Yanki: 83 km2.
Yawan jama'a: 1 mutane, wanda 791% mazauna birni ne.
Yankin yanki: Yankin Leningrad yana kan yankin Gabashin Turai. Yana iyaka a arewa da Jamhuriyar Karelia, a gabas da yankin Vologda, a kudu maso gabas tare da yankin Novgorod, a kudu tare da yankin Pskov, a yamma da Estonia kuma a arewa maso yammacin Finland. Daga yamma, yankin St. Petersburg da yankin Leningrad yana wanke ruwa na Gulf of Finland.
Sauyin yanayi: Atlantic-continental. Yawan iska na ruwa yana haifar da sanyi mai laushi tare da narke akai-akai da lokacin zafi mai matsakaici. Matsakaicin zafin Janairu shine -11°, matsakaicin yanayin Yuli shine +17°. Mafi yawan yanayin sanyi shine na yau da kullun ga yankunan gabas, mafi zafi ga yankunan kudu maso yamma. Adadin hazo a kowace shekara shine 600-800 mm, tare da mafi girman adadin faɗowa a cikin tsaunuka kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin rairayin bakin teku. Hazo ya yi yawa a lokacin rani da kaka. A cikin hunturu, hazo yana fadowa cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara; murfin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin yana bayyana a cikin rabin na biyu na Nuwamba kuma ya ɓace a cikin rabin na biyu na Afrilu. Jimlar adadin kwanakin tare da hazo kusan 290 ne.
Taimako: yawanci lebur tare da cikakken tsayin mita 50-150 sama da matakin teku. Amma yankin na Karelian Isthmus ya bambanta ta hanyar ƙasa mai ƙarfi tare da babban adadin tafkuna. Mafi girman matsayi shine Dutsen Kivisurya mai tsayin mita 203.
Kasar gona: galibi podzolic, matalauta a cikin humus kuma yana da mahimmancin acidity. A lokaci guda, ƙasa mai ƙarfi podzolic tare da kauri saman Layer an kafa su akan loams, a cikin ƙananan wurare tare da haɓakar danshi. A kan yashi mai yashi da yashi waɗanda ba sa riƙe danshi da kyau, ana samun ƙasan podzolic mai rauni a cikin gandun daji na Pine. Inda tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suka fi yawa - a cikin wuraren dazuzzuka, a cikin gandun daji masu gauraye ko dazuzzukan da ba kasafai ba - ana samun ƙasa soddy-podzolic. Babban duwatsun da ke samar da ƙasa sune yumbu, loams, yashi da peat.
Agricasar noma: 617,6 kadada dubu, wanda filin noma - 360 hectares.
Yankin Leningrad, daidai da yanayin wurinsa, yana cikin yanki na aikin gona mai haɗari. Yankin yana da yanayin yanayi mai wahala (sauyin yanayin zafi akai-akai, ruwan sama mai yawa) da ƙasa mara kyau. Duk wannan yana rikitar da haɓakar samar da dankalin turawa. A gefe guda kuma, yanayin arewa ne ya sa yankin ya dace don samar da iri: a yau a yankin Leningrad, galibi ana shuka dankalin iri.
A cewar bayanai na 2017, a cikin Leningrad yankin, game da 50 masana'antu noma da kuma manoma gonaki suna tsunduma a cikin samar da dankalin turawa a kan wani yanki na 4,7 dubu hectares.
Fiye da nau'in dankalin turawa 40 ne ake nomawa a yankin, wanda aƙalla 37% na cikin gida ne (matsakaicin Rasha shine 25%), 28% na wannan adadin nau'ikan nau'ikan Rasha ne waɗanda masu shayarwa na yankin Leningrad suka kirkira.
A yankin, ana amfani da ton dubu 16 na irin dankalin turawa a duk shekara don shuka, wanda ya hada da ton dubu 6 na cikin gida da tan dubu 10 na zabin kasashen waje. Daga tsaba na zaɓi na waje:
- 0,5 dubu ton (5%) na samar da kasashen waje;
- Ton dubu 9,5 (95%) da kamfanonin yanki ke samarwa da kansu (an sarrafa fasahohin noman dankalin turawa na kasashen waje kuma an sami haƙƙin mafarin).
Yankin Leningrad yana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa goma na Tarayyar Rasha waɗanda Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rasha ta ayyana a matsayin matukin jirgi don aiwatar da cikakken Tsarin Target na Tarayyar Rasha. "Tallafin kimiyya don ƙirƙirar asusun iri na cikin gida, samfuran kariya na shuka don manufar samar da gasaccen kayan aikin gona ta masu kera na Rasha, da kuma ƙirƙirar fasahohi don samarwa (girma) da adana irin waɗannan samfuran na 2016-2025. ”
Yiwuwar haɓaka samar da iri na dankalin turawa a cikin yankin Leningrad ya dogara da dalilai masu zuwa:
- yanayi na yanayi da yanayin da ke dacewa da irin wannan nau'in aiki (ƙananan bayanan kwari da cututtuka da iska ta haifar da iska daga Tekun Baltic a lokacin rani, daskarewa ƙasa zuwa zurfin ƙasa a cikin hunturu);
- samuwar cibiyoyin bincike;
- shekaru da yawa na gogewa a cikin samar da dankalin iri ta kamfanonin aikin gona a yankin.
