Sergey Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Dankali minitubers (MK) su ne zuriya na farko na tuberous na tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa. Samun kananan-tubers shine shekarar farko na shirin irin dankalin turawa a duk kasashen da suka bunkasa noman dankalin turawa. Dankali mini-tubers ana girma ne kawai a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai karewa, wanda ke ba da haɗarin sake kamuwa da cututtukan shuke-shuke da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta (idan an girma tubers daga shuke-shuke bakararre a cikin ƙasa buɗe, to, ba a sami ƙaramin tubers a matsayin mai tushe ba. sakamako, amma farkon filin ƙarni).
Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa diamita na ƙaramin tuber yakamata ya zama aƙalla mm 10, komai ƙasa shine ƙaramin tuber.
Bukatar mini-tubers don samar da ton dubu 10 na elite shine: tare da tsarin shekaru biyar na OS da ES (na asali da samar da iri na asali) - guda dubu 50; tare da tsarin shekaru hudu na OS da ES - guda 400 dubu; tare da tsarin shekaru uku - guda miliyan 3.
Tarayyar Rasha tana da tushe mai ƙarfi na kimiyya da sabbin abubuwa a wannan yanki. Babban gabatarwar mafi yawan fasahar zamani don girma mini-tubers a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ya kasance koyaushe ana aiwatar da shi a gaban sauran ƙasashe masu haɓaka dankalin turawa: don haka an gabatar da fasahar substrate shekaru 40 da suka gabata, cibiyoyin fasahar kere kere 15 sun yi aiki a kai; hydroponic - shekaru 30 da suka gabata, Doka - Gene Technologies, Al'adu na Meristematic ke amfani da shi; aeroponic - ci gaba a All-Rasha Research Institute of Aikin Noma Biotechnology (Duk-Rasha Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology) a farkon 2000s, tun 2010 wannan fasaha da aka ciyar da International Dankali Center da rayayye yada a duniya. A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, ana samar da shuke-shuken masana'antu don girma ƙananan tubers: Bishiyar dankalin turawa da Meristem. Har ila yau, yawancin kamfanonin da ke noman iri a cikin gida har yanzu suna samar da ƙananan tubers a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga, a cikin iyakokin buƙatar shirin na shekaru biyar don samun gwaninta. Kamfanin FAT-Agro ne kawai ya kai matakin fiye da raka'a miliyan 2 a kowace shekara, wanda ya isa ya canza zuwa tsarin shekaru uku.
Haɓaka haɓakar samar da ƙananan tubers don rage tsarin samar da iri da inganta ingancin samfur hanya ce mai mahimmanci don haɓaka samar da irin dankalin turawa. Tare da wannan hangen nesa, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don inganta dabarun noma. Babban makasudin sababbin abubuwa shine a sami yawancin ƙananan tubers kamar yadda zai yiwu kowace shuka a cikin vitro da kowane yanki na greenhouse. Don cimma ta, ana amfani da hanyoyi da yawa na noman amfanin gona, amma ba duk hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar ba bisa sakamakon binciken kimiyya suna ba da sakamako a samar da masana'antu.
Yawancin al'amurran da suka shafi ingantaccen samar da minituber mai girma shine sanin-yadda. The Rasha samar da kananan dankalin turawa tubers a ko da yaushe da aka za'ayi a kan mafi inganci da kuma ci-gaba kimiyya da fasaha akai. Kuma a yanzu kasar tana da fasahohin da ake amfani da su wadanda suka zarce matakin duniya.
Babban sharadi na ƙwararrun samar da ƙananan tubers shine bin ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na yanzu. Tsarin tsari na Tarayyar Rasha akan wannan batu yana ba da shawara a cikin yanayi, a cikin ƙa'idar yanzu akan takaddun shaida na amfanin gona, alal misali, babu wata kalma game da ka'idodin samarwa da takaddun shaida na tubers na mini-dankali. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, ya zama dole a mai da hankali kan kwarewar kasa da kasa. A cikin duk ƙasashe masu haɓaka iri na dankalin turawa, buƙatun wajibai na ƙungiyar, fasaha da ingancin samar da ƙananan tubers an karɓi su, an yarda da su bisa hukuma kuma an kiyaye su sosai.
