Boris Anisimov, Cibiyar Bincike ta Tarayya don Dankali mai suna bayan. A.G. Lorja
Farkon noman dankalin turawa a Rasha yawanci ana danganta shi da sunan Peter I. Akwai sigar cewa Peter I, tun da ya saba da dankali a Holland (1697-1698) kuma yana godiya da cancantarsa, ya aika Count Sheremetev jakar dankalin turawa tubers. tare da tsauraran umarnin don shuka wannan amfanin gona a Rasha . An yarda da cewa tarihin noman dankalin turawa a Rasha ya fara da wannan jakar dankali. Duk da haka, babu wani bayani game da makomar wannan rukunin sarauta. Idan da gaske ya faru, daya ne kawai daga cikin hanyoyin da dankali ke shigowa kasarmu. A kowane hali, an san shi daga kayan tarihi cewa a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. A yawancin biranen Rasha da ƙauyuka, manoma da masu lambu sun riga sun shuka dankali.
Da farko, dankali a Rasha, kamar yadda a ko'ina, an dauke su a matsayin wani m samfurin. An yi amfani da shi azaman abinci mai daɗi da ban sha'awa a ƙwallan fada da liyafa. Kuma, baƙon abu kamar alama, sun yayyafa dankali ba tare da gishiri ba, amma tare da sukari.
A hankali, 'yan Rasha sun ƙara koyo game da amfanin dankali. Fiye da shekaru 200 da suka shige, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin talifofin da ke cikin mujallar “Ayyuka da Fassara Don Amfani da Nishaɗi,” da aka keɓe ga dankali, an ce “tuffar ƙasa” (kamar yadda ake kiran dankali da farko) abinci ne mai daɗi da lafiya. . An nuna cewa ana iya amfani da dankalin turawa don toya burodi, dafa porridge, da shirya pies da dumplings. Tuni a cikin 1764-1776. An noma dankali a cikin lambunan St. Petersburg, Novgorod, kusa da Riga da sauran wurare.
Babbar rawar da ta taka wajen yaduwar dankali a Rasha ita ce Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, wacce a lokacin ita ce cibiyar kimiyya ta biyu a Rasha bayan Kwalejin Kimiyya. Lokacin a cikin 60s na XVIII karni. yunwa ta barke a wasu yankunan kasar, Kwalejin Likitan ta mika rahoto na musamman ga Majalisar Dattawa. Wannan rahoto, musamman, ya ce hanya mafi kyau don magance yunwa “...ya kunshi irin wadannan tuffa na kasa, wadanda a kasar Ingila ake kira potetes, da kuma wasu wuraren pears na kasa, tartuffels da dankali.».
Majalisar Dattawa ta fitar da wata doka ta musamman wacce ta rubuta game da dankali: «Кgame da manyan fa'idodin waɗannan apples da kuma cewa suna buƙatar aiki kaɗan lokacin girma, amma ana ba su lada mai yawa kuma ba wai kawai samar wa mutane abinci mai daɗi da lafiya ba, har ma suna zama abinci ga duk dabbobin gida, ya kamata a girmama su azaman mafi kyawun kayan lambu a ginin gida da kuma kiwo yin kowane ƙoƙari don».
Baya ga dokar, majalisar dattijai ta kuma bayar da "umarni" na musamman, watau. Jagora ga girma dankali. Yadda Majalisar Dattijai ta ɗauki al'amarin rarraba dankali a Rasha da gaske yana tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1765-1766. ya tattauna wannan batu har sau 22. An ɗauki matakai masu dacewa nan da nan: an sayi iri kuma an rarraba su zuwa duk larduna, gami da mafi nisa. Wadannan matakan sun haifar da sakamakon da ake bukata. Ba da daɗewa ba dankali ya sami karɓuwa a yawancin lardunan Rasha ta Tsakiya, Ukraine, da jihohin Baltic. Gaskiya ne, akwai kuma tashin hankali mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da tilasta shigar da amfanin gona na dankalin turawa, lokacin da aka kwace mafi kyawun ƙasa don dankali daga manoma, an hukunta su saboda rashin bin umarnin hukuma, kuma an shigar da su haraji. A cikin 30-40s na XIX karni. Dangane da matakan tashin hankali na gwamnatin Nicholas I, abin da ake kira "rikicin dankalin turawa" ya tashi.