Fasali
Masu shayarwa na yankin Leningrad suna aiki tuƙuru don ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa na Rasha. A cewar Nadim Gadzhiev, shugaban sashen zaɓe da samar da iri na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Leningrad "Belogorka", nau'in gida ba wai kawai ya kasance ƙasa da na waje ba, amma ta fuskoki da yawa (misali, yawan amfanin ƙasa, abokantaka na muhalli) da kuma sama da abubuwan da aka shigo da su. Daga cikin sababbin nasarori na masu shayarwa, Nadim Gadzhiev ya lura da farkon nau'in Charoit (na farko digging zai yiwu a ranar 45th bayan germination. Yawan aiki daga 60 t / ha da sama, babban matakin filastik - yana nuna sakamako mai kyau a duka bushe da rigar. shekaru) da kuma tsakiyar-lokaci iri-iri Gusar (sakamako daga 60 t / ha da sama, marketability 95%, juriya ga ciwon daji, zinariya dankalin turawa nematode, hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri cututtuka). An haɗa Charoite a cikin Rajista na Tarayyar Rasha don yankin Arewa maso yamma a cikin 2014, Gusar - a cikin Rijistar Jiha na Tarayyar Rasha na yankuna Arewa maso Yamma da Volga-Vyatka a cikin 2017.
Yanzu masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Leningrad suna shirya sabbin nau'ikan jajayen fata guda uku don saki.
SIRRIN SEED
A matakin sana'a, gonaki takwas suna tsunduma cikin samar da nau'in dankalin turawa a cikin yankin, waɗanda aka ba da izini a cikin tsarin ba da takardar shaida na son rai "Rosselkhoztsentr" kuma an haɗa su a cikin rajista ɗaya na gonakin iri na Tarayyar Rasha.
A cikin uku daga cikin gonakin iri takwas da aka ba da izini, ana shirya samar da iri na farko ta hanyar amfani da hanyar meristem (ZAO Oktyabrskoye, ZAO PZ Prinevskoye, da LLC Slavyanka M).
Wadannan gonakin suna da kayan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na meristem. Jimlar yawan samarwa shine raka'a dubu 259. microplants da miliyan 1,95 inji mai kwakwalwa. minitubers a kowace shekara, yawan amfanin ƙasa na super-super shine ton dubu 1,8 a shekara. A shekara-shekara samar da microplants a cikin yankin ne 33% (daga 776,8 dubu raka'a) da minitubers - 19% (daga 10478,8 dubu raka'a) - na farko da na biyu wurare daga samarwa kundin a Rasha.
Bugu da kari, a cikin gonaki: Vsevolozhskaya Kiwo Station LLC, Semenovodstvo LLC, FGBNU Menkovsky reshe na API, primary iri samar da dankali da aka shirya ta amfani da clonal hanya. Jimlar yawan samar da manyan ƙwararru a cikin waɗannan gonaki shine ton dubu 0,56 a kowace shekara.
Jimillar adadin manyan fitattun mutane da aka samar a yankin ta hanyoyi biyu ya kai tan dubu 2,4 cikin shekaru uku. Haɗin hanyoyin guda biyu na samar da iri na farko yana ba da damar kiyaye yuwuwar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan shuka iri na dankalin turawa a babban matakin.
Yankin Leningrad, la'akari da yuwuwar da yake da shi, na iya ninka yawan samar da dankalin iri idan an sami karuwar buƙatun wannan samfur a wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha, ta yadda za a maye gurbin shigo da dankalin iri daga Tarayyar Turai.
A yau, ana sayar da kusan tan dubu 8 na dankalin iri a kowace shekara a yankin, gami da ton dubu 6 da aka ba su a wajen yankin - zuwa yankuna 33 na Tarayyar Rasha, daga yankin Arkhangelsk zuwa Jamhuriyar Dagestan daga arewa zuwa kudu da Kaliningrad. yankin zuwa Sakhalin daga yamma zuwa gabas.
Tsarin yanki na yanzu don samar da irin dankalin turawa ya dogara ne akan samun kayan tushe musamman a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na meristem. A lokaci guda kuma, an samar da wani aiki inda aka haɗa dukkan matakai guda uku na samar da iri a cikin gona ɗaya: samun kayan tushe, samar da iri na asali da fitattun iri. A lokaci guda, ana gudanar da zaɓi na clonal a cikin filin, kuma ana sabunta tarin microplants akai-akai ta hanyar gabatar da mafi kyawun clones filin a cikin al'adun tube na gwaji.