Wadannan bukatu ya kamata a dauki su a matsayin tushe ta hanyar kamfanoni na cikin gida da suka kware a samar da kananan tubers, a cikin tsarin ka'idojin kasuwanci, don kamun kai, har sai jihar ta kafa wani tsari na hukuma a wannan fanni. Alal misali, a cikin Tarayyar Rasha akwai ka'idoji don ƙirar fasaha na gine-ginen kiwo da kuma haifuwa greenhouses NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Koyaya, masu haɓakawa na NTP ba su haɗa a cikin takaddar wani sashe kan abubuwan da suka wajaba na tsarin da aka yi niyya don girma ƙaramin tubers. Kuma akwai abubuwa da yawa irin waɗannan siffofi, alal misali: greenhouse ya kamata ya sami kofa biyu tare da ɗakin tufafi don canza tufafi. Wurin da ke canza wuri ya kamata a sanye shi da sandunan ƙafafu da sabulun wanka don wanke hannu da wanke hannu. Ƙofofin shiga da duk buɗewar samun iska dole ne a rufe su da ragamar kariya ta aphid (matsakaicin girman raga 0,5 ta 0,9 mm). Dole ne a sarrafa ɗakin da kyau don zafin jiki da zafi (wanda ya dace don gidan gilashi). Ya kamata a yi amfani da matsakaici mara ƙasa don daidaita shuke-shuke bakararre. Idan ana amfani da cakuda ƙasa / ƙasa, dole ne a bi da shi / haifuwa da kyau don tabbatar da rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa.
Dole ne a samo amfanin gona na minituber daga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kayan tushe, waɗanda aka gwada don rashin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke cutar da dankali a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka yarda da su yadda ya kamata.
Hanyoyi, hanya, mita na gwada ingancin kayan a duk matakan samar da ƙananan tubers an tsara su sosai.
An tattara bayanai da yawa a zahiri a zahiri game da inganta ka'idojin yaduwar dankalin turawa. Bincike a wannan yanki yana nuna damammaki masu yawa don inganta haɓakar shuka da haɓakawa bisa ga canje-canje a cikin taro da rabon abinci mai gina jiki. An tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da masu kula da girma a cikin al'adun dankalin turawa meristems ba lallai ba ne, amma ƙari na wasu abubuwa, ko da a ƙananan ƙananan, yana ƙaruwa kuma yana hanzarta samar da kayan. Yana da mahimmanci don inganta yanayin shiryawa na shuke-shuken dankalin turawa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na haske, yanayin hasken wuta da kuma samun iska. Tare da zuwan fitilun LED, ikon su ya fara nazarin rayayye dangane da micropropagation dankalin turawa. Ja da ja da nisa bakan haske suna haɓaka halayen haɓaka; duk da haka, haɗuwa da ja + blue + nisa ja / farin haske yana da tasiri mai kyau akan samuwar tuber da kuma tarawa na farko na metabolites.
Fasaha don girma mini-tuber sun kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyi: substrate (babban iri) da kuma wadanda ba substrate (al'adun ruwa da aeroponics). Babban fasahar samar da mini-tubers: a kan na halitta substrates (80% na girma), hydroponic da aeroponic. Samun microtubers kuma yana da alaƙa da batun MC kuma ana ƙara amfani dashi don yawan haifuwa na kayan tushen. Bambanci tsakanin microtubers da minitubers ya ta'allaka ne a cikin yanayin matsakaici (microtubers suna girma ne kawai a ƙarƙashin bakararre a cikin yanayin vitro da minitubers kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin ex vitro mai kariya) da girman tuber. Sakamakon da ƙarshe da aka samu a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu amfani a lokuta da yawa ba su dace da postulates na ka'idar ba game da yuwuwar haɓaka tuberization a cikin al'adun in vitro. Wannan ya shafi duka abincin abinci, amfani da masu kula da girma, da yanayin girma da kuma amfani da abubuwan damuwa. Idan bayanan da aka samu a bainar jama'a game da ka'idojin fasaha don samar da microtubers damar, a mafi yawan lokuta, don samun sakamako mai matsakaici - game da ko dan kadan fiye da ɗaya microtuber wanda yayi la'akari da 200-400 MG a kowace shuka, to, daidaitawar ƙwararrun fasahar dangane da takamaiman. yanayin samarwa yana ƙara ingantaccen tsari a wasu lokuta. A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, akwai sanin yadda za a yi a cikin wannan yanki tare da samar da akalla microtubers guda uku da ke yin la'akari fiye da 0,5 g daga shuka daya a cikin ma'auni na gwaji.
Don noman microtubers na shekara-shekara da haɓaka ingancinsu, ana samar da nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na bioreactor da kasuwanci a duniya. Waɗannan tsarin na atomatik-atomatik suna ba ku damar rage aikin sarrafawa mai ƙarfi don haka ƙara yawan aiki da rage farashin samarwa. Microtubers da aka samu a cikin bioreactors suna da girma da yawa da girma diamita. Sabuwar fasaha a wannan yanki shine ci gaban masana kimiyya da masu zanen Japan.
