Haɓaka girbi mai albarka da samun riba akan kowace mita na ƙasa ayyuka ne na yau da kullun ga kowace gona. Masu samar da noma suna magance su kowace shekara, kuma ya kamata a lura da cewa suna yin shi sosai cikin nasara: alamun yawan amfanin ƙasa suna ƙaruwa akai-akai.
Alexey Egorov, shugaban kayayyakin kariya na shuka, kamfanin Agrotrade
Mu tuna cewa a ƙarshen 90s, samun t/ha na dankali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sakamako mai kyau, t/ha kuma 10t/ha kyakkyawan sakamako ne, kuma t/ha wata babbar nasara ce kawai. gonaki mai albarka sosai, muna nufin anan Suna girbi kusan 15-20 t/ha. A gaskiya ma, a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, yawan aiki a cikin masana'antu ya karu da sau 70-10 (dangane da gonaki).
Menene ke bayan waɗannan lambobin? Ƙara haɓakar kaya akan ƙasa.
Idan muka yi magana game da kaya, muna nufin ƙara yawan cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa, lalata tsarinta, daɗaɗɗen ƙasa, karuwar yawan kwari da weeds, da lalacewar yanayin phytopathological.
A lokaci guda kuma, saboda dalilai daban-daban, yawancin manoman dankalin turawa sun ƙi bin ka'idodin juyawa amfanin gona. A mafi kyau, gonaki suna cika yanayin jujjuyawar 'ya'yan itace, lokacin da aka dawo da dankali zuwa gonaki bayan shekara ɗaya ko biyu, amma lokuta ba sabon abu ba ne lokacin da aka girma dankali a cikin filin iri ɗaya na shekaru da yawa, wanda ke da mummunar tasiri akan inganci da inganci. yawa.
A kan wannan baya, amfani da takin ma'adinai da kayan kariya na shuka lokacin girma dankali ya karu sau da yawa. A yau, lokacin dasa shuki dankali, manoma suna amfani da aƙalla uku- bakwai-bakwai-kayan haɗin gwiwar sunadarai da na kwayar halitta. Duk da m abun da ke ciki da kwatankwacin muhalli abokantaka na zamani shuka kariya kayayyakin da ma'adinai da takin mai magani, da abubuwa da aka yi amfani da m da kuma ba mafi m tasiri a kan ƙasa biota.
A cikin yanayin yanayi, kowane pathogen yana da abokan gaba na halitta. Ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai ko hanyoyin ilimin halitta na kariya da takin ma'adinai, muna ɓata ma'auni, muna hana microflora mai amfani na matsakaicin sinadirai, da rage haɓakar haɓakawa da haifuwa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A sakamakon haka, cututtukan fungal suna maye gurbinsu da bacterioses, mafi juriya da jinsuna na fungi, da kwari masu tsayayya ga jami'an tsaro. Sabanin su, muna faɗaɗa jerin samfuran da aka ƙara zuwa ƙasa. Da'irar ta rufe.
Gane matsalar, wasu masu noman noma suna shigar da koren taki a cikin fasahar, wanda ke da tasiri mai kyau wajen daidaita ma'aunin halittun kasa da kuma inganta muhallin halittu, amma wannan ma'auni kadai ba shi da wani tasiri sosai, kamar yadda aka sani daga litattafan karatu. akan shuka shuka, yakamata a dawo da dankali a cikin filin ba a baya fiye da shekaru huɗu bayan lokacin girma, a wannan lokacin (bisa ga canjin magabata da fallows kore), yanayin keɓewa na halitta an halicce su a cikin filin, adadin adadin. cututtuka na hali na dankali da takamaiman kwari a cikin ƙasa an rage sharply.
Masu samar da noma sukan tambayi: wane magani ne ya fi tasiri wajen taimakawa wajen kawar da nematodes? Mafi kyawun magani ga nematodes shine jujjuya amfanin gona, wanda ya ƙunshi kore taki fallow da aƙalla magabatan ciyawa guda biyu. Dole ne a aiwatar da samfuran halittu da sinadarai don yaƙar nematodes ta hanyar da ta dace; amfani da kowane magani guda ɗaya yana haifar da raguwar yawan nematode, amma ba don kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ba. Yana yiwuwa a jimre wa wannan kwaro mai rikitarwa kawai idan an haɗa dukkan matakan lokaci ɗaya: waɗannan sun haɗa da matakan keɓewa, jujjuya amfanin gona, da amfani da samfuran kariya na shuka a cikin cikakken allurai.
Amma bari mu ci gaba da batun haɓaka amfani da kayan kariya na shuka. Babu shakka, wannan tafarki na nuni da hauhawar farashin masu noma. Idan shekaru goma da suka wuce farashin kayan kariya na shuka a cikin tsarin farashin dankalin kasuwanci ya kasance daga 3 zuwa 10%, yanzu suna iya kaiwa zuwa 20%.
Duk da haka, yawan amfanin kasuwancin da ake nomawa a gonaki ya kasance kusan baya canzawa cikin shekarun da suka gabata. A ƙarshen 90s, a cikin gonaki masu ci gaba, kasuwa ya kasance a matakin 75-85%. A yau alkaluma sun kai kusan iri daya. Kodayake a cikin adalci, ana iya lura da cewa ainihin manufar "kasuwanci" ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru: a baya, duk wani babban dankalin turawa an dauke shi kasuwa.
Amma tsarin amfani kuma ya canza. Shekaru goma da suka wuce, yawancin masu amfani da kayan abinci sun sayi buhunan dankali a kasuwa, a yau, mazauna birni suna zuwa kantin sayar da kayayyaki don zaɓar daga cikin nau'ikan da ke akwai ƙaramin buhun dankali mai inganci don abincin dare. Hakanan rabon abincin jama'a da abinci mai sauri ya karu. Sakamakon duk wannan shine haɓakar buƙatun ingancin kayan da aka karu da hauhawar farashin farashi tsakanin masu noma.
Kuma kowa yana jin shi. Lokacin ƙididdige farashi da saka hannun jari a ƙarshen kakar wasa, yawancin manoman dankalin turawa suna tilasta yarda cewa girbi yana ƙara tsada kowace shekara.
Menene mafita daga wannan yanayin?
A ra'ayi na, a cikin samar da dankalin turawa, kana buƙatar mayar da hankali kan madaidaicin tsari: mafi kyawun sinadarai da jujjuya amfanin gona tare da nazarin halittu na fasaha.
Ko da yake ba kowa ba ne zai iya yin aiki da shi a zahiri. Idan har ya zama mai sauki ga manyan gonaki su sake yin la’akari da ka’idojinsu na amfani da filaye, to zai yi wahala masu noma da ke aikin noman amfanin gona a fadin hekta 100200 su bi irin wannan hanya. Wata hanyar da za a iya magance irin waɗannan gonaki na iya zama haɗin gwiwar fasaha, gina ingantattun hanyoyin fasaha don shuka amfanin gona.
Ka yi tunani game da shi: gano nematode na dankalin turawa na zinariya a cikin filayen yana tilasta wa mai shuka dankalin turawa ya ninka farashin tsarin kariyar shuka. Amma dole ne a haɗa amfani da sinadarai tare da keɓe wuraren da aka gurbata. A irin waɗannan yanayi, ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar ya zama mabuɗin rayuwa ga kamfanoni da yawa.