Kasancewar nau'ikan dankalin turawa masu amfani sosai waɗanda ke da cikakkiyar fahimtar yuwuwarsu a cikin takamaiman ƙasa da yanayin yanayi shine mabuɗin samun albarkatu da kwanciyar hankali a yankuna. A Jamhuriyar Tatarstan, an gudanar da aikin samar da irin wannan nau'in tun tsakiyar karni na karshe. Game da waɗanne ayyuka da masana kimiyya suka tsara kuma suka tsara wa kansu da kuma irin nasarorin da suka rigaya suka samu, ya faɗa. Zenon Stashevsky, Dan takarar Kimiyyar Halittar Halitta, Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Noma, Jagoran Bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Tatar, wani yanki na daban na Cibiyar Nazarin Tarayya ta Kazan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha (TatNIISH FRC KazSC RAS) .
A bit of history
Tuni a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet, an shuka dankali da yawa a Tatarstan, a cikin waɗannan shekarun, aƙalla masana'antar sitaci shida sun yi aiki a cikin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar. Ainihin, an gudanar da samar da dankalin da za a iya kasuwa a cikin yankunan arewa, wanda ke da kasa mai laushi. Lokacin rani a cikin jamhuriyar yawanci zafi ne kuma fari ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma ƙasa mai laushi tana riƙe da ɗanɗano tsawon lokaci, kuma hakan yana ba masu noma damar samun nasarar noma albarkatu masu son ɗanɗano ciki har da dankali.
A cikin shekarun 50, masana kimiyya daga Kazan Breeding da Experimental Station sun kirkiro nau'ikan dankali guda biyu, sannan an ba da fifiko na dogon lokaci a cikin aikin ƙungiyar kimiyya ga al'amuran fasahar noman amfanin gona da kuma samar da iri, wannan yanki yana haɓaka sosai.
A cikin 90s, riga a kan tushen Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, an shirya wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na microclonal, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a samar da 50-80 dubu microplants dankalin turawa a kowace shekara. An samo ƙananan tubers na greenhouse daga microplants a cikin keɓe na musamman. An ci gaba da yin aiki bisa ga cikakken tsarin samar da iri: an dasa mini-tubers a cikin filin kuma an kawo su ga manyan da masu girma. A cikin shekaru mafi nasara, kwararru daga TatNIISH sun samar da dankalin iri har zuwa ton 2. A wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya sunyi tunani game da gaskiyar cewa yankin yana buƙatar nau'in nasa wanda zai iya nuna sakamako mai kyau a cikin mawuyacin yanayin yanayi na tsakiyar Volga.
An ci gaba da aikin kiwo a cikin 2002. Masu shayarwa sun fuskanci aikin samar da nau'o'in iri, da farko, masu tsayayya da cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta (wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga amfanin dankalin turawa). Har ila yau, dole ne a bambanta sabbin nau'ikan ta hanyar juriya ga yanayin zafi, wato, ikon samar da amfanin gona ba tare da lalata ingancin lokacin fari na ɗan lokaci ba.
A cikin 2015, Rijistar Jiha ta ƙunshi nau'ikan farko da aka kirkira a TatNIISH - Courtney da Reggie. A cikin 2019, nau'in Samba ya bayyana. A cikin 2020 - Zumba, a cikin 2021 - Salsa. Iri uku na farko suna da rigakafi, masu jure wa cutar y-virus. Zumba da Salsa suna da nau'i daban-daban, sun fi dacewa da girma a tsakiyar layi, saboda suna da matukar juriya ga rashin jin daɗi.
Na lura cewa duk waɗannan nau'ikan sun cika da wuri kuma matsakaici da wuri. A cikin yankinmu, ya fi dacewa don girma nau'in waɗannan kungiyoyi, saboda a baya na fari, an kafa kwasfa na tubers dankalin turawa na dogon lokaci (fiye da yadda zai kasance tare da danshi na al'ada). A cikin marigayi-ripening iri (tare da girma kakar fiye da kwanaki 120), kwasfa ba shi da lokacin da za a kafa, da kuma tubers sun ji rauni sosai a lokacin girbi.
Motsin motsi
Aikin ƙirƙirar iri-iri yana ci gaba na dogon lokaci, kuma sau da yawa a wannan lokacin kasuwa yana buƙatar canji. Yanzu zan iya cewa idan nau'in Courtney ya bayyana shekaru 20 da suka wuce, da an gane shi daban. A zamanin yau, ya shahara sosai tare da mazauna lokacin rani, musamman waɗanda ba su da damar shayar da filayensu, saboda yana ba da amfanin gona a kowane yanayi. Amma ga masu samar da noma na zamani, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don yin aiki tare da mafi kyawun nau'in Turai, gabatar da tuber yana da matukar muhimmanci: fata mai laushi, siffar mai ban sha'awa. Don haka, kwanan nan mun mayar da hankali kan wannan aiki.