Babban tsarin samar da microtuber mai girma ta amfani da jakunkuna na al'adun filastik ya sami nasarar samar da tsakanin 100 da 300 microtubers kowace jaka, dangane da iri-iri. Canza ƙaddamar da abubuwan gina jiki dangane da ƙaramin abun ciki na sucrose, nitrogen, haɓaka matakin potassium phosphate a cikin matsakaici ya ba da damar ƙara yawan adadin da matsakaicin nauyin microtubers. Fasahar Jafananci tana ba da damar samar da microtubers 250 a kowace shekara (a cikin zagayowar girbi uku) a cikin ɗakin noman 000 m2. kuma 80% na microtubers da aka samu ta wannan fasaha suna da nauyin fiye da 1 g, watau. dace da dasa shuki kai tsaye a cikin filin.
A duk faɗin duniya, samar da kananan-tubers a kan abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi ya yi nasara. Wannan fasaha, kodayake an kafa ta da kyau, ana iya inganta ta sosai. Genotype, tsawon lokaci da yanayin noman in vitro, girman shuka, fallasa ga abubuwan gina jiki da masu kula da girma suna shafar samar da minituber sosai. Shekaru da pre-jiyya na seedlings a lokacin dasa, yanayi da lokacin hardening, kakar dasa da girma, da abun da ke ciki na ƙasa yanayi, da hanyar dasa, da yawa na shuka jeri, taki allurai, da kuma lighting kuma suna shafar. tsanani na kananan-tuber samar.
Yawancin abubuwa na halitta da kayan sun dace a matsayin matsakaici don girma ƙananan tubers dankalin turawa. Babban bangaren da ake amfani da greenhouse substrates ne na al'ada peat. Madadin sinadaran - irin su perlite, vermiculite da vermicompost - suma sun sami farin jini kwanan nan saboda karɓuwar iskar su da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa.
A mafi yawan lokuta, lokacin girma mini-tubers a cikin al'adun gargajiya, ya zama dole a yi amfani da macro- da microfertilizers. Daga cikin ƙwararrun, fasahar yin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci da kuma takin da ba a haifa ba tare da abubuwan gina jiki ana kiransa hydroponics. Fasahar hydroponic don girma ƙananan tubers na dankalin turawa suna da nau'ikan ta yin amfani da abubuwan da ba su da amfani (yashi, haushin itace, kwakwa, da dai sauransu) da al'adun ruwa mai tsabta (fim ɗin abinci mai gina jiki).
Duk tanadi na ka'idar dankalin turawa abinci mai gina jiki dangane da yiwuwar sarrafa tuberization kuma za a iya amfani da a cikin hydroponic namo, amma akwai fahimtar bukatar gagarumin canji a cikin taro da rabo na gina jiki ga kowane iri-iri da kuma a daban-daban matakai. na ci gaban vegetative, farawa da tuberization da girma na shuka tubers. Ana ba da abubuwan haɗin maganin gina jiki a yawancin wallafe-wallafe. A lokaci guda, adadin tubers da aka samu daga shuka kuma daga yanki na yanki ya bambanta sau da yawa. Har zuwa gyare-gyaren da aka yi niyya ga bayani mai gina jiki don ƙara yawan tubers (kuma wannan shine ainihin amfanin hydroponics) akwai bayanai kaɗan kaɗan. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƴan wallafe-wallafe ne kawai aka buga ba tare da ambaton sanannun abubuwan da suka gabata ba, amma tare da kayan asali.
Mafi na zamani - aeroponic - fasaha don girma mini-tubers yana da dama na asali fasali. Har ya zuwa yau, an aiwatar da dukkan matakan aiwatar da shi, amma ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike. Ƙimar ta musamman na bayanan fasaha akan aeroponics shine cewa yana nuna alkiblar ci gaban ƙananan tubers a duniya a yau. Waɗannan abubuwan haɓakawa sun dace ko ana iya daidaita su zuwa wasu fasahohin don girma ƙaramin tubers.
Zaɓin zaɓi na fasaha don samar da ƙananan tubers don ƙayyadaddun yanayi ya kamata a dogara ne akan nazarin alamun samarwa, matakin haɗari, buƙatar albarkatun aiki, kwatanta farashin zuba jari, farashi da riba. Kowace fasaha tana da zaɓuɓɓukan aiwatarwa da gagarumin sauye-sauye a cikin ingantaccen samarwa dangane da abubuwa da yawa. Dukkanin fasahohin suna amfani da su kuma sun dogara ne akan kayan shuka na farko daga al'ada mara kyau ko microtubers. Wannan mataki kusan kusan duniya ne, ana iya la'akari da shi daidai. A cikin fasaha na girma ƙananan tubers, dole ne ku zaɓi daga adadi mai yawa na masu canji.
