Ludmila Dulskaya
An tuna da lokacin rani na ƙarshe don bala'o'in yanayi: yawancin yankuna na tsakiyar Rasha da Urals sun fuskanci fari. A yankunan Krasnodar da Stavropol da Crimea, akasin haka, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa.
A bana, an fara kamfen ɗin shuka a kusan duk faɗin ƙasar bayan da aka tsara. Waɗanne matsaloli ne ya kamata mu yi hattara da su a sabuwar kakar? Me za a yi don ajiye girbi? Don shawarwari mun juya zuwa Maria Kuznetsova, shugaban sashen cututtuka na dankalin turawa da kayan lambu, babban mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Rasha ta All-Russian.
Damuwar Abiotic da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki
- 2021 shekara ce ta musamman. A yankuna da yawa na Rasha akwai zafi, bushewar yanayi. Ƙananan danshi na ƙasa da yawa da rashin hazo a yanayin zafi mai yawa sun haifar da yanayi mara kyau ga shuka kayan lambu. Sakamakon rashin danshi, tsire-tsire sun kasa cika amfani da takin da aka saka a cikin ƙasa. Wannan ya haifar da cututtuka na dankalin turawa da yawa, ciki har da: glandular tabo (tsatsa) na tubers, duhun ɓangaren litattafan almara, girma na tubers da samuwar abin da ake kira "Cheburashkas".
Dankali, da yake ya fuskanci matsalolin abiotic saboda rashin danshi da abinci mai gina jiki, daga baya ya zama mai saurin kamuwa da cututtuka na nau'o'i daban-daban. Bugu da kari, cututtuka da suka kasance ba a cikin iri tubers a cikin wani latent jihar fara bayyana kansu more rayayye. A yawancin yankuna na Tsakiyar Rasha, a cikin Urals da wasu yankuna na Siberiya, an lura da bayyanar bacteriosis, anthracnose, rhizoctoniosis a cikin taro, kuma an lura da lahani iri-iri na tubers. Karancin danshi kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin aiki mai lalacewa ga tubers ta scab na gama gari, bayyanar verticillium da fusarium wilt na shuke-shuke.
A cikin yanayin karancin ruwan sama, magungunan ciyawa ba su da tasiri sosai. Yawancin masu noman dankalin turawa sun kara yawan adadin kwayoyi kuma sun gudanar da jiyya akai-akai, wanda ya shafi tsire-tsire kuma ya haifar da konewar sinadarai, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar alamun Alternaria da anthracnose a baya.
A cikin 2021, a cikin yankuna da yawa na Tarayyar Rasha, nau'ikan dankali daban-daban sun sami farkon bayyanar cututtuka na Alternaria blight da kuma daga baya, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da raguwar ingancin tubers yayin girbi. A lokacin ajiya, fusarium da bacteriosis, anthracnose da pythium rot sun bayyana a kan tubers.
Yawan hazo a cikin yankunan Krasnodar da Stavropol da kuma wani bangare na aikin da ba daidai ba don kare dankali daga tabo na ganye ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga tubers ta hanyar rashin lafiya da kuma lalata kwayoyin cuta.
Ana shirin sauka
Menene za a iya yi don rage matsalolin a kakar wasa mai zuwa?
Tabbatar lura da jujjuyawar amfanin gona (koma zuwa gona ba a baya ba bayan shekaru uku zuwa huɗu). Yi amfani da tubers masu lafiya kawai don dasa shuki. Yanayin shirya tubers don dasa shuki a wannan kakar ya haɗa da dumamar su na wajibi. Dole ne a sake nazarin tubers, wadanda suka shafi tushen nematodes tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na marigayi, bacteriosis, fusarium, fomoz, anthracnose dole ne a watsar da su. Yana da mahimmanci don kimanta ikon tubers don germination, tun da damuwa abiotic, ban da nau'o'in lahani daban-daban, na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri akan germination.
Gudanar da matakan matakan: germination, aikin lambu na tubers, warming sama da ƙasa. Vernalized tubers da aka dasa a cikin ƙasa mai dumi za su yi girma da sauri kuma ba su iya kamuwa da cuta. Kafin dasa shuki ko lokacin dasawa, dole ne a bi da tubers tare da shirye-shirye don rigakafin cututtukan ƙasa don guje wa cututtuka irin su rhizoctonia (“black scab”), anthracnose, scab na azurfa.