A cikin 2017, kamfanoni a yankin sun adana ton dubu 21,6 na dankalin iri don ajiyar hunturu - 119% na matakin 2016 da 210% na buƙatar shuka bazara (ton dubu 10,2).
TSARIN SAMUN KYAUTAR iri iri
A cikin yankin Leningrad, an ƙirƙiri tsarin kulawa a kowane mataki na samar da irin dankalin turawa. Ana bincika ingancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar PCR mafi dacewa, a matakin DNA. A mataki na tushen kayan (microplants) da asali iri, ana gudanar da bincike ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ELISA. A cikin yanayin filin, duk abubuwan da suka dace na fasaha ana aiwatar da su sosai; ana amfani da injunan injin Grimme don shuka, kulawa, girbi da adana dankali.
KWANKWASO DANGANE
Domin kaucewa dogaro da amfani da irin dankalin da ake nomawa a kasashen waje, manufar yankin na bunkasa noman dankalin turawa na da nufin samar da sabbin nau'in dankalin turawa na cikin gida tare da ingantattun kayan masarufi don samar da masana'antu, samar da yanayi mai kyau na samar da iri na farko. tare da tabbatar da shigar da su cikin samarwa.
Don aiwatar da shirin tallafin kimiyya da fasaha don haɓaka aikin gona a yankin, an ƙirƙiri Majalisar Gudanarwa a cikin Gwamnatin Leningrad yankin.
A cikin 2016, an haɓaka ra'ayi (tsarin) na tallafin kimiyya da fasaha don haɓaka haɓakar dankalin turawa a yankin Leningrad. Wannan shirin bai tanadar da ƙirƙirar sabon zaɓi da cibiyar samar da iri a yankin ba. Za a gudanar da bunkasa noman dankalin turawa ne ta la'akari da yuwuwar kimiyyar da ake da ita da kuma yuwuwar masu noman noma da ke shagaltuwa da samar da iri na farko.
Mahalarta shirin bunkasa noman dankalin turawa a yankin Leningrad sune:
- Duk-Russian Cibiyar Kariya Shuka (domin yin aiki da aikin yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da agrochemicals na nazarin halittu asalin a dankalin turawa girma);
- Pushkin reshe na Duk-Russian Cibiyar Tsirrai Genetic Resources mai suna bayan N.I. Vavilov (a kan abin da za a gudanar da gwajin muhalli da na yanki na sabon nau'in dankalin turawa na gida);
- FGBNU "Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka" (domin yin aiki da aikin samar da sabon m iri-iri na amfanin gona);
- LLC "Vsevolozhskaya Breeding Station" (irin dankalin turawa na tashar sun shahara kuma suna da matukar bukata, alal misali, nau'in "Nevsky" yana matsayi na biyu a matsayi na nau'in dankalin turawa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha).
- iri gonakin: ZAO Oktyabrskoye, ZAO PZ Prinevskoye, LLC Slavyanka M, LLC Semenovodstvo, FGBNU Menkovsky reshe na AFI (ga manufar yaduwa, masana'antu gwajin da gabatarwa a cikin samar da alamar gida iri).
Domin aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don bunkasa noman dankalin turawa a yankin Leningrad, za a yi la'akari da yarjejeniyoyin bangarorin uku tsakanin gwamnatin yankin, cibiyoyin kimiyyar aikin gona da masu samar da noma.
Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an ba da kuɗin kasafin kuɗi na yanki a cikin adadin 10 miliyan rubles don yankin fifiko na ci gaban dankalin turawa. a kowace shekara don biyan kuɗi ga masu sana'ar noma ta hanyar tallafi don ayyuka masu zuwa:
- samun kayan aiki don bunkasa noman dankalin turawa,
- gabatarwar nau'in dankalin turawa na gida cikin samarwa,
- sayen kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na ci gaba don inganta ingantaccen sarrafa dankalin iri da aka samar da kuma samar da minitubers a karkashin yanayin sarrafawa.
Bugu da ƙari, kwamitin ya sanar da cewa yankin Leningrad a kowace shekara (a cikin 2016 da shekaru masu zuwa a cikin adadin 63 miliyan rubles) ya ware kudade daga kasafin kudin yankin don mayar da kudaden da masu samar da noma suka tsunduma cikin dankalin turawa don siyan kayan aiki a cikin tsarin. na shirin "Fasaha da Zamantakewa" na shirin , ci gaba mai ban sha'awa "na shirin jihar.
An shirya kayan ne ta hanyar sabis na manema labarai na Kwamitin Aikin Noma da Kifi na Yankin Leningrad.