Yanki: 95,5 dubu murabba'in mita km
Yawan jama'a: Miliyan 2 da dubu 709
Matsayi na yanki: yankin yana kudu maso gabashin Yammacin Siberia. A arewa tana iyaka da Yankin Tomsk, a gabas da yankin Krasnoyarsk da Jamhuriyar Khakassia, a kudu da Jamhuriya Altai da Yankin Altai, a yamma da yankin Novosibirsk.
Sauyin yanayi sharply nahiya. Winters sanyi ne kuma doguwa; lokacin bazara gajere ne kuma dumi. Matsakaicin yanayin iska na kowane wata a watan Janairu daga -18 zuwa -22 ° С, a watan Yuli daga + 17 ° С zuwa + 22 ° С. Yanayin iska ya kai mafi girman kimar rani (+ 38 ° С), mafi ƙarancin lokacin hunturu (a kudancin yankin har zuwa -54 ° С, a arewa har zuwa -57 ° С). Adadin hazo daga 300 zuwa 500 mm a kowace shekara, a yankunan tsaunuka - har zuwa 900 mm a shekara.
Taimako: a kan yankin akwai tsaunuka-taiga, gandun daji-steppe da shimfidar shimfidar wurare. Arewacin yankin shine yankin kudu maso gabas na Yammacin Siberian Plain, gabas da arewa maso gabas sune tsaunukan Kuznetsk Alatau, kudu maso yamma kuma sune tudun Salair, kudu kuma ita ce tudun Gornaya Shoria, kuma ɓangaren tsakiya shine damuwar Kuznetsk.
Ilsasa: Daban-daban na yanayin tarihi da yanayin yanayi yana haifar da bambancin ƙasa da murfin ciyayi. Yankin da ya fi girma yana mamaye da nau'ikan ƙasa sod-podzolic, chernozems ya yi nasara a cikin baƙin ciki na Kuznetsk.
Yankin ƙasar noma: Hekta miliyan 2,66, daga kasar noma - hekta miliyan 1,47.
SAURARA 2017. FASAHA DA KYAUTATA YIELD
A shekarar 2017, yankin dasa dankalin turawa a cikin Yankin Kemerovo ya kai hekta dubu 45,7, yawan amfanin gonar ya kai tan dubu 723 tare da matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona 158 c / ha. Kamar yadda yake daga ƙididdigar da ke sama, samar da dankalin turawa idan aka kwatanta da 2015-2016. ya karu da 3% yayin da matsakaita yawan amfanin ƙasa ya karu da 13%.
A halin yanzu a cikin yankin Kemerovo yana aiki da girma dankali 41 gonaki. Amma babban kashi na amfanin gona (76%) ya faɗi akan shirye shiryen magidanta na ƙasa. Kamar yadda a duk faɗin Rasha, a cikin Kuzbass akwai jan hankali tsakanin jama'a don rage wuraren dasa dankalin turawa (da 10% a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata), amma amfanin gona kuma, sakamakon haka, girbin dankalin turawa a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu ke ƙaruwa (da kashi 38% da 23%, bi da bi).
Kungiyar Dankalin Turawa ta kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da dankalin Turawa a kowace shekara a Rasha akan kilo 80 kowane mutum a kowace shekara, Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - a kilo 130 na mutum daya.
A cewar Kemerovostat, a farkon 2017, yawan jama'a a yankin Kemerovo mutane miliyan 2,709 ne (ciki har da ƙananan yara). Sabili da haka, har ma la'akari da matsakaicin ƙididdigar yawan amfani (130 kg ga mutum / shekara), Kuzbass a ƙarshen 2017 ya ba da kanta tare da dankali da 205,3%.
SIFFOFIN TAFIYA DON HAKA
Horar da masana'antar dankalin turawa a cikin yankin Kemerovo ana aiwatar da shi a cikin Cibiyar Ilimin Ilmi na Gwamnatin Tarayya na Babban Ilimi "Cibiyar Noma ta jihar Kemerovo" (FSBEI HE Kemerovo Cibiyar Noma ta Jihar). Wannan cibiyar tana ba da horo a fannoni "Agronomy" duka biyu a sashin koyar da ilimin sakandare da kuma shirye-shiryen karatun digiri (bayanan martaba "Fasahar kere kere ta samar da amfanin gona"), "Fasahar kere kere, adana da kuma sarrafa kayan amfanin gona", "Tsarin Fasaha a cikin Agribusiness") .