Mun kuma lura cewa yanayin yanayi a cikin 2021, da rashin alheri, sun kasance masu dacewa ga tarin kwari. Dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi lokacin da babu sanyi mai tsanani tukuna, kuma ƙasar ba ta da lokacin daskare. Saboda haka, yawancin kwari da cututtuka ana kiyaye su a ciki.
A yawancin yankuna na Rasha a kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, an lura da kasancewar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado da gnawing Armyworm. Don haka, lokacin dasawa, yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari don rage cutarwar kwari da cututtuka.
Yadda ake shigo da tsaba fa?
A wannan kakar, ana shigo da dankalin iri daga kasashen waje bisa tsarin da aka sauƙaƙa, kuma matsalar ingancin kayan iri a Rasha na iya tabarbarewa. Yawancin cututtuka, irin su blackleg, suna latent. Yana yiwuwa a shigo da gurbataccen tsaba, kuma kuna buƙatar shirya don wannan.
Abin da za a yi a lokacin girma kakar
Tabbatar da aiwatar da maganin hana ciyawa. A shekarar da ta gabata, an shirya aikin kare gonaki daga ciyawa a gonaki da dama ba bisa ka’ida ba, lamarin da ya haifar da tarin irin ciyawa da kuma ka iya ta’azzara matsalar wuraren ciyawa. Kamar yadda aka sani, weeds ba kawai canza microclimate a cikin dankalin turawa, amma kuma tafkunan cututtuka na kwayan cuta da fungal etiology, don haka dole ne a tsananin fama, kuma ba kawai a cikin filayen, amma kuma a cikin yankin kusa da su.
Yin amfani da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai a kan lokaci yana da mahimmanci: don dankalin iri, rabon N: P: K shine 1: 1-1,2: 1,6-2; don abinci - 1: 0,8-1: 1,5-1,8. Taki yana shafar ƙima da ƙididdiga na microflora na ƙasa, gami da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Mafi kyawun zaɓi don amfani da takin mai magani shine ta ƙasa. Koyaya, idan yanayi ya bushe sosai ko rigar sosai, ciyarwar foliar ƙari ne mai kyau - sun fi tasiri akan ganyen matasa, yayin da kashi 75% na shuka ke ci gaba da girma.
Wajibi ne don aiwatar da ciyarwar foliar, gami da nitrogen. Kada ku yi amfani da cikakken adadin nitrogen nan da nan lokacin dasa, yawancin masu noman dankalin turawa sun raba wannan adadin zuwa kashi biyu ko uku. Na farko - kafin dasa shuki, a cikin ƙarar 60% na jimlar adadin (wanda za'a iya ƙayyade dangane da abun ciki na nitrogen ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa a cikin bazara); na biyu - mako guda bayan farkon samuwar tuber, a cikin ƙarar 20%.
Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da duka girma a cikin farkon tara zuwa makonni goma bayan fitowar, tun lokacin da 90% na nitrogen ke shayar da shuka a wannan lokacin.
A lokacin girma, ana iya gyara ƙarancin nitrogen ta ƙarin aikace-aikacen UAN ko urea. Saboda haɗarin ƙonewar ganye, urea tare da ƙwayar nitrogen fiye da 10-15 kg / ha ba za a iya amfani da shi ba - ya kamata a yi amfani da shi a yawancin allurai. Ana iya haɗa wannan jiyya tare da jiyya tare da maganin fungicides akan ƙarshen buguwa da maye gurbin.
Hakanan wajibi ne don takin dankalin turawa tare da takin mai magani monopotassium phosphate don hana ci gaban cututtuka akan ganye. Kuma karin sinadarin calcium nitrate zai kare tubers daga rauni da kamuwa da cututtuka ta hanyar girbi, sufuri da adanawa.
Kariyar cuta
Bisa ga bayaninmu, wannan kakar ba duk kayan aikin fungicides sun isa Rasha gaba ɗaya ba, wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli a cikin tsara tsarin kare dankali daga marigayi blight da Alternaria. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa a cikin yanayin haɓakar cututtuka masu ƙarfi, kawai hanyar sinadarai za ta iya tabbatar da girbi mai ƙarfi.
