Muna ci gaba da tattaunawa game da matsalar yanzu a halin yanzu - dankalin turawa rhizoctoniosis.
Tushen kamuwa da cuta shine tsire-tsire dankalin turawa da wasu ciyawa. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da yaduwar ƙwayar cuta daga shekara zuwa shekara shine ƙasa da bututun dankalin turawa marasa lafiya (yawan watsa kwayar cutar ta hanyar tubers daga 29 zuwa 70%). Yaduwar kwayoyin cuta a lokacin kakar yana faruwa ta cikin ƙasa, da kuma ta basidiospores a babban zafi na iska (86-96% ko fiye) ta hanyar iska, amma wannan tsarin yana da ƙarin mahimmanci.
Don haka, zagayawa na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayi yana faruwa ne saboda haɗuwar ƙasa da tsarin watsa tuber daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da ƙarin watsa iska a cikin yanayi. Dangane da wannan, don kare dashen dankalin turawa daga rhizoctoniosis, wajibi ne a yi amfani da dabaru da hanyoyin da za a rage farkon kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta a cikin ƙasa da tubers.
Babban mahimmanci a cikin rigakafin lalacewar shuka ta hanyar cututtuka shine aikace-aikacen daidai da haɗuwa da hanyoyin agrotechnical da sinadarai.
Don hana ci gaban cutar a kan shuke-shuke dankalin turawa, kazalika da kamuwa da cuta na tubers, wajibi ne a lura da jujjuyawar amfanin gona da mayar da dankali zuwa wurinsu na asali ba a baya fiye da shekaru 3-4 ba. Girma dankali a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona bayan taki koren, waken soya, hatsi, ciyawa na perennial yana rage haɓakar rhizoctoniosis akan sprouts, mai tushe da tubers sau 2,0-2,7.
Idan babu yiwuwar gudanar da jujjuya amfanin gona, ya zama dole a yi amfani da amfanin gona tare da kaddarorin phytosanitary a kan wakili mai haifar da rhizoctoniosis azaman mafari. Don inganta phytopathological halin da ake ciki a kan dankali, kamar yadda phytosanitary amfanin gona (magabatan), an bada shawarar yin amfani da hatsi, perennial hatsi ciyawa, legumes-hatsi gaurayawan, karas, lupins, waken soya, kabeji amfanin gona, da flax, wanda muhimmanci hana ci gaban R. Solani Kuhn. a cikin ƙasa.
Tushen yin amfani da su shine cewa kamuwa da cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta ya ci gaba na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙasa kawai a cikin yanayin tilastawa. Tushen secretions na amfanin gona resistant zuwa causative wakili na dankalin turawa rhizoctoniosis tsokane da germination na pathogen propagules a cikin ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, da spores na phytoparasite da germinal hyphae, ba saduwa da wani mai saukin kamuwa da shuka shuka, partially mutu. Saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin gasa idan aka kwatanta da matsugunin saprotrophic microorganisms na ƙasa, wannan dabarar tana haifar da raguwar yawan adadin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bugu da kari, rubewa bayan girbi sharan gona na phytosanitary na taimaka wa karuwa a yawan antagonist saprophytes a cikin ƙasa, wanda bi da bi ya sa lysis na kamuwa da cuta Tsarin pathogens, da kuma dauki wurin pathogens a cikin muhalli alkuki.
Haka kuma an san cewa alkama, sha'ir, hatsi, rapeseed da mustard sune masu samar da abubuwa masu cutar fungal. Saboda haka, shuke-shuke na cikin hatsi iyali ƙunshi purothionine, phenol-type mahadi, benzoxazolinones, hordecin, furfrurol, gramine alkaloid, yellow pigments a cikin cell sap, da kabeji shuke-shuke dauke da allyl mustard, phenylethyl mustard da crotonyl mustard mai, rafanin, heirolin. wanda ke hana ci gaban microflora pathogenic.
A Siberiya, a lokacin lokacin girma, irin magabata irin su rapeseed da sarepta mustard galibi suna rage yawan R. Solani a cikin ƙasa. A watan Mayu na shekara mai zuwa, saboda fitowar abubuwan da ke hana ci gaban naman gwari daga ragowar amfanin gona da suka lalace, adadin yaduwa na wakili na rhizoctoniosis ya ragu da sau 2,0. Oats ba su da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tsabtace ƙasa, amma yana ba da damar daidaita adadin ƙwayoyin cuta. Alkama da sha'ir ba kawai yarda da tarin pathogens a lokacin girma kakar, amma kuma suna taimakawa wajen dagewa a cikin ƙasa har zuwa bazara na gaba. Don haka, daga ra'ayi na phytosanitary, mafi kyawun mafarin dankali shine rapeseed bazara da mustard. Lokacin sanya amfanin gona a kan hatsi, sha'ir na bazara da alkama, ya zama dole a la'akari da bayanai game da tarin abubuwan da ke haifar da rhizoctoniosis a cikin ƙasa.
Jerin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su:
- Zairuk V.N. Ingantacciyar jujjuyawar amfanin gona na musamman da tsarin biology na kariyar dankalin turawa daga cututtuka da kwari / V.N. Zairuk, V.M. Glez, S.V. Vasilyev, M.K. Derevyagin, V. I. Sedova, N.A. Gaitova, L.V. Dmitrieva // Dankali girma a cikin yankuna na Rasha: Ainihin matsalolin kimiyya da aiki. - M., 2006. - S. 38-47.
- Ivanyuk V.G. Hanyoyi na Agrotechnical don magance rhizoctoniosis dankalin turawa / V.G. Ivanyuk, O.T. Aleksandrov, V. I. Kalach // Kariya da keɓewar shuke-shuke. - 2001. - Na 11. - S. 18-19.
- Ivanyuk V.G. Siffofin bayyanar rhizoctoniosis dankalin turawa a Belarus / V.G. Ivanyuk, O.T. Aleksandrov // Mycology da Phytopathology. - 2000. - T. 34, babu. 5. - S. 51-59.
- Loshakov V.G. Juyawa amfanin gona shine tushen hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin tsarin noma na zamani / Loshakov V.G. // Bulletin na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Noma ta Rasha. - 2006. - Na 5. - S. 23-26.
- Shaldyaeva E.M. Kula da rhizoctoniosis a cikin dankalin turawa agroecosystems a Yammacin Siberiya / E.M. Shaldyaeva, Yu.V. Pilipova, N.M. Konyaev. - Novosibirsk, 2006. - 196 p.
- Shaldyaeva E.M. Inganta yanayin phytosanitary na shuka dankalin turawa ta amfani da tsaban rapes ɗin bazara azaman amfanin gona na koren taki / E.M. Shaldyaeva, Yu.V. Pilipova, M.P. Shatunova // Kariyar Shuka a Siberiya: Sat. kimiyya tr. malamai da daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na Faculty of Plant Protection. - Novosibirsk, 2003. - S. 77-83
- Carling DE Tasirin zazzabi na virulence na Rhizoctonia solani da sauran Rhizoctonia akan dankalin turawa / DE Carling, RH Leiner // Phytopathology. - 1990. - V. 80, Na 10. - P. 930-934.