka, kamar ruɓar zobe na ƙwayoyin cuta (sanadiyyar matsalar Clavibacter michigaense), na iya rikitar da aikin maginan dankalin turawa, koda kuwa alamun cutar ƙanana ne. Hanya mafi kyau don rage yaduwar cututtukan cuta shine ta tsaftataccen shirin tsafta don kayan aiki da wuraren adana abubuwa.
Yawancin kwari za a iya kawar dasu da kyau ta hanyar cire duk ƙasa da tarkace. Adarɓar ƙasa yana faruwa a kowane fanni da kayan aikin noma kuma ba'a iyakance shi ga injunan noman dankalin na musamman ba. Don haka, babban aiki na farko ga mai samar da aikin gona shine cire ƙasa gaba ɗaya daga kayan aikin. Ana iya yin tsaftacewa tare da ruwan matsi ko kayan aikin tururi. Lura cewa kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin na iya cire / lalata fenti.
Ya kamata a share kayan gona daga ƙasa a filin da ya gabata ko a ƙasar da ba ta noma don kada gurɓatacciyar ƙasa ta koma sabon filin.
Cire ƙasa da ƙura mai ƙunshe da miliyoyin spores da microbes kuma ana iya yi tare da mai tsabtace injin masana'antu.
Dole ne a tsabtace bututun iska daidai. Sanya su waje kawai a rana bai isa ba. Kwayoyin dake haifar da cuta a cikin dankali suna iya rayuwa a saman kayan ajiya da kayan aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau - ta hanyar dunkulewa ko fina-finan sel da ke kewaye da kariya daga busasshiyar gamsai, busasshen kayan lambu ko wasu kayan. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin ana kiransu biofilms kuma suna da wahalar narkewa da cirewa. Bayyanar da hasken rana shine kyakkyawan matakin ƙarshe a cikin kayan tsaftacewa ko magudanar iska bayan an wanke su sosai kuma sun kamu da cutar.
Cutar disinfection na tasiri ne kawai a saman busassun saman. A saman danshi mai danshi, micropores na kayan suna cike da ruwa, kuma maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ba zai iya shiga can ba saboda tashin hankali na saman. Koyaya, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance a cikin micropores. Don kawar da su, ya zama dole a ɗauki hutu na kwanaki da yawa tsakanin mai wankin matsa lamba da aikace-aikacen magungunan rigakafi.
Ana iya amfani da wasu magungunan kashe cuta ta hanyar fumigation (yawanci maganin ruwa). Fumigation yana da tasiri sosai wajen warkar da ɗakunan da aka rufe na kowane tsayi da daidaitawa (wannan sakamakon sau da yawa ba zai yuwu a cimma shi ba tare da mai fesa jiki, mai tsabtace tsabta da wankin mota). Amma don aikin ya ci nasara, dole ne a fara yin tsabtace cikakken.
Magungunan kashe cuta, shawarar don amfani a cikin dankalin turawa, ajiya (tebur 2), murkushe dukkan nau'ikan kwayoyin cutarwa. Suna cire mafi yawan kwayoyin cuta, gami da waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan keɓewa da ruɓaɓɓen rigar ruwa. Waɗannan sinadarai masu aiki suna da tasiri kan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga cututtukan da ke tasowa yayin adanawa, kamar fataccen azurfa da fusarium. Kwayoyin cuta suna da saurin rikici, suna da ƙarancin pH, sabili da haka, lokacin aiki tare da su, dole ne kuyi amfani da duk matakan kariya (safar hannu, takalma, tabarau, masks, tufafi na musamman).