Ayyukan Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na 'Yanci, da aka shirya a St. Petersburg a 1765, suna da matukar muhimmanci wajen bunkasa dankalin turawa a Rasha. Yawancin labaran da manyan masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci suka buga a cikin "Tsarin" na wannan al'umma. Daga cikin su, wani matsayi na musamman ya kasance na farko na Rasha agronomist Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. A cikin 1770, ya buga labarin kimiyya, "A Note on Tartofels." Wannan shi ne ɗayan ayyukan farko kuma mafi cikakkun bayanai "akan kafawa, dasa shuki da yaduwar dankali," da kuma "kan tattarawa da kula da su." Bolotov ne na farko da ya kira dankali ba "apple apples" ko "potetes", amma "tartofel". Bayan lokaci, wannan sunan ya zama dankali.
Akwai sauran masu sha'awar sabon al'ada a Rasha. Yabo na musamman don shuka dankali nasa ne na mai lambu na St. Petersburg Efim Andreevich Grachev, ɗan ƙauyen Yaroslavl. Tarin dankalin turawa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan iri sama da 100. Domin ayyukansa na haɓakawa da kiwo na sabbin nau'ikan, ya sami lambobin yabo 60 a nune-nune daban-daban a Rasha da ƙasashen waje. A bikin baje kolin kayan lambu na kasa da kasa a St. Petersburg, an gane nau'in dankalin turawa na Grachev a matsayin mafi kyau. Grachev ya haɓaka nau'ikan Amurkawa Early Rose, wanda a cikin yanayin Rasha ya sami sabbin halaye kuma ya zama sanannen iri-iri a cikin mutane - "fararen ripening." Daga baya wannan aikin N.Ya. Nikitinsky. Ya karɓi daga 'yar Grachev duk nau'ikan da ke akwai a wancan lokacin kuma ya fara kiwo a cikin gidan Kostino a lardin Ryazan, wanda aka saya don waɗannan dalilai.
N.Ya. Nikitinsky kuma ya karɓi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun sami damar yin wasiku tare da abokan ciniki, kuma ya aika musu da kasida da kayan iri akan buƙata. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa don aikin gwaji: hayewa, zaɓi da yada mafi kyawun hybrids don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri. Tarin dankalin turawa N.Ya. Nikitinsky ya karu zuwa nau'ikan 400, gami da hybrids wanda aka haifa ta hanyar haye. Estate na Kostino a lokacin ita ce kawai babban tushen dankalin iri a kasar. A cikin 1912 N.Ya. Nikitinsky ya mutu, matarsa ta ci gaba da aikin yadawa da kuma kula da iri. Bayan juyin juya hali na 1917, yankin Kostino ya fada cikin lalacewa saboda ba ta sami goyon bayan jihohi ba.