Kowace shekara, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Noma ta Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Kemerovo tana samar da kusan 35 masanan (cikakken lokaci da kuma wani lokaci-lokaci).
INFRASTRUCTURE KYAUTA
A yau a cikin yankin Kemerovo akwai shagunan kayan lambu 52 tare da cikakken damar ajiyar lokaci ɗaya na tan dubu 162,9. Idan akayi la'akari da cewa kashi 76% na irin dankalin Turawa ya girma kuma, saboda haka, yawan jama'a ke adana shi daban daban, wadatattun wuraren adana wadatattun sun isa ga masana'antar.
A ƙa'ida, manoma suna gina sabbin wuraren ajiya domin haɓaka yankin shuka kuma, daidai da haka, yawan girbin dankalin turawa. Don haka, shugaban da ba a takaddama a Kuzbass dangane da yawan yanki na filayen dankalin turawa da tarin dankali - KDV-Agro LLC - yana shirin ƙara yankin shuka daga kadada 2,3 zuwa dubu 3. A kan wannan, kamfanin ke gina sabon wurin ajiyar dankalin turawa wanda zai iya daukar tan dubu 12, za a fara aikin ne a shekarar 2018.
Zai zama hadadden sikelin zamani wanda aka kera shi da sabuwar fasaha - zazzabin da ake bukata da danshi za a kiyaye su ta atomatik a ciki.
A cikin duka, a cikin 2018, cibiyoyin adana dankalin turawa na zamani guda biyu tare da jimillar ƙarfin tan dubu 14,5 ana shirin ƙaddamar da su a Kuzbass, a cikin shekarar 2019 - ƙarin shagunan kayan lambu biyu masu ƙarfin tan dubu 1,8.
KYAUTA DA KYAUTA
Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Kemerovo (reshen Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Tarayya ta Siberia na Agrobiotechnology na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha) tana da dakin gwaje-gwaje don zabar dankalin turawa, kimiyyar kere-kere da fasahar noma (shugabar dakin gwaje-gwaje - Valentina Ivanovna Kulikova, 'yar takarar kimiyyar aikin gona, masanin farfesa) Babban wuraren aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje sune zaɓi da asalin iri na dankali.
KYAUTA
Dalili na kiwo dankalin turawa shine karatun tsari da kuma zaɓi na tushen halaye masu mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar iri tare da tsarin halayen tattalin arziƙi. Saboda wannan, ana yin nazarin samfuran dankalin turawa sama da 150 na tarin ɗab'in Duniya na Duk-Rasha na Shuka Shuka (VIR) kowace shekara. Ayyukan ƙirƙirar nau'ikan dankalin turawa yana faruwa bisa ga cikakkiyar makirci na tsarin zaɓi a ɓangarorin da ke gaba:
- tsiyace
- babban aiki;
- juriya ga cututtukan fungal da na kowa;
- juriya ga dankalin dankalin Turawa nematode;
- tsayayya da dankalin dankalin Turawa irin ƙwaro;
- dacewar don kayan aikin injiniyan
Lyubava - iri-iri na farko don dalilan cin abinci. Tubers ja ne, zagaye-zagaye, naman fari ne. Idanun suna na zurfin zurfin. Yawan aiki har zuwa 55 t / ha. Kasuwa 90-96%. Yawan tuber mai sayarwa yakai 120-220 g. Abincin sitaci yakai 12-16%. Mai jure cutar kansa. Yana amsawa sosai ga aikace-aikacen takin gargajiya da na ma'adinai, ban ruwa. Kyakkyawan dandano. Ofimar iri-iri: yana da ƙaruwa lokacin dormancy, inganci mai inganci, yawan amfanin ƙasa na farkon dankali (matsakaiciyar ban ruwa 60 t / ha).
