Sergey Ariskin, Babban Injiniyan Gudanarwa, Kamfanin Kamfanin Agrotrade LLC
Yawan toshewar kasa a lokacin girbin dankalin turawa ya zama babbar matsala ga manoma a kakar shekarar 2020. A wasu gonaki, kusan rabin amfanin gona da ake jigilar su daga gona ya kunshi tulun kasa. Wannan ya rage yawan yawan aiki na karɓar hadaddun yayin ajiya. Ainihin, dole ne a zaɓi ƙullun da hannu akan masu jigilar kaya. Kuma ko a wannan yanayin, an yi alkawarin wani yanki na ƙasar don ajiya. Kamar yadda muka lura, a wasu gonaki abun da ke cikin girbin da aka ɗora wa ajiya ya kai kashi 20...25%.
Menene mahimmin dalilin da yasa yawancin lumps suka bayyana yayin tsaftacewa? Tabbas, wannan shine ƙaddamarwar ƙasa yayin dasawa da dasa shuki. Ba za mu yi la'akari da batun lalata ƙasa ba sakamakon tasirin tsarin tafiyar da injinan noma. A cikin samar da dankalin turawa, yin amfani da fa'ida, ƙananan taya da tsarin motsa jiki ba zai yiwu ba tukuna. Hakanan ba shi yiwuwa a watsar da kayan aikin noma tare da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki. Wadannan abubuwa guda biyu suna haifar da lalata tsarin ƙasa (tarin ƙasa). Ƙasar da ba a tsara ba suna da sauƙi ga yin burodi kuma, a sakamakon haka, samuwar lumps.
Masana aikin gona sun san cewa babban abin da ke haifar da gagarumin tattara ƙasa yayin aikin filin bazara shine danshi. Ƙasa mai cike da danshi yana ƙaƙƙarfan sauƙi. Lokacin shakatawa na ƙasa bayan ƙaddamarwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana daɗe da yawa fiye da lokacin girma dankalin turawa. Ta hanyar sanya ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa a cikin tudu, muna da yuwuwar samun kullu yayin girbi.
Akwai irin wannan abu kamar KASASHEN SOIL MOISTURE CAPACITY (MC) - matsakaicin adadin damshin da ƙasa a cikin yanayinta zai iya ɗauka a cikin yanayin da aka dakatar bayan fitar da ruwa na gravitational kyauta. An bayyana azaman kashi na nauyi ko ƙarar ƙasa. An ƙaddara shi ta hanyar granulometric, ma'adinai da sinadarai na ƙasa, tsarinsa, yawa, porosity - abubuwan da, kuma, ba za mu iya yin tasiri da sauri ba. A misali, wannan ba datti ba ne, amma idan ƙasa ta matsa a cikin wannan yanayin, kullin ba ya rushewa idan ya faɗi ƙasa.
Mafi kyawun lokaci don noma shine lokacin da ƙasa ke cikin yanayin abin da ake kira girma na jiki. Don ƙasa mai nauyi wannan shine 40 ... 70% NV, don ƙasa mai haske - 40 ... 60%. Idan ka fassara wannan zuwa adadin danshi a cikin ƙasa, zaka sami 12...24%, dangane da irin ƙasa.
Tebur 1. Tsakanin danshi na ƙasa don ingantaccen noma
Iyakar danshi | ||||
Ƙananan, noman ƙasa yana da wuyar gaske, ba shi yiwuwa a lalata lumps da ƙura | Na sama, ƙasa mai ɗorewa, samuwar ƙaƙƙarfan clods | Agrotechnically yarda ga noma | Don aiki mai inganci da mafi ƙarancin juriya | |
Sod-podzolic | 11 | 22 | 12 ... 21 | 15 ... 18 |
Dajin launin toka | 14 | 24 | 15 ... 23 | 17 ... 18 |
Chernozems | 13 | 25 | 15 ... 24 | 15 ... 18 |
Kirji | 12 | 24 | 13 ... 23 | 14 ... 16 |
Chestnut solotzic | 12 | 21 | 13 ... 20 | 16 ... 17 |
Grey-launin ruwan kasa da ruwan kasa | 13 | 21 | 14 ... 20 | 15 ... 17 |
Serozems | 14 | 21 | 12 ... 24 | - |
Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga tebur na 1, lokacin da aka halatta don shirye-shiryen ƙasa da dasa shuki shine lokacin da danshin ƙasa ya kasance a matsakaicin 15 ... 20%. Wannan kusan kwanaki 7..10 ne.
