GAME DA CIGABAN BIRNIN DANKALI A YANKIN NOVOSIBIRSK
Me yasa nau'ikan dankalin turawa da Novosibirsk masu kiwo suka ban sha'awa? Waɗanne ayyuka ne masana kimiyya suka tsara wa kansu a yau? Ta yaya suke tantance abubuwan da ake tsammani na aikin su?
Mujallar "Tsarin Dankalin Turawa" ta ba da duk waɗannan tambayoyin ga shahararren masani kan dankali, babban mai bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Tarayya "Cibiyar Nazarin Cytology da Genetics na SB RAS", Dan takarar Kimiyyar Noma Nikolai Polukhin.
A cikin 1978, Siberian breeders sun kirkiro nau'ikan LINA: yawan samar da kwazo kuma har yanzu babu irinsa a cikin juriyar cutar baki daya. Kayan iri na wannan nau'ikan suna cikin buƙatu mai yawa, kusan ya kasance "akan itacen inabi" wanda aka sayo daga gonakin Far East (musamman, daga yankin Amur). Manoma sun ce Lina ne kawai ke iya tsayayya da nauyin teku: babban adadin ruwan sama, da yawan zafi mai dorewa kuma, daidai da haka, ƙarshen makara.
Bayan shekaru biyar, iri-iri sun bayyana SAFO... Ya tabbatar da kanta sosai lokacin da yayi girma akan makircin mutum: mai daɗi, manyan tubers. Mazaunan bazara sun karɓa da farin ciki.
Amma duka waɗannan nau'ikan suna tsakiyar farkon, kuma a cikin yanayin Siberia, na farkon suna da buƙatu sosai. JNA: yana samarda girbi kafin 20 ga Yuli, don yanayin yankin wannan kyakkyawan sakamako ne. Nasarar da Novosibirsk ke samu na gaba ita ce iri-iri ZLATKA: tsaka-tsakin yanayi, tare da kyakkyawan dandano (Adretta yana cikin jininsa, kuma wannan shugaba ne wanda ba shi da tamka a cikin ɗanɗano). Hakanan yana da yawan amfanin ƙasa.
- Nikolai Ivanovich, shin da gaske dankali muhimmin amfanin gona ne ga yankin Novosibirsk?
Dankali yana da mahimmanci ga duk Rasha, ba don komai ba suke kiranta "gurasa ta biyu". Kuma ga mazaunan Siberia da Gabas ta Gabas, sau da yawa ya zama abincin farko. Matsayin amfani da dankalin turawa a cikin wadannan yankuna har yanzu ya fi na Urals da yankin Turai na kasar.
Na gamsu da cewa mafi ɗanɗano dankali yana girma a Siberia, tunda yanayin yankinmu yana da kyau don samar da shi. Amma abubuwan da ake buƙata don samfurin suma sunfi tsanani.
- Shin masu shayarwa suna da abin da za su yi aiki a kai?
Tabbas. Kuma koyaushe muna ba da hankali sosai ga wannan shugabanci. Kiwon dankalin Turawa a yankin Novosibirsk ya fara tsunduma sama da shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a makarantar, Galina Petrovna Shushakova.
- Manoma da yawa a cikin yanayin zamani suna ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da buƙatun sarƙoƙin sayarwa kuma yayin zaɓar nau'ikan mayar da hankali kan bayyanar, dacewar ajiyar dogon lokaci, kuma ba kan dandano tubers ba. Shin masu kiwon Novosibirsk sunyi la'akari da wannan yanayin?
Na dogon lokaci, kiwo bai ba da hankali ga ka'idojin waje ba (siffar tuber, launin fata, zurfin idanu), saboda haka nau'ikan gida ba su da daraja a cikin shahararrun 'yan ƙasan waje.
Yanzu masu kiwo suna ƙoƙari su adana fa'idodin dankalin Siberia, suna ƙara ɗan "kasuwanci" ga bankin aladu na fa'idodi. Don haka, ire-iren Sokur da Adar suna karkashin gwajin gwaji. Dukansu masu dadi da kyawawa, muna da babban fata akansu.
Muna shirya wasu nau'ikan albarkatu guda biyu don canzawa don jarabawa iri-iri a 2021: Alka da matasan 154 (har yanzu bamu fito da suna ba).