KUDI - tsakiyar-farkon iri-iri don dalilan cin abinci. Tubers fari ne, zagaye-m, fari nama. Idanun suna na zurfin zurfin. Yawan aiki har zuwa 60 t / ha. Yawan tubers mai kasuwa shine 100-110 g. Kasuwa yana da kashi 86-91%. Abincin sitaci shine 13-15%. Dangane da dangi game da phytophluorosis, cututtukan fata, Alternaria. Valueimar iri-iri: an nuna rauni mai ƙarfi ta nematode na zinare na zinariya, yana da ƙarfin tsarkake ƙasa daga nematode dankalin turawa na zinariya, ƙara haɓaka cikin bacci
Don hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo kuma da sauri gabatar da sabbin iri a cikin samarwa, ana aiwatar da kiwo ta amfani da hanyoyin ƙwararru (hybridization akan kayan lafiya, haɓaka haɗakarwa ta amfani da al'adar nama, haɓaka cikin yaduwar vitro, ƙwayar cuta ta kwayar cuta ta kayan matasan ta ELISA).
Tun daga 2016, an shirya aiki ta amfani da zaɓi mai taimaka wa mai alamar, wanda samfuran samfuran keɓaɓɓun tarin, sabbin nau'ikan da aka samar da jini kuma suna ƙayyade kasancewar alamun alamun DNA na juriya da ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari: Y da X ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa, nematode na zinariya (Globodera rostochiensis Woll), farin jini nematode (Globodera pallida), ciwon daji dankalin turawa (Synchytioum endobioticum).
ASALIN DANKALI
Ana aiwatar da hatsi na asali tare da nau'ikan dankalin turawa wanda aka haɗe a cikin Bayanan Kula da Ayyukan Ciwo a cikin yanki na goma: Nevsky, Lyubava, Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Tanay da Kemerovochanin.
Tuleevsky - tsakiyar-farkon iri-iri don dalilan tebur. Launin tubers da ɓangaren litattafan almara rawaya ne, fasalin m ne. Idanun na waje ne. Yawan aiki har zuwa 48 t / ha. Yawan tuber mai sayarwa shine 122 g. Kasuwa yana daga 270-88%. Abincin sitaci 99-12%. Tsayayya da cutar kansa. Dangane da tsayayyar danniya zuwa karshen cutar sankara, scab, Alternaria. Valueimar iri-iri: kyakkyawa ɗanɗano, ɗanɗano mai daɗi da daidaitaccen ɓangaren ɓangaren litattafan almara, ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali.
KUZECHANKA - matsakaici - farkon iri-iri don amfani da tebur. Tuber yana zagaye-m, santsi, ja, jiki fari ne. Idanun na waje ne. Starch abun ciki 12,5-16,3%. Yawan aiki har zuwa 46 t / ha. Yawan tubers mai kasuwa shine 140-180 g. Kasuwa yana cikin kashi 93-97%. Kyakkyawan dandano. Dangi dangi game da ƙwayoyin cuta, phytophthora, na kowa scab. Valueimar iri-iri: dace da aiki zuwa cikin dankalin turawa, matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na 104,2 t / ha ya kai, bayyanar mai kyau.
- Hanzarta yaduwar ingantaccen kayan dankalin turawa da kayan tsiro ta microclonal a cikin al'adun vitro, har zuwa 5 na tsirrai a shekara.
- Inganta iri iri ta hanyar apical meristem hanya a hade tare da thermo da chemotherapy, Bank of Healthy Dankali iri dake 29 iri.
- Hanzarta yaduwar dankalin dankalin turawa mai lafiya yana farawa a cikin al'adun vivo, har zuwa tsirrai dubu 11 a shekara.
- Samun farkon tuber kayan dankali (minicubers), har zuwa tubers dubu 60 a shekara.
- Samun kayan abinci na shekara-shekara har zuwa 70,0 na dankalin turawa iri na farkon filin har zuwa ton 200,0 na aji-super-Elite aji.
- Gano cutar don kasancewar ɓoyayyen pathogenesis (ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta) ta ELISA a duk matakan dawowa da haihuwa.