Tebur 2. Kwayoyin cuta don shagunan kayan lambu
Sunan kasuwanci | Abu mai aiki | Aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace / hanyar aikace-aikace | Bakan ayyuka |
Eau de Javel ya lalata karafa | Sodium hypochlorite | 10% (10l / 100l ruwa), 2,5% (2,5l / 100l ruwa) | Ayyuka akan fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta |
AB5 - lalatacce a cikin tsarkakakkiyar sigarsa kuma ba mai tsangwama ga ƙarfe a cikin wani juzu'i, | Formaldehyde (60 g / l) da glutaraldehyde (80 g / l) | 1%, lokacin tuntuɓar minti 10; tsabtace bayan rinshin ruwa, daidai da VMB (duba ƙasa) | A kan ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta |
VMB (mai tsafta da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta) - mai lalata ta cikin tsarkakakkiyar sigarsa, mara ruɓewa a kan ƙarfe lokacin da aka narke | Formaldehyde (24 g / l) da glutaraldehyde (32,5 g / l) + mai haɓakawa | 2-5% (= 20-50 ml a kowace lita na ruwa); a bar shi na mintina 15, sannan a kurkura. Babu buƙatar tsabtace samfurin (sosai) | |
Waterfall - juriya da lalata karfe | Hydrogen peroxide (210g / l) da peracetic acid (55g / l) | 0,2-2,5%, tare da lokacin tuntuɓar 5 zuwa 15 minti; ba tare da kurkura ba, | Kwayar cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, yisti |
Desperox - lalatacce ne da kuma sanya abubuwa masu kuzari, ba mai saurin tashin hankali a kan ƙarfe a cikin hanyar da aka gauraya ba | Hydrogen peroxide (210g / l) da peroxyacetic acid (55g / l) | 0,2-2,5% tare da lokacin tuntuɓar daga minti 5 zuwa 15 tare da tsaftacewa na farko; ba tare da flushing ba | Kwayar cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, yisti |
G-Extral Forte | Glutaraldehyde, 100 g / l | 1-2% tare da lokacin tuntuɓar aƙalla mintina 20 (+ jiƙa) | Kwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta |
Horthy-Desin - ba lalatarwa ga ƙarfe a cikin hanyar da aka tsarma | Glutaraldehyde (20g / l) da dimethylenedidesileammonium chloride (320g / l) | 0,25% tare da lokacin tuntuɓar minti 15 | Kwayar cuta, fungi |
Virocide - ba mai rikici a cikin dilution, ba mai tsaurin kai akan karfe ba | 4 kwayoyin daban-daban: ammonia quaternary 2 (248,6 g / l) + glutaraldehyde (107,25 g / l) + isopropanol (146,25 g / l) + pinoil (20 g / l) | 0,5% tare da lokacin tuntuɓar minti 15; kurkurewa bayan. | Kwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. |
Hyprelva SL - ba mai rikici a kan ƙarfe bayan siraran | Glutaraldehyde da kuma cocobenzyldimethylammonium chloride. | Kayan ajiya na dakin ajiya: ta hanyar fesawa ko konewa da zafi, 1%, mafi karancin lokacin saduwa 30 min. ba tare da kurkurewa ba. Pre-tsaftacewa! | Kwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da yisti |
Menno TerForte - lalataccen ƙarfe | Dimethylammonium chloride (312g / l) | 1% | Da kwayoyin cuta, fungi |
Ambionet yana lalata kuma yana yin amfani da abu mai guba. Ba a ba da shawarar tuntuɓar ɗigogi na galvanized da zaren polyamide ba | Glutaraldehyde (175 g / L) + Didecyl-dimethyl Ammonium chloride (50 g / L) + N-alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl Ammonium chloride (40 g / L). | Fesa / Jiƙa: 0,25% akan kwayoyin cuta, 0,4% akan fungi, 1,5% akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Kurkura da ruwa. Jiyya mai zafi: Fumigation: 2,6L / 1000m3 /, gini cike da kwantena 3 l / 1000m 3... Lokacin tuntuɓar: awa 1 | Kwayar cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta. |
Ammonium 38 Jagora - ba mai rikici ba, pH mai tsaka-tsaki, mai tayar da hankali (idanu, fata, fili na numfashi) | Cocobenzyldimethylammonium chloride (32g / 100ml) + giya mai narkewa + 2-propanol | Anyi amfani dashi don sanyaya ko feshin sanyi. 0,5% bayani, 5 l don 10.000 m2 lokacin tuntuɓar: Minti 20 | Bactericide, virucide, fungicide, sporicide. Hankali: samfurin yana da guba sosai ga kifi. |
Duk waɗannan abubuwa masu aiki an yarda da su bisa hukuma don amfani da su a kiwon dabbobi, kayan lambu da ke girma a cikin greenhouses kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. Mafi inganci shine Virocid da tsarinta. Mafi yawan cututtukan cututtukan kuma sun hada da sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, ammonium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, copper quinolinolate, quaternary ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and / or peroxyacetic acid cakuda. Waɗannan abubuwa masu aiki ana haɗa su a cikin shirye-shirye na nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antun daban-daban, bambance-bambance a cikin yawan babban sashin, ƙimar amfani da yiwuwar amfani da samfurin don sarrafa kayan lambu.