A cikin 1919, Ofishin Aiwatar da Botany na Kwamitin Kimiyyar Aikin Noma ya fara aiki kan ƙirƙirar tarin kayan tushe da tarin samfuran yau da kullun (na gida da na waje) don haɓaka nau'ikan dankalin turawa na gida. A cikin 1920, lokacin da Korenev Experimental Station (daga baya All-Rasha Research Institute of dankalin turawa Farming) aka shirya a cikin Moscow yankin, wanda ya kafa da kuma darektan A.G. Lorch ya cire tarin nau'ikan N.Ya daga rukunin Kostino. Nikitinsky. A daidai wannan lokacin, T.V. Aseeva da A.G. Lorch ya shirya kuma ya gudanar da bincike na jama'a da zaɓin nau'ikan nau'ikan (na gida da na waje) akan albarkatun dankalin turawa na manoma a lardin Moscow. A.G. Lorch kuma ya tattara tare da faɗaɗa tarin yawancin nau'ikan da suka fi kowa da kuma sabbin nau'ikan ƙasashen waje. Yin amfani da wannan kayan aiki, ma'aikatan tashar Korenevskaya a 1921 sun fara aikin kiwo don ƙirƙirar nau'in dankalin turawa na gida. A shekara ta 1930, nau'in Lorch da Korenevsky sun kasance masu girma da kuma yanki, wanda har yanzu ana noma na farko a Rasha.
A lokacin daga 1925 zuwa 1958. An gabatar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu mahimmanci don kiwo a lokacin balaguron da S.M. Bukasov, S.V. Yuzepchuk, N.I. Vavilov, P.M. Zhukovsky da sauran masu bincike na albarkatun shuka na Kudancin Amirka. Dangane da nazarin yanayin ƙasa, botanical da cytological na S.M. Bukasov ya gina tsarin tushen kimiyya na farko a duniya na nau'in dankalin turawa, wanda nan da nan aka gane shi a matsayin mafi kyau ta hanyar masu haraji na Sabbin Duniya da Tsohon Duniya. Ya zama tushen duk tsarin dankalin turawa na zamani wanda ke haifar da tuber.
Aikin da ake gudanarwa a Cibiyar Bincike ta Shuka Shuka mai suna. N.I. Vavilova (VIR) akan kiyayewa, nazari da amfani da bambancin jinsin dankalin turawa a cikin kiwo ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka shirye-shiryen kiwo da samar da iri na farko (zaɓin tallafi) na nau'ikan dankalin turawa na asali waɗanda aka kirkira akan cibiyoyin bincike na aikin gona na shiyya waɗanda ke cikin nau'ikan muhalli daban-daban. da yanayin yanayin ƙasa.
Bambance-bambancen nau'in dankalin turawa wanda ya haɓaka a Rasha a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 90 ya daina saduwa da sabbin buƙatun kasuwa a farkon shekarun XNUMX, musamman game da halayen ingancin kasuwancin dankalin shiga ciniki. Don haka, a bangaren manyan masu noman dankalin turawa, da suka hada da kungiyoyin noma (AHOs) da kuma gonakin manoma ( gonakin manoma), an yi fama da karancin nau'ikan iri masu kyau don amfani da teburi da nau'ikan da suka dace da sarrafa su, kuma ga kananan gidaje ya zama dole. fadada zabi, da farko juya, farkon ripening, marigayi blight da nematode-resistant iri.
A karkashin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyya na Rasha da masu kiwon dabbobi, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, sun inganta ingantaccen tushe da tushe na fasaha don ƙirƙirar nau'in dankalin turawa cikin buƙata. Babban yunƙurin da aka yi niyya don nazarin yanayin gado da alaƙar manyan halaye waɗanda ke ƙayyade hasashen da aka yi niyya na amfani da nau'ikan, tantance ƙarfin haɗin kai na nau'ikan iyaye da kuma gano takamaiman haɗe-haɗe na ketare don wasu yankuna na zaɓi mai amfani, haɓaka samfuran iri don amfani daban-daban da aka nufa, la'akari da matakin bayyanar manyan abubuwan tattalin arziki. alamu masu mahimmanci, da dai sauransu.
Amfani da sabbin hanyoyin dabaru a cikin zaɓi mai amfani da aka ba da izini ga lokacin 1991-2010. don ƙirƙirar fiye da nau'ikan 70 waɗanda suka sami nasarar cin jarabawar jihar kuma an haɗa su cikin Rijistar Nasarar Kiwo ta Jiha da aka amince don amfani da su wajen samarwa.