Yawancin manyan kamfanonin iri a halin yanzu suna girma ƙananan tubers a cikin gilashin ko fim ɗin ƙasa a cikin greenhouses akan abubuwan ma'adinai na organo-mineral na halitta tare da yawan amfani da peat. Wannan fasaha tana da mafi ƙarancin farashi na ƙaramin tuber. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana shuka amfanin gona daya a kowace shekara. A cikin Turai, ana ɗaukar al'ada don samun tubers 4-5 daga shuka ɗaya. Bambance-bambancen aikace-aikacen microfertilizers, abubuwan da ke aiki da ilimin halitta, PPP suna ba da damar haɓaka ƙimar haɓakawa har zuwa 8-10.
Hujja a cikin ni'imar da bioreactor ne sterility, matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na micro-tubers da naúrar yanki. Rashin lahani na bioreactor shine buƙatar yawan tsire-tsire, ƙananan tubers, matsalar ripening da injin injiniyoyi a cikin filin.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na hydroponics sune masana'anta, ainihin yiwuwar haɓaka tuberization, kayan aikin masana'antu; fursunoni - rashin ci gaba na tushen tsarin, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta yaduwa ta hanyar maganin abinci mai gina jiki, aiki. Aeroponics yana buƙatar ƙarin sarari da cikakken inuwa don tsarin tushen, saboda ingantaccen haɓakawa da samar da iska, ana iya samar da ƙarin tubers idan aka kwatanta da hydroponics. Duk da haka, fasahar aeroponic ita ce mafi yawan buƙata, bai kamata a katse wutar lantarki ba fiye da rabin sa'a.
Wannan taƙaitaccen bita ya nuna cewa ci gaban shirin na shekaru uku na samar da ƙwararrun dankalin turawa ta amfani da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan tubers ya riga ya zama gaskiya. Ana samun karuwar girma da haɓakar samarwa ta hanyar samun matsakaicin adadin ƙananan tubers a kowane yanki na yanki tare da ƙaramin adadin tsire-tsire na farko. Ƙasar da aka rufe da kayan tushe suna da tsada, don haka samun kawai tubers 2-3 daga shuka ɗaya shine zaɓi mara kyau, kodayake babban kundin ƙananan tubers a duniya ana samar da su ta wannan hanya. Tare da fasahar substrate, an kiyasta ainihin matakin samarwa bisa ga sigogi masu zuwa: al'ada - 100 guda / m2, mai kyau - 200 guda / m2; high - 300 guda / m2 don kakar girma. Fasahar Hydroponic tana da yuwuwar samar da ƙananan tubers 500, aeroponic - 1000 mini-tubers a kowace murabba'in murabba'i. m. na wurin shigarwa don lokacin girma. Don tunani: farashin wuraren noma don fasahar substrate a cikin 2021 ya kasance 50 dubu rubles. da murabba'in mita, ga hydroponic - 100 dubu rubles, aeroponic - 150 dubu rubles.
Babban matsalar girma mini-tubers a cikin gida shine a cimma hadewar ci gaban ciyayi mai aiki tare da samuwar tuber mai tsanani. Yana yiwuwa a ƙara ƙarfin tuberization ta hanyar inganta microclimate (zazzabi, zafi, photoperiod), inganta abinci mai gina jiki; da amfani da tuberization stimulants, ƙuntatawa a kan ci gaban vegetative. A lokaci guda, samun ƙananan tubers a cikin manyan kundin aiki ne mai rikitarwa na tsari da fasaha. The nuances na m namo na mini-tubers sun kasance bayanan kasuwanci fiye da shekaru 20. Babu ƙa'idodin ƙwararru a cikin jama'a, wannan shine ilimin kowane kamfani.
A cikin kwata na biyu na 2022, za a buga littafin "Mini Potato Tubers" tare da gabatarwa da kuma nazarin bayanan kimiyya da kasuwanci da ake da su kan batun, tare da mai da hankali kan ingantattun hanyoyin haɓaka ƙarfin samar da ƙaramin tuber. Adadin bayanai ya fi shafuka 400. Littafin zai kasance ta hanyar biyan kuɗi kawai. Aika aikace-aikace zuwa: s.bandysev@dokagene.ru