Ruwan bazara na 2020 ya kasance ruwan sama kuma ya daɗe a yankuna da yawa. Dasa dankali a wasu gonaki ya dade har kusan karshen watan Yuni. Yawancin lokaci ana shuka dankali a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar lumps.
Me za a yi?
A ra'ayinmu, abu na farko da za a yi shi ne kawar da tafin garma. Yi noma kowace shekara a zurfin daban-daban. Mafi inganci shine sassautawa mai zurfi tare da garmar chisel. Wani zaɓi shine shigar da zurfafa zurfafawa a bayan jikin garma. Kusan duk masu kera garma suna ba da irin wannan kayan aiki a cikin layin samfuran su. Amma, abin takaici, mutane kaɗan ne suka sani game da wannan. A aikace, ba mu ci karo da garma da irin wannan kayan aiki ba. Rushewar tushen ƙasa yana inganta ma'aunin ruwa a cikin ƙasa - danshi yana da kyau a kiyaye shi a cikin ƙananan yadudduka, kuma jiƙa ba ya faruwa a cikin ƙananan wurare. Ƙasar da sauri ta isa yanayin girma na jiki.
Pre-dasa noma
Yana da wuya a yi harrowing murfin a lokacin da ƙasa ta cika da ruwa. Tsarin tafiyar da tarakta tabbas zai dunkule kasa, kuma da wuya a iya cire wannan tattakin a nan gaba. Hakanan ya shafi noma tare da masu noman tine. Danshi mai cike da dunkulewar dunkulewa ya fito saman bayan bushewa ba za a iya lalata shi ba koda da injin niƙa.
Kwararrun masana agronomists sun san cewa tazarar da ke tsakanin noman ƙasa tare da injinan niƙa (niƙa a tsaye ko a kwance) da dasa ya kamata ya zama kaɗan. A cikin bushe, iska mai iska, danshi yana ɓacewa lokacin da akwai babban rata. A cikin bazara mai ruwan sama, wurin da aka yi magani amma ba a dasa ba na iya zama a tsaye na kwanaki da yawa. Ƙasar ta haɗa kanta, kuma sau da yawa dasa shuki yana farawa da zafi mai yawa. Wannan tabbas zai haifar da kumbura.
Dasa dankali
Couters da diski harrows na masu shukar suna da tasiri mai zurfi akan ƙasa. A cikin yanayin dasa shuki, lokacin da ƙasa ta fi nauyi fiye da girma ta jiki, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙulle-ƙulle yana tasowa kuma gadon iri ya zama ƙanƙara. Mafi m abu shi ne cewa wadannan lumps ƙare kusa da kuma sama da iri tuber. Ba zai yiwu a halaka su ba a lokacin da aka kafa tudu tare da injin niƙa. Tsohuwar dutsen yana sassauta ƙasa KAWAI TSAKANIN layuka; a cikin jere, dunƙulen ya kasance cikin sigar asali.
Daga duk abubuwan da ke sama, za mu iya yanke shawarar cewa ba shi yiwuwa a guje wa ƙullewa ta amfani da duk wata hanyar fasaha ko agrotechnical a cikin yanayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Yarda da mafi kyawun lokacin aikin noma ne kawai zai taimaka rage wannan matsalar.
K S