Asalin kayan itacen dankali da Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Kemerovo ta yi amfani da shi ba kawai a gonakin yankin Kemerovo ba, har ma a cikin Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Amur, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Tver, Ulyanovsk da Chelyabinsk; a cikin yankunan Krasnoyarsk da Altai; jamhuriyoyin Khakassia, Buryatia, Tuva.
A cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Kemerovo (reshe na Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Siberian, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Rasha), an kirkiro nau'ikan dankalin turawa waɗanda ke haɓaka yawan ƙarfin su, filastik, da juriya na cutar.
FATIMA YAN SALATI
A ƙarshen 2017, Vesna LLC (shugaban - Nikolai Petrovich Safonov) ya zama jagora a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin Kemerovo, kasuwancin da aka cimma ya nuna alamun 272,1 c / ha.
Shekaru da yawa, KDV-Agro LLC (wani ɓangare na KDV Group, shugaban KDV-Agro shine Viktor Vasilyevich Beskorovaev) ya mamaye wuri na farko dangane da yankin gonakin dankalin turawa da ƙimar girbi: a cikin shekarar 2017, daga yankin hekta 2311, kamfanin da aka tattara 60863,9 tan dankali.
Yana da kyau a sani cewa an sarrafa dankalin KDV Group a nan, a kan tabo: a shekarar 2011, an yi wani bita daban tare da wani adadi mai kusa da yankin KDV Yashkino LLC (wani kamfanin gungun), a 2012 an sanya layin zamani don samar da kwakwalwan kwamfuta, aka sayo, aka samu mashinan marufi hudu. Yawan adadin hannun jari ya kai dala biliyan 2.
Arfin samar da layin ya kai tan dubu 8,64 a shekara. Kamfanin yana aiwatar da kimanin tan dubu 60 na dankali a kowace shekara, yawan kayan da aka samar a shekarar 2015 - tan dubu 6,404, a 2016 - tan dubu 7,301, a shekarar 2017 - tan dubu 8,17.
KDV Group yana jaddada fa'idar ingancin dabaru: lokacin girbi, girbi, adana dankali da samar da kwakwalwan kwamfuta a yanki daya, ana rage yawan sufuri.
KYAUTA A CIKIN HUKUNCIN SA A CIKIN SAUKI
Yanayin yanayin yanayin yankin Kemerovo yana fifita ci gaban iri da kuma dankalin kasuwancin kasuwanci. Mafi dacewa da yankin sune nau'ikan farkon, farkon-farkon da tsakiyar ripeness, tare da lokacin ciyayi na kwanaki 65-80.
Abubuwan tattalin arziki sun tallafawa sha'awar manoma akan wannan amfanin gona. Don haka, fa'idar samar da dankalin turawa ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi girman samar da amfanin gona - a cewar 2017, wannan adadi ya kai + 87,2%. Farashin kasuwa na dankalin turawa suna ta girma a kwanan nan - bisa ga ƙididdiga daban-daban, a cikin shekarar 2017 farashin sayarwa a Rasha gaba ɗaya ya karu da 9,46-24%. A cikin yankin Kemerovo, ci gaban ya kasance 13,9% (bayanan Kemerovostat).
A lokaci guda, dankali abinci ne mai mahimmanci a cikin al'umma; mahimmancin darajar kai ga wadatar abinci a cikin rukunan tsaro na Tarayyar Rasha an bayyana shi a matsayin 95%. A ƙarshen 2017, ƙimar isa ga Rasha a cikin dankali an kiyasta 90,7% (bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona), wanda ke ba mu damar hango yanayin kasuwa mai kyau.
DAGA ZAUREN FIQHU
A cikin 1942, a gonar gama gari "Krasny Perekop" na gundumar Mariinsky na Yankin Kemerovo, hanyar haɗin Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina ta sami amfanin gona dankalin turawa - 1331 c / ha.
