Sergey Banadysev, Doctor na Sciences na aikin gona, Shugaban shirin kiwo na Doka-Gene Technologies LLC
Wannan abu kadan ne daga littafin S.A. Banadysev "Ajiye dankalin dankali", wanda aka buga a cikin karamin bugu watanni biyu da suka gabata.
Littafin ya taƙaita tare da nazarin bayanan zamani na duniya game da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tushe da tushe na ka'idoji, ci-gaba da fasaha masu ban sha'awa don adana dankalin iri. An tabbatar da ƙa'idodi da fasalulluka na amfani da hanyoyin fasaha da dabaru daban-daban don tabbatar da babban amincin samfuran. Ana ba da shawarwari don kawar da matsaloli yayin ajiya. Ana nazarin ingancin tattalin arziki da dawowa kan saka hannun jari a cikin fasahar adana dogon lokaci na ci gaba.
Littafin zai kasance da amfani ga duk wanda ke sha'awar batun shirya ajiyar dankalin turawa. Kamar yadda marubucin ya lura: “Fahimtar ƙwararru daga manajoji da ƙwararrun masana’antun dankalin turawa na abubuwan da suka shafi ajiya da cikakken amfani da damar kayan aikin fasaha na zamani yana tabbatar da haɓakar ingancin dankalin iri da matakin samar da iri.”
Kundin littafin yana da shafuka 292.
Abubuwan:
1. Physico- nazarin halittu fasali da kuma tafiyar matakai a lokacin ajiya na iri dankali (shafi na 6-69): Muhimmancin ingancin iri dankali, dankali a matsayin wani abu na ajiya, ka'idar tushe na dankalin turawa ajiya, physiological shekaru na iri abu.
2. Hanyoyin fasaha na adana dankalin iri (shafi na 70-171): shirye-shiryen kayan iri don ajiya, tsarin iska mai aiki, sanyi na fasaha, humidification na iska da dumama, kulawar germination da germination, kayan aikin fasaha na asali.
3. Ingantaccen ajiya na dankalin iri (shafi na 172-281): kasada da kula da matsalolin ajiya, cututtuka da lalacewa ga tubers a lokacin ajiya, tsaftacewa mai tsabta, fasahar fasaha na ajiya, tattalin arziki na ajiya.
Kada ku yi amfani da ƙarin humidification na iska lokacin adana dankalin iri. Dankali tubers, tare da taimakon numfashi da kai tsaye evaporation a sauran, haifar da kusan manufa dangi zafi iska a cikin intertuber sarari - 92-93%. Haka kuma, ana yin rikodin waɗannan alamun a cikin kauri daga cikin embankment a zahiri 7-10 mintuna bayan dakatarwar samun iska mai aiki, kuma ɗan ƙaramin canji ne kawai a ƙarƙashin tasirin yanayin zafi na iska a cikin ɗakin ajiya (a zurfin 0,4-0,5). m a yanayin zafi iri ɗaya tare da tsayin embankment). Don haka, zamu iya magana game da tsarin kai na tsarin zafi a lokacin ajiyar dankalin turawa.
Saboda haka, lokacin aiki da tsarin samun iska mai aiki, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da wannan kadarorin kuma kar a hana samfuran shuka na numfashi nuna abubuwan da suka dace na halitta, yayin da suke ba da kariya daga tasirin waje da kuma kiyaye tsarin tsarin zafin jiki na fasaha. Ci gaba da samun iska tare da bushewar iska zai, ba shakka, haifar da asarar ruwa maras so daga tubers da asarar turgor (tab. daya). A lokacin duk lokacin ajiya, ban da lokacin bushewa, ya kamata a aiwatar da samun iska kawai kamar yadda ya cancanta kuma iyakancewa sosai.
Table 1. Asarar ruwa ta tubers dankalin turawa a yanayi daban-daban na samun iska da yanayin zafi daban-daban na iskar da ake amfani da su
Danshi 90% | Danshi 75% | |
35 | 0.047 | 0.097 |
70 | 0.093 | 0.192 |
105 | 0.138 | 0.286 |
Tsawon lokacin ajiya, lokacin da ƙarancin danshi baya buƙatar cire shi daga tubers, shine watanni shida (daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu). Wannan shine 4320 hours. Don kammala duk ɗawainiya, daidaitaccen tsawon lokacin samun iska bai wuce sa'o'i 200 ba. Ko da kun ninka wannan adadi, ya zama cewa kashi 90% na lokacin ajiyar kayan yana hutawa, wanda ke nufin a cikin yanayi mai kyau da zafi mai dadi wanda dankali da kansu suka halitta. Sabili da haka, koda lokacin amfani da iska mai bushewa don samun iska, asarar nauyi yana ƙaruwa da matsakaicin 1%. Babban abu shine aiwatar da zaman iska na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Hakanan kuna buƙatar fahimtar cewa zafin iska sama da 80% yana da kyau sosai kuma baya haifar da bushewar tubers tare da samun iska na ɗan lokaci. Yanayin iska yayin ajiyar dankalin turawa a cikin yankuna da yawa na Tarayyar Rasha ba shi da mahimmanci - 75-88%tebur 2) kuma yana kwatankwacin damshin iska a wuraren ajiya a Jamus ta Tsakiya.