Ya kamata a zaɓi zaɓi na maganin kashe cuta don adana bisa ga nazarin waɗannan bayanan: rukunin haɗari na shiri, kayan aikin da aka ba da shawara; ƙuntatawa kan nau'in saman da za a bi da su (don maras ƙarfi ko mara haɗari); kasancewar alamun "ana iya amfani da shi don gurɓatar da ɗakunan ajiya da / ko kayan aiki don sarrafa dankali", "don amfani kawai a wurare da kayan aiki don iri dankali"; kasancewar abin da ake buƙata don wanke abu da ruwa bayan jiyya.
Bari mu danyi bayani kadan akan batun wuraren da cutar ta yadu. Farfajiyar maɗaukaki kowane yanki ne mai laushi kamar itace, rufi ko ƙasa mai datti. Wadanda ba porous saman an ayyana su azaman marasa lalacewa, saman wuya kamar karfe, gilashi ko kankare. Calcium da sodium hypochlorites suna iya lalata saman ƙarfe. Hypochlorites da kayan aikin hydrogen peroxide ana samunsu cikin sauƙin aiki ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta sabili da haka basuda tasiri yayin bayyanar da ƙasa ko itace. Share ƙasa da tarkace yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka tasirin waɗannan abubuwa masu aiki. Lokacin amfani da mahaɗan tushen chlorine, daidaita pH na maganin zuwa 6,0 - 7,5 don matsakaicin aiki. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a guji haɗuwa da sinadarin chlorine tare da ruwan zafi ko wasu abinci sai dai idan an ba da izinin musamman akan alamar.
Ana amfani da maganin kashe cuta a duka saman kuma an rufe shagon har tsawon makonni biyu. Bayan wannan lokacin, wajibi ne don buɗe ƙofofi, iska da bushe ɗakin. Wannan aikin ya shafi kayan aikin iska. Ana buƙatar cikakken cikakken ɗaukar dukkan ɗakunan saman, gami da ɗakin matsi, bututun iska, da ɗakin samun iska.
Cutar da ƙwayar cuta ta kashe ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke iya kasancewa kan kayan aiki da kuma a cikin ajiya. Bincika alamar cutar ta kashe ko za a sha ruwa da ruwa mai tsafta bayan jiyya. Lokacin adana dankali iri, dole ne a tsabtace wurin ajiya musamman a hankali. Wannan yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga wuraren ajiya waɗanda a baya suka yi amfani da haɓakar haɓaka mai haɓaka chlorprofam (CIPC). Idan tsaba ta kasance ga ragowar CIPC, ƙwaya mai girma da raunin girma yana faruwa. Ana ba da shawarar adana dankalin turawa a farkon shekara ɗaya bayan aikace-aikacen ƙarshe a cikin shagon Chlorprofam.
Ajiye kayan aiki da kayan aiki yakamata a tsaftace su a kowane lokaci yayin aikin ajiyar. Ya kamata a gudanar da tsaftacewa yau da kullun da kuma gyara wuraren aiki. Dole ne a cire abubuwan ɓarnatarwa daga kayan ajiya kuma a zubar dasu a kullun. A yayin adana dogon lokaci, yana iya zama dole don ƙarin maganin ɓoyayyun ɗakunan ajiya na matsala ko samfurin samfur. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar fumigation don bin duk abubuwan da ke sama. (hoto 1,2).
Takaitawa: Kula da tsafta koyaushe a cikin shagon da kuma kashe kwayoyin cuta koyaushe da ake amfani da su yana hana yaduwar kwari da cututtuka kuma hakan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kayayyakin. Jerin nau'ikan aikin dole don tabbatar da tsafta a wurin aiki sun hada da abubuwa 30, hanyar aiwatar da mafi yawan su ya kamata a tsara su kuma duba su lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar binciken waje. Hanyoyin maganin cutar da aka ba da izini a cikin wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa ya ishe don ingantaccen kulawar kwari. Wajibi ne a sami kayan aiki na musamman (injin wankin matsewa, injin tsabtace masana'antu, janareto masu hazo) da kuma ba da isasshen lokaci da albarkatu don kula da tsabta yayin ajiya. Yana da mahimmanci ayi la'akari da kiyaye nuances masu yawa na cimma iyakar iyawar tsabtacewa, girbi da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wuraren adana dankali.
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