- Wadanne sauran sigogi ne za'a bambanta su da sabbin nau'o'in Siberia?
Muna aiki don tabbatar da cewa an banbanta ire-iren mu ta hanyar yawan amfanin ƙasa, dandano mai kyau, juriya na cuta, dacewa da ajiyar lokaci.
- An shirya gina wata shuka don samar da kwakwalwan kamfanin a yankin Novosibirsk PepsiCo... Wannan yana nufin cewa iri don aiki zasu kasance cikin buƙata. Shin wannan ma yanki ne mai mahimmanci don kiwo a yankin?
Layinmu na nau'ikan ya haɗa da waɗanda suka dace da sarrafawa zuwa busassun dankali da kwakwalwan kwamfuta: Sappho, Zlatka, Lina. Kuma, ba shakka, aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci zai ci gaba, kodayake dole ne a tuna cewa ƙirƙirar iri-iri don sarrafawa aiki ne mai wahalar gaske.
- Cibiyar Bincike ta Siberia ta samar da Shuke-shuke da Kiwo yanzu reshe ne na Cibiyar Bincike ta Tarayya "Cibiyar Nazarin Cytology da Genetics na SB RAS". Shin wani abu ya canza a cikin aikin masu kiwo na cibiyar bincike bayan shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Tarayya?
Shekaru da yawa, aikin kiwo a Cibiyar Nazarin an gudanar da shi ta hanyar gargajiya, ya dogara ne da ƙididdigar ƙira da ƙwarewar intraspecific. Yanzu mun koma wani babban mataki. Tare da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na gyaran kwayoyin halittu na Cibiyar Nazarin Cytology da Genetics, muna amfani da hanyoyi na zaɓi na alama. Amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin yana saurin ba da sakamako. Ina tsammanin wannan shekarar za mu riga mun gwada farkon haɓakar da aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da wannan fasaha.
- Cibiyar Bincike ta Siberia ta Shuka da Kiwo ta shahara ga tarin tarin dankalin Turawa. Gaya mana game da shi.
Samun tarin samfuran asali yana ba mu damar gudanar da aikin kiwo da aka niyya kuma a wani babban matakin. Lambobin tarinmu 338 in Vitro samfurori, akwai nau'ikan 185, waɗanda aka gyara 95. A cikin zaɓin kuma muna amfani da "savages", wanda muke da samfuran 35. Hakanan muna adana samfuran 135 daga tarin VIR (samfuran da aka karɓa a ƙarƙashin shirin KNTP "Ci gaban kiwo da samar da iri a Rasha").
Abubuwan tarin tarinmu galibi masu amfani da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya na Districtasar Tarayyar Siberia (Omsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, da sauransu) suke amfani da su, idan suna buƙatar wani nau'i. a vitro, zamu iya samar da kusan kowane tsari.
- SibNIIRS makiyaya suna samun babban kayan itacen dankalin turawa. Ta yaya ake siyar da waɗannan kayayyakin?
Muna ninka kayan abu zuwa ga manyan-fitattu kuma muna sayar da waɗannan samfuran ne kawai ga gonakin shuka. A cikin yankin Novosibirsk muna aiki tare da kamfanin Agros da kuma bincikensa da kuma samar da shi na Michurinets SPH. Hakanan muna samar da iri ga masana'antar iri a cikin Yankin Altai da Primorye.
A wannan shekara mun shuka dankali iri na irinmu Lina da Zlatka don sayarwa. Mun fara ninka Sokur kadan (muna fata za a raba shi). Bugu da kari, muna ninka ire-iren wadanda muke nema a tsakanin masu noman dankalin a yankin da kuma masu lambu: Rosara, Red Scarlett, Adretta, wanda cibiyarmu ta samo asali. Muna sayar da tabbataccen abu mai inganci (ana bayar da takaddun shaida ta Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha bisa ga sakamakon binciken PCR na tubers). Ba tare da wannan ba, babu inda. Muna da tsauraran matakan aiwatarwa a cikin Siberia.
- Cibiyar Bincike ta Siberian na Shuke-shuke da Kiwo dan kungiya ce ta "Bunkasa kiwon dankalin turawa da noman iri a Tarayyar Rasha" na Tarayya Kimiyyar kere-kere da Fasaha don Raya Aikin Noma na 2017-2025. Faɗa mana irin ayyukan da masu shayarwa ke fuskanta kuma menene mahimmancin shiga cikin wannan ƙaramin shirin na kwalejin?