tebur 2 . Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na kowane wata, %
Yankin | |||||||||
Satumba | Oktoba | Nuwamba | Disamba | janaba | watan Fabrairu | tafiya | mayun | Mayu | |
Kaliningrad yankin | 82 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 84 | 80 | 75 | 72 |
Birnin Leningrad. | 81 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 78 | 72 | 65 |
Smolensk yankin | 83 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 77 | 71 |
Yankin Moscow | 80 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 77 | 69 | 66 |
Bryansk yankin | 77 | 83 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 73 | 66 |
Lipetsk yankin | 71 | 80 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 72 | 60 |
Sverdlovsk yankin. | 76 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 78 | 75 | 74 | 67 | 58 |
Jamus cibiyar. | 79 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 79 | 76 | 73 |
Me yasa wannan kwatancen? Gaskiyar ita ce, ƙwararrun Jamus a fannin ajiyar dankalin turawa suna ganin bai dace ba a yi amfani da ƙarin danshi lokacin da ake adana dankalin tebur da, musamman, dankalin iri. Kuma ba su ma tattauna batun ruwa. Ya dogara ne akan albarkatun yanayin da ake da su, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da iska a waje tare da isasshen zafi don samun iska. Da dare, yanayin zafi na dangi a cikin bazara da kaka yana ƙaruwa da 20% idan aka kwatanta da sa'o'in rana, a cikin hunturu, a yanayin zafi kaɗan - ta 10%tab. daya).
Table 3. Dangantakar zafi na iska a lokacin rana yayin ajiyar dankalin turawa, % (a tsakiyar Jamus)
Satumba | Oct. | Amma ni. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Maris | Afrilu | |
1 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 85 | 85 |
3 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 86 |
5 | 91 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 |
7 | 89 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 87 |
9 | 79 | 84 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 82 | 77 |
11 | 69 | 74 | 81 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 74 | 69 |
13 | 64 | 69 | 77 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 69 | 64 |
15 | 63 | 69 | 79 | 82 | 80 | 77 | 68 | 62 |
17 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 71 | 64 |
19 | 78 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 77 | 71 |
21 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 82 | 79 |
23 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 |
Yiwuwar samun iska mai danshi sosai don samun iska a Jamus ya wuce 30%, watau. Wannan shine takamaiman nauyi na lokacin lokacin rana tare da zafi na iska 91-100% (Table 4)
Tebur 4. Yiwuwar lokaci tare da ƙarancin iska mai dangi, % (a tsakiyar Jamus)
Dangantakar zafi,% | Watan | |||||||
Satumba | Oct. | Amma ni. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Afrilu | |
Har zuwa 50 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 12 |
51-60 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
61-70 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 13 |
71-80 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 15 |
81-90 | 22 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 35 | 32 | 25 | 21 |
91-100 | 33 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 30 | 29 |
Babu irin wannan ingantaccen bayani game da yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha a cikin jama'a, amma an buga tebur don kwanakin rikodi wanda yanayin zafi na dangi ya wuce 80%. A cikin bakin tekun Kaliningrad yankin a lokacin ajiya lokaci wadannan Figures ne a cikin kewayon 10-22, a cikin sharply nahiyar Sverdlovsk yankin - 4-18 kwanaki a wata (ƙari a cikin hunturu, kasa a Afrilu-Mayu). Kuma waɗannan su ne matsakaicin yau da kullun; bambanci tsakanin rana da dare zafi dangi a bayyane yake. Wannan yana nufin cewa tare da madaidaicin kulawa da aikin wakili na bushewa, albarkatun yanayin zafi na iska sun isa sosai don shayar da wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa.
Idan, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tallace-tallace daga masu samar da kayan aiki da kuma lokacin tantance waɗannan alamun, har yanzu akwai sha'awar shigar da humidifiers a cikin ajiyar iri na dankalin turawa, to, za mu iya ba da shawarar yin nazarin yanayin ci gaban cututtuka na ajiya da kuma kwatanta haɗarin hasara. kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na nauyi da asarar ingancin kayan iri.
Matsayin yanayin zafi na iska a cikin wurin ajiya bai kamata ya haifar da kumburi a saman shinge na ciki da saman samfurin ba. Dole ne iska mai humidified ya kasance yana da zafin jiki a ƙasa da zafin ɗakin kafin shigar da shi, don kada ya faru. Kayan aiki da wuraren ajiya tare da humidifiers a Rasha yana haifar da sakamako mai gauraye, saboda a cikin hunturu akwai ƙananan yanayin zafi fiye da Yammacin Turai. Misali, matsakaicin zafin Janairu a Jamus shine -1,2о C, kuma a cikin yankin Sverdlovsk - 16,2оС. Lokacin da yanayin zafi na dangi ya yi girma kuma yanayin zafi ya yi ƙasa, tsarin ajiya, iska a cikin wurin ajiya, ko samfurin da kansa yakan yi sanyi a ƙasa da raɓa, yana haifar da ƙima. Lalacewar daɗaɗɗen ruwa ba ƙasa ba ce, amma ya zarce lalacewa daga asarar nauyi. Saboda haka, kula da babba iyaka na iska jikewa da danshi, raɓa batu, akai-akai daidaita yanayin zafi a ciki da kuma kewaye da taro na kayayyakin ne daga cikin mafi muhimmanci dalilai a kara ajiya yadda ya dace. Yin amfani da humidification yana da mahimmanci lokacin adana dankalin fasaha a yanayin zafi mai zafi, amma a kowane hali yana halatta kawai a cikin wuraren ajiyar da aka rufe da kyau tare da ikon sarrafa zafin jiki a cikin kewayon daidaito ƙasa 0,5 ° C. Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da humidification lokacin adana dankalin iri da batches na dankalin tebur inda akwai haɗarin ci gaban cuta.