Dangane da gwaje-gwajen muhalli-yankin ƙasa da na jihohi, yuwuwar damar nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka haɗa a cikin Rajista na Jiha sun tabbatar da samun yawan amfanin ƙasa 40-45 t/ha, wanda aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin samarwa a matakin fasaha da ya dace na noman dankalin turawa.
An samu gagarumin ci gaba a cikin saurin zabar sabbin nau'o'in da suka dace da bukatun noma a cibiyar kiwo na Cibiyar Bincike ta Rasha ta Duka, sakamakon nasarar aiwatar da shi a karkashin jagorancin shahararren masanin ilmin kwayoyin halitta kuma likitan kiwo. Kimiyyar Noma. SU. Shirin Kiwo na Yashin don haɓaka daidaitaccen ci gaban al'ummomi iri ɗaya a cikin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli da yanayin ƙasa. Tun daga 1986, masu shayarwa daga cibiyoyin kimiyya na yanki sun shiga cikin aikin a karkashin wannan shirin. Dukansu sun sami damar karɓar daga cibiyar zaɓin Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Rasha ta Duk-Rasha ta Noma ta nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kiwo, waɗanda aka zaɓa a baya a matakin zaɓin prebreeding don kasancewar manyan manyan halittu da polygenes waɗanda ke da alhakin yawancin tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci. halaye - yafi jure cututtuka da kwari da heterozygosity, wanda ke ƙayyade yawan amfanin ƙasa a dankali.
Aiwatar da shirin yin amfani da yawan jama'a iri ɗaya don zaɓi a yanayi daban-daban na muhalli da yanayin ƙasa ya ba da damar haɓaka yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan shuka dankalin turawa sun ba da damar yin amfani da su. Shirin haɗin gwiwa don gwada yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka tsara ya ba da damar duk mahalarta taron su adana kuɗi.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun ci gaba da haɓaka zaɓi mai amfani, masana kimiyya daga VNIIKH mai suna. A.G. Lorch karkashin jagorancin Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. E.A. Simakov ya gano mafi mahimman kwatance don lokacin har zuwa 2020:
Ƙirƙirar nau'ikan tebur masu gasa waɗanda ake buƙata a cikin kasuwar mabukaci. Babban sigogi a gare su sune: m bayyanar da tubers, high dandanawa halaye, wadanda ba duhu ɓangaren litattafan almara a cikin raw da kuma dafa form. Matsayin dafa abinci iri-iri na tebur na iya bambanta daga marasa dafa abinci (nau'in salatin) zuwa nau'ikan crumbly. Ga mabukaci na zamani, halaye game da siffar tuber, launin fata da ɓangaren litattafan almara suma sun zama mahimmanci.
An ba da nomenclature na nau'ikan tebur, da farko, don ƙarfafa aiki akan ƙirƙirar nau'ikan ripening da wuri don samun girbi da wuri, gami da farkon nau'in girbi na kasuwanci a cikin kwanaki 70-80 bayan dasa shuki da farkon iri tare da girma. kakar har zuwa kwanaki 80-90.
Ofaya daga cikin sabbin kwatancen da aka haɓaka a cikin zaɓin nau'ikan dankalin turawa na tebur shine haɓaka abun ciki na antioxidants a cikin tubers da ƙirƙirar nau'ikan tare da tsananin (mai haske) anthocyanin ko canza launin carotenoid na ɓangaren litattafan almara, ƙimar sinadirai mai girma don amfani a cikin daidaitaccen lafiya na zamani. abinci.