Masu noman dankalin turawa suna buƙatar sake duba tarin magungunan kashe qwari, da fayyace tasirin su game da cizon sauro da kuma Alternaria, da kuma yin la’akari da yanayin yanayi. A cikin tebur"Ingantattun kayan aiki masu aiki akan cutar rashin lafiya da Alternaria dankalin turawa." alamun aikin da ya kamata a dogara da su lokacin zabar kwayoyi ana ba da su. Bari in tunatar da ku cewa feshin maganin cutar da wuri yana da tasiri idan an aiwatar da shi kafin cutar ta bayyana a filin. Kuma ana iya fara maganin Alternaria bayan alamun farko na cutar sun bayyana.
Tebur 1. Ingancin abubuwan da ke aiki a kan cutar rashin lafiya da Alternaria dankalin turawa
Abu mai aiki: magani | Phytophthora | Alternariosis |
Shirye-shiryen jan karfe | + | (+) |
Dithiocarbamates | + | + |
Chlorothalonil | + | + |
Fluazinam | + | (+) |
Dimethomorph + mancozeb | + | + |
Dimethomorph + initium | + | - |
Cymoxanil + famoxadone | + | + |
Cymoxanil + mancozeb | + | + |
Cymoxanil + jan karfe | + | - |
Phenamidone + mancozeb | + | + |
Mefenoxam + Mancozeb | + | + |
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb | + | + |
Oxadixyl+Copper oxychloride | + | - |
Mandipropamide | + | - |
Mandipropamide + Difenoconazole | + | + |
Propamocarb-HCl + fluopicolide | + | - |
Propamocarb-HCl + phenomidone | + | + |
Diazofamide | + | - |
Difenoconazole | - | + |
Pyraclostrobin + boscalid | - | + |
Fluapyram+pyrimethanil | - | + |
Famoxadone+oxathiapiproline | + | + |
- babu tasiri; + akwai tasiri
Don inganta kariyar dankali daga marigayi blight da Alternaria blight, ya kamata a bambanta lokuta uku masu mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa: daga germination zuwa farkon saman rufewa a cikin layuka (lokaci na 1), daga farkon saman rufewa zuwa fure. lokaci 2) da kuma daga flowering zuwa na halitta mutuwa na fi (phase 3). A lokacin ƙayyadadden lokaci, dole ne a yi ƙayyadaddun ayyuka.
Mataki na 1. Fesa yana da barata lokacin da aka gano burbushin ɓacin rai ko kuma lokacin da akwai haɗarin bayyanarsa da wuri. Yawan ganye yana ƙaruwa a hankali a wannan lokacin, don haka ana iya amfani da kowane fungicides. Maimaita spraying bisa ga tsarin gargajiya (na yau da kullun) - ba daga baya ba bayan kwanaki 7-10 akan nau'ikan masu saukin kamuwa, kuma bayan kwanaki 11-14 akan masu jurewa.
Mataki na 2. A wannan lokacin, nauyin saman yana ninka kowane kwanaki 4-5. Tsarin fungicides na tsarin da ke kare sabon ci gaban ganye da mai tushe, bisa ga tsarin gargajiya, yakamata a yi amfani da shi ba daga baya bayan kowane kwanaki 7-10 akan nau'ikan masu saukin kamuwa, kuma bayan kwanaki 11-14 akan masu tsayayya. Ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma fassara ga kowane nau'in dankalin turawa bisa ga tsarin gargajiya kowane kwana 5.
Mataki na 3. Girman girma na saman yayin wannan lokaci yana tsayawa. Babban burin: don kare fi da tubers daga marigayi blight, da kuma fi daga Alternaria blight. A kan cutar rashin lafiya, yana da kyau a yi amfani da translaminar da tuntuɓar fungicides waɗanda ke kare tubers. Jiyya bisa ga tsarin gargajiya - ba daga baya fiye da kowane kwanaki 7-10 akan nau'ikan masu saukin kamuwa da kuma bayan kwanaki 11-14 akan masu juriya.
A karshen kakar girma, domin hana canja wurin cututtuka na daban-daban etiologies daga sama zuwa tubers da kuma rage hadarin tubers da lalacewa ta hanyar marigayi blight, alternaria, anthracnose da bacteriosis, pre-girbi halakar saman ya kamata a dauka. fitar makonni biyu zuwa uku kafin girbi.
Dasa lafiya, vernalized da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka bi da tubers a cikin ƙasa mai zafi, amfani da daidaitattun allurai na takin mai magani, bin duk buƙatun agrotechnical lokacin da ake noman dankali, kare shuka daga ciyawa, kwari da cututtuka a lokacin girma shuka - wannan shine mabuɗin samun nasarar girbi. na kakar 2022.
K S