Matsala ta biyu da muke aiki a kai ita ce juriya na tubers ga lalacewar inji. Har zuwa farkon 2000s, wannan alamar ba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ba, tun da an girbe dankali da hannu kusan ko'ina. Amma sai aka fara aikin injiniya mai ƙarfi na duk matakai, kuma a wannan lokacin ya bayyana a fili cewa yawancin nau'ikan Rasha ba su dace da girbi ba tare da haɗakarwa da aikin siyarwa a kan mai jigilar kaya. A cikin yankin tsakiyar Volga na tsakiya, wannan batu har yanzu yana da matukar damuwa, tun lokacin da fari kasar ta bushe da yawa, wani dunƙule yana samuwa, kuma asarar lokacin girbi zai iya kaiwa 60%, babu tattalin arziki da zai iya jure wa wannan.
Wani vector shine ƙirƙirar nau'ikan da ke da babban abun ciki na sitaci. A yankinmu, lokacin girma bai daɗe sosai ba, amma saboda yanayin zafi, dankali yana sarrafa tarin sitaci da yawa. Ina fatan samar da sitaci a kasarmu nan ba da dadewa ba zai kai wani sabon matsayi, kuma za a bukaci nau'in sitaci mai yawa, kodayake har yanzu muna samun buƙatun irin wannan dankali lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Ba zai zama mai ban sha'awa ba don ƙirƙirar nau'ikan don sarrafawa zuwa kwakwalwan kwamfuta da fries. Manyan masana'antun sarrafa kayan aiki a Rasha yanzu suna aiki tare da nau'ikan kasashen waje, kusan babu analogues na gida. Amma wannan zai buƙaci cikakken gyara na shirin kiwo da ake da shi. Muna tunani game da shi, ɗauki wasu matakai - a matsayin ajiyar gaba. Amma akwai gargadi guda ɗaya: dole ne ku yi la'akari da cewa yanayin yanayi na yankin tsakiyar Volga ba shi da kyau don samar da irin wannan nau'in. Sharp zafin jiki tsalle, danniya taimaka wajen karuwa a cikin abun ciki na rage sugars a cikin tubers. Wato, dankalin da aka samar a cikin ƙasa na jumhuriyar na iya zama fifiko ba wanda ya dace da kera samfuran ƙarshe. Wannan hujja ta rikitar da aikin zaɓi, amma da gaske za mu iya tsara gwajin samfuran a wani wuri a wani yanki.
zabin muhalli
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan fifiko na aikinmu a yau shine ilimin halitta (madaidaicin) kiwo: muna gwada samfuran kiwo a yankuna daban-daban (har yanzu a kusa, samun dama ga kwararrunmu). Wurare don filaye na gwaji ana keɓe mana manyan gonakin dankalin turawa waɗanda ke da sha'awar sabbin iri masu ban sha'awa. Mun gyara yadda ƙasa da yanayin yanayi ke shafar ci gaban shuke-shuke. Muna kuma ɗaukar filayen ban ruwa tare da kimanta yadda nau'ikan ke amsa babban matakin fasahar noma.
A bayyane yake cewa a yau babu wanda ke shuka dankali a cikin masana'antu a kan ƙananan baya - ba tare da taki ba, da dai sauransu, saboda ba shi da riba a tattalin arziki. Masu kiwo kuma suna la'akari da wannan.
Sanin ci gaba
Ci gaba, aiwatar da duk tsare-tsaren yana hanzarta idan masana kimiyya sun ji goyon bayan jihar.
A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Rasha ta ba da sanarwar gasa don ayyukan zaɓe da samar da iri da zaɓi da cibiyoyin kiwo. An zaɓi aikin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kazan na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha, kuma a cikin 2021 mun fara aiwatar da shi.
An ware makudan kudade don samar da cibiyar, inda muka samu damar sayen kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don nazarin kwayoyin halittu da kwayoyin halitta; kayan aiki don girma da girbi dankali.
A yau, masana kimiyyar mu sun fuskanci manufar karfafa karfin sabuwar kungiyar kimiyya ta yadda za ta samu nasarar magance matsalolin kirkiro da yada sabbin iri.
A halin yanzu, muna mai da hankali kan kiwo: kowace shekara muna gudanar da gwajin muhalli da na yanki na sabbin nau'ikan 30-50 da nau'ikan dankali; nau'in dankalin turawa guda hudu suna karkashin gwajin iri-iri na jihar.
Don ƙara ingancin gabatar da sabbin nau'ikan kayayyaki da kimiyya a cikin sarkar dankalin turawa, muna la'akari da yiwuwar ƙirƙirar tsarin daban-daban na daban (ko kuma kamfani yana aiki a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar kimiyya), wanda zai dauki nauyin haifuwa mai girma da haɓaka sabbin iri. Duk da yake wannan batu ya kasance a matakin tattaunawa, amma da zarar sakamakon ya bayyana, za mu ba da labari game da su.
Ƙungiyarmu a koyaushe a buɗe take don haɗin gwiwar moriyar juna.
K S