Ƙirƙirar nau'ikan don sarrafawa cikin samfuran dankalin turawa (kwakwalwa, soyayyen Faransa, busassun mashed dankali). Wadannan nau'ikan dole ne su sami kaddarorin musamman, wanda mafi mahimmanci shine abun ciki na busassun abubuwa (20-25%) da rage sukari (mafi dacewa har zuwa 0,2%) a cikin tubers, wanda ke ƙayyade inganci da launi na samfurin ƙarshe. Tubers da aka yi niyya don aiki a cikin takamaiman samfuri dole ne su sami nasu sigogi dangane da sifa (kwakwalwa - zagaye, fries - elongated), zurfin idanu, juriya ga rauni, duhun ɓangaren litattafan almara, yawan amfanin ƙasa na daidaitaccen yanki na kasuwanci.
Ƙirƙirar nau'ikan fasaha tare da babban abun ciki na sitaci. Har ila yau, wannan shugabanci yana la'akari da yiwuwar inganta halayen sitaci (girman sitaci, rabon amylose da amylopectin da sauran alamomi). Haɗin haɓaka abun ciki na sitaci (aƙalla 18%) tare da juriya ga ƙarshen blight da dankalin turawa nematode shima yana da mahimmanci ga wannan rukunin iri.
Ƙara juriya na iri zuwa cututtuka daban-daban Har ila yau, ya kasance mafi mahimmanci yanayi a cikin ci gaban kiwo dankalin turawa don dalilai daban-daban. Wannan ma'auni yana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin yanayin zamani na cutar da yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta, fitowar sababbin jinsi da nau'o'in nau'i na nau'i mai juriya ga fungicides. Dangane da wannan, shirye-shiryen kiwo sun ba da haɗin nau'ikan juriya daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan da ake ƙirƙira - rigakafi, rashin ƙarfi, juriya, juriya a fagen, dangane da cutar, tushen juriya da aka yi amfani da shi da yuwuwar yin amfani da tsirrai na sinadarai da na halitta. kayayyakin kariya.
An ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ci gaban shirye-shiryen kiwo daga cibiyoyin kimiyya na yanki da ke gudanar da kiwon dankalin turawa a yankuna daban-daban na agroclimatic na Tarayyar Rasha. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan lokuta daban-daban na ripening, haɗa babban yawan aiki da ingancin samfur tare da babban juriya ga cututtuka na yau da kullun, kwari da kewayon daidaitawa ga yanayin muhalli.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata (2010-2020), masu asali na Rasha sun ƙirƙiri fiye da 50 sabbin nau'ikan alamu don dalilai daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan tebur don samarwa da wuri da adana dogon lokaci, nau'ikan don abinci mai gina jiki da sarrafa su cikin samfuran dankalin turawa (soyayyen Faransa, guntu. , busassun dankalin turawa puree), da kuma nau'ikan fasaha don samar da sitaci.
Kwanan nan, an yi gyare-gyare mai tsanani ga shirye-shiryen kiwo dankalin turawa ta sabbin buƙatu na kasuwar mabukaci da ke da alaƙa da buƙatar haɓaka ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam - rage abun ciki na kalori na abinci, haɓaka abun ciki na cikakken furotin, bitamin da antioxidants. Yin la'akari da waɗannan buƙatun, an riga an aiwatar da aiki mai zurfi a cikin kiwo dankalin turawa tare da kayan tushen don samun hybrids masu ban sha'awa da ƙirƙirar nau'ikan da suka bambanta da halayen biochemical na tubers, gami da sitaci mai girma da ƙasa, tare da babban abun ciki na furotin, bitamin. da kuma antioxidants masu karfafa garkuwar jikin dan adam. Tabbas, a babban matsayi, ci gaban kiwo don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki na tubers dankalin turawa yana ƙaddara ne ta hanyar ilimin ilimin halittar halittar da aka zaɓa da kuma amfani da hanyoyin bincike na kwayoyin halitta na zamani, gami da amfani da DNA. alamomi, haɓaka sabbin fasahohin zaɓi na taimakon alama (MAS), da kuma sabbin ingantattun hanyoyi da fasahohi don yin niyya na genome na dankalin turawa don samun nau'ikan genotypes tare da ƙayyadaddun halaye masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki don haɓaka kiwo na gaba.
Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi ba da fifiko kuma shi ne faɗaɗa amfani da hanyoyin fasahar kere kere na zamani da fasahohin nama na meristem don samun da kuma samar da micropropagation na farko na kayan in vitro da ƙirƙirar a kan wannan asusun gasa na asali iri dankalin sabbin iri.
Idan aka yi la’akari da halin da ake ciki na kasuwar dankalin turawa a Rasha, ya kamata a lura cewa, a cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Duniya (FAO), amfanin dankalin turawa da dankalin turawa a duk duniya ya kai kilogiram 35 a kowace shekara, yayin da matsakaicin Ga daukacin yankin Turai, wannan adadi yana a matakin kilogiram 85 ga kowane mutum, kuma a cikin Rasha - 90 kg kowace mace.
A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, an kiyasta matsakaicin adadin dankalin da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na abinci a kowace shekara a tan miliyan 13-14. Don zurfin sarrafa samfuran dankalin turawa (soyayyen Faransa, guntu, busassun dankali) ana cinye kusan tan miliyan 1. Bukatar dankalin iri don nau'ikan kungiyoyin aikin gona (AHOs), gonakin manoma ( gonakin manoma) da 'yan kasuwa na kowane mutum (IEs) tare da yankin dasa shuki sama da kadada dubu 300 kusan ton miliyan 1 ne. Yana da matukar wahala a ƙididdige ainihin adadin dankalin da ake amfani da shi don tsaba da kuma ciyar da dabbobi a rukunin ƙananan gidaje, kodayake adadi a nan yana iya zama tan miliyan 5-6. Dangane da kididdigar hukuma, a cikin dukkan nau'ikan gonaki, yawan amfanin dankali don tsaba a cikin 2018 ya kai tan miliyan 4,6, don ciyar da dabbobi - ton miliyan 4,3. Matsakaicin asarar da aka yi a shekara yayin ajiyar dankalin turawa an kiyasta zuwa tan miliyan 1,5.
A cewar Hukumar Kwastam ta Tarayyar Rasha, a cikin 2019, fitar da dankalin turawa ya kai ton dubu 298,3.
Don haka, a cikin Rasha matakin samar da dankalin da ake samarwa a gida bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da tan miliyan 22 ba. Ragewar wannan matakin na iya haifar da gazawa a cikin ma'auni na dankalin turawa gabaɗaya, sabili da haka, haɓakar rabon shigo da kaya. Kason da aka yi hasashen shigo da kaya a cikin jimillar adadin dankalin da aka cinye an kiyasta ya kai tan dubu 300-350. Waɗannan su ne galibi farkon dankalin “matasa”, wanda buƙatu da girman tallace-tallace a cikin sarƙoƙi na dillalai yawanci ke ƙaruwa a lokacin lokacin bazara, lokacin da rayuwar shukar amfanin gona ta bara a zahiri ya ƙare a watan Mayu, kuma aƙalla ƙarin shekaru 2 ya rage kafin. farkon kayan kasuwanci na dankalin kasuwanci daga sabon girbi -x watanni.
Babban girbin dankalin turawa a cikin Rasha a cikin dukkanin nau'ikan gonaki a cikin 2019 sun kai tan miliyan 22,0, gami da ton miliyan 7,5 da kungiyoyin aikin gona da gonakin manoma suka karba. Binciken ya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, rabon gidaje a noman dankalin turawa ya ragu sosai. Don haka, a tsawon lokacin daga 2013, an sami raguwa daga 77,7% zuwa 65,8%, yayin da rabon kungiyoyin aikin gona ya karu daga 13,8 zuwa 21,0%, gonakin manoma da kuma 'yan kasuwa guda ɗaya - daga 8,6 zuwa 13,3 .XNUMX%.