Saboda wannan kyakkyawan amfanin ƙasa (har yanzu ba wanda ya wuce ta a duniya), an ba masu noman dankalin Turawa lambar Stalin (sun karɓi dubu biyar). Matan sun tura wannan kudin gaba daya zuwa asusun tsaron kasar. Kuma layin, Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina, an ba shi Dokar Lenin. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1948, ta hanyar dokar Presidium ta Soviet ta Soviet, aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Jarumar Kwadagon Zamani.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin 1942 A.K. Yutkina ya karya tarihin masana'antar kansa. Tun da farko, a cikin 1939, rukuni guda a cikin gwajin makirci na gonar gama-gari na Krasny Perekop sun tattara tsarukan dankalin turawa 1217,28 daga kadada ɗaya, wanda ya wuce rikodin duniyar Amurka wanda ya mamaye wancan lokacin ta 117,8 centners. Sannan an ba Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina lambar yabo ta Babban Zinare na Babban Nunin Noman Abinci, kuma an sanya mahadar ta a cikin littafin girmamawa.
Haɗin Yutkina ya ci gaba da nuna babban sakamako, yana karɓar yawancin 700 c / ha dankali daga filayen su.
Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna jayayya game da abin da ya haifar da nasarar rikodin. A cewar Sergei Sheshukov, darektan gidan tarihin kayan tarihi na Mariinsk, ban da fasahar aikin gona ta musamman, an ɓoye sirrin a cikin cigaban kimiyya na manyan masana kimiyyar Soviet. A cikin shekarun danniya na Stalinist, Mariinsk shine cibiyar Siblag.
KA - tsakiyar-farkon iri-iri don dalilan cin abinci. A tubers ne rawaya, taso keya m, bawo ne dan kadan reticulate, jiki ne rawaya. Idanun na zurfin matsakaici, 'yan kaɗan ne. Yawan aiki har zuwa 63 t / ha. Nauyin tuber kasuwanci shine 100 g. Kasuwa yana da kashi 180-92%. Abincin sitaci 98-13%. Matsakaici mai saukin kamuwa zuwa ƙarshen cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Valueimar iri-iri: tsayayya da cutar kansa da nematode dankalin turawa na zinariya, mai jure fari, mai jure lalacewar inji.
KEMEROVAN - tsakiyar-farkon iri-iri don dalilan cin abinci. Tubers suna rawaya, zagaye-m, bawo ne dan kadan reticulate, jiki ne rawaya. Yawan aiki har zuwa 58 t / ha. Abincin sitaci 17,5%. Nauyin tuber mai kasuwa - 95 g. Kasuwa - 19-90%. Matsakaicin juriya ga ƙarshen buguwa. Valueimar iri-iri: juriya ga cutar kansa, nematode dankalin turawa na zinariya, ƙwayoyin cuta, fusarium da kuma alternaria, masu tsayayya da lalacewar inji, ƙimar inganci.
MARIINSKY - tsakiyar farkon, don dalilan cin abinci. Launin furannin ja-violet ne, tuber ja ne, ɓangaren litattafan almara shine cream; fasalin tuber yana da oval, idanun na waje ne, fatar ta yi sumul. Abincin sitaci 14-6%. Yawan aiki 35,0-45,0 t / ha. Yawan tuber mai sayarwa ya kai 80 g. Ku ɗanɗana yana da kyau. Tsayayya ga nematode dankalin zinare. Dangi dangi game da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarshen bugun jini, sankarau na kowa. Valueimar iri-iri: bayyanar kyau.
Kwararrun da aka yankewa hukunci daga Moscow da Leningrad sun yi aiki a wata ƙungiyar shuka kayan gona ta gida. Sun yi aiki don samo tsararrun tsaba, don haɓaka fasahar noma don shuka albarkatu a cikin yanayin Siberian. Ya zuwa 1942, a cikin gundumar Mariinsky an sami wuraren sarrafa filaye, gonakin inabin, berries da gonakin inabin a kan yanki na kadada 50,5. Tare da warwatsa Siblag a farkon shekarun 1960, tashar ta daina wanzuwa.
A cikin abin tunawa da rikodin a 2008, an kafa wani abin tunawa ga dankali a Mariinsk. Yuri Mikhailov ne ya kirkira shi (gwal daga itace). Tun daga nan, kowace shekara a cikin birni ana bikin Ranar Dankali.