Manyan ayyukanmu sune: ƙirƙirar iri-iri masu haɓaka mai kyau tare da halaye waɗanda suka dace da samarwar zamani da buƙatun amfani, kiyayewa da faɗaɗa tarin don zaɓi a vitro kuma a cikin vivo, samar da kayan farawa (minitubers) a girkin aeroponic da hydroponic a cikin adadin da ke tabbatar da tsarin shuka iri (a cikin 2019 - dubu 20; a 2020 - dubu 23, a 2021 - 25 dubu); tabbatar da samar da dankalin turawa na rukunin manya-manya (a shekarar 2020 - tan 48, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa - tan 50).
Zan iya lura da cewa aiwatar da tsarin na da matukar mahimmanci a gare mu. Kasancewar mun zama mahalarta, mun sami goyon baya mai karfi daga jihar. An yi amfani da kudaden tallafi don sabunta kayan da kayan fasaha gaba daya: sun sake gina dakin binciken kere kere, suka girka tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da na hydroponic don samar da karafa, masu sayan kayan yanka, masu gyaran gado, masu shuka, da hadawa. Yanzu haka muna kan kammala ginin wata cibiyar adana kayan zamani. Kiwon dankalin turawa a SibNIIRS a yau ana aiwatar dashi ne a matakin zamani, kuma masananmu suna da ƙwarin gwiwa cewa har yanzu ana ɗaukar dankali da daraja a ƙasarmu.
LINA
Matsakaici farkon sa. Samfurin kasuwa 213-496 c / ha. Tuber yana m. Idanun ba su da yawa a cikin adadi, masu zurfin matsakaici. Pulan juji fari ne. Yawan tuber mai kasuwa shine 105-250 g. Bawo yana da santsi, rawaya. Starch abun ciki 11,2-18,5%.
Mai jure cutar daji dankalin turawa da phytophthorosis a sama da tubers. Mai saukin kamuwa da dankalin turawa mai nematode.
Tumburan sun dace da samar da dankali da kwakwalwan dankali.
SAFO
Matsakaici farkon sa. Amfanin kasuwa 183-395 c / ha. Tuber yana da oval tare da ƙananan idanu. A fata shi ne haske m. Theangaren litattafan almara yana da mau kirim Yawan tuber mai sayarwa yakai 111-232 g.Shafin sitaci shine 12,7-16,7%.
Tsayayya da wakili mai haddasa cutar sankarar dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa dankalin turawa mai nematode, wrinkled and banded mosaic, virus-rolling roll. Tumburan sun dace da samar da dankali da kwakwalwan dankali.
Zlatka iri-iri 
Sokur iri-iri
ZLATKA
Tsakanin tsakiyar lokaci. Samfurin kasuwa 162-406 c / ha.
Tuber yana zagaye da zurfin zurfin idanu. Bawo rawaya ne. Pulangaren litattafan almara yana da haske rawaya. Nauyin tuber na kasuwanci yakai 109-160 g.Shafin sitaci shine 15,7-18,0%.
Mai jurewa cutar daji dankalin turawa, mosaic wrinkled da ganye mai cutar. Mai sauƙi mai sauƙi zuwa saman kuma yana fuskantar matsakaici zuwa ƙarshen buguwa a cikin tubers. Wani nematode ya shafa.
Tumburan sun dace da samar da dankali da kwakwalwan dankali.
SOKUR
Matsakaici farkon sa. Yana ƙarƙashin gwajin iri iri na jihar.
Tuber yana da siffar oval, tare da idanu na waje. Bawo yayi ja. Thean litattafan almara yana rawaya.
Yana da babban abun ciki na sitaci kuma yana da tsayayya ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
JNA
Early cikakke iri-iri. Amfanin kasuwa 196-360 c / ha.
Tuber ɗin tana zagaye-zagaye tare da ƙananan idanu. A fata shi ne haske m. Pulangaren litattafan almara yana da haske rawaya. Nauyin tuber mai kasuwa 110-200 g.
Starch abun ciki 14,3-15,1%.
Tsayayya da wakili mai haddasa cutar sankarar dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa dankalin turawa mai nematode, wrinkled and banded mosaic, virus-rolling roll.