Yana yiwuwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa za mu iya sa ran samun raguwar rabon gidaje a jimillar yawan noman dankalin turawa da tasirinsu kan kasuwar dankalin turawa zai kara raguwa. Yiwuwar haɓakar yawan noman dankalin kasuwanci a cikin masana'antar noma, gonakin manoma da ɗaiɗaikun 'yan kasuwa za'a iya samun wani bangare ta hanyar faɗaɗa yankin kuma, musamman, ta hanyar haɓaka amfanin gona.
Nan gaba kadan, matsakaicin yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa a masana'antar noma ta amfani da fasahar zamani na iya daidaitawa a matakin 26-28 t/ha. Yiwuwar gonakin manoma za su kasance a ƙaramin matakin amfanin gona a cikin kewayon 21-23 t/ha, wanda galibi ya samo asali ne saboda ƙarancin kayan aiki da tushe na fasaha idan aka kwatanta da kasuwancin noma, da kuma wahalar samun damar manoma. don ba da hayar kayan aiki, lamuni, da tallafin taki, man fetur da sauran albarkatu.
A yawancin masana'antun noma waɗanda ke da mahimman kayan aiki da tushe na fasaha da kafa tashoshin tallace-tallace, ƙila adadin samar da dankalin turawa zai kasance karko. A lokaci guda, a cikin ra'ayinmu, za a iya amfani da gagarumin yuwuwar haɓakar haɓakar adadin dankalin turawa a cikin nau'ikan masana'antar manoma (gona) da kowane ɗan kasuwa. Don haɓaka haɓakar noman dankalin turawa a cikin wannan nau'in gonaki, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar tsakanin manoma a cikin samarwa da rarraba dankalin dankali na iya zama mahimmanci musamman. Kwarewar da aka tara na ayyukan gida da na waje mafi kyau ya nuna cewa a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin gonaki, manoma, zama membobin haɗin gwiwar da kuma cika sharuɗɗanta, ba su rasa 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki ba, amma sun 'yantar da kansu daga matsalolin tallace-tallace. shigo da kayan da suka dace don samarwa ko samun wasu ayyuka. A lokaci guda, ana tabbatar da amfani da hankali na duk albarkatun da ake da su da kuma damar kowane ɗan takara na haɗin gwiwa don rage farashi, inganta ingancin samfurin ƙarshe da samun riba.
Babban inganci na haɗin gwiwar manoma a cikin samarwa da rarraba iri da dankalin abinci an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar gogewar shekaru masu yawa a cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan duniya na ƙasashen da ke da babban matakin ci gaban masana'antar dankalin turawa (Faransa, Netherlands, Amurka , da sauransu). Idan aka yi la’akari da haka, hadin gwiwar tsakanin manoma da manoma bisa ga kungiyar sa kai na masana’antun manoman dankalin turawa (gona), da kuma ’yan kasuwa masu karfin tattalin arziki na daidaikun mutane, na iya zama daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi tasiri da kuma alfanu wajen bunkasa masana’antar noman dankalin turawa a Rasha. .
A ƙarshe, ina so in sake jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan iliminmu da fahimtar darajar dankalin turawa kamar yadda mafi mahimmancin samfuri a cikin abincin ɗan adam ya faɗaɗa sosai, wanda ya faru ne saboda sakamakon in- zurfin bincike a fagen ta biochemical abun da ke ciki, kazalika da m ci gaba selection a cikin shugabanci na kara da sinadirai masu darajar dankali.
Godiya ga da-daidaitacce abun ciki na biologically muhimmanci aka gyara a cikin tubers (carbohydrates, sunadarai, fats, bitamin, antioxidants, ma'adinai salts, Organic acid, da dai sauransu) da kuma m rabo, dankali dama shagaltar da kuma za su ci gaba da shagaltar da daya daga cikin manyan wurare tsakanin samfuran da ke da ƙimar sinadirai masu yawa, kuma rawar da take takawa a cikin ingantaccen abinci na mutum na zamani ba shakka zai ƙaru kawai.