Waɗanne nau'ikan sarrafa kayan lambu sun fi fa'ida ga manoma
Rubutu: Veronica Perova
Aikin kayan lambu an fi mayar da shi ne adanawa da inganta ingancin samfurin, tare da tsawaita rayuwa. Masana sun tabbatar da cewa a yau sha'awar sarrafawa na ƙaruwa, kamar yadda yake bayyane ta hanyar haɓakar haɓaka ayyukan ayyukan saka hannun jari a wannan ɓangaren kasuwa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane - zurfin aikin namu na iya haɓaka fa'idar kasuwancin kasuwancin kayan lambu da rage haɗarin dake tattare da yanayi na samarwa.
A cewar Semyon Ganich, Babban Daraktan Dry Food (cikakkun hanyoyin magance kayan amfanin gona), sarrafa kayan lambu a fili koyaushe sabon ƙima ne a cikin jerin kamfanonin. “Kusan kowa a kasuwa
shekara, akwai yawan kayan marmari na kayan lambu, waɗanda ake sayarwa a farashi mafi ƙasƙanci a lokacin kaka, wanda ke rage ribar noman amfanin gona. A wannan yanayin, aikin firamare da sakandare na ba ku damar samun ƙarin riba, ”in ji ƙwararren.
Zuba jari da gefe
“Duk manyan kamfanoni suna kokarin bunkasa sarrafa kayayyakin amfanin gona, wanda hakan ke basu damar nisanta daga gasa tare da manoma, wadanda, a matsayin ka’ida, ba su da isassun damar saka jari, suna ba da kayan lambu a cikin wani“ datti ”ga kamfanonin dillalan,” in ji Alexander Abramchuk, Shugaba na kamfanin AgroNero (wani rukunin aikin gona a Yankin Yaroslavl, reshen kamfanin Belaya Dachi Trading). Tunda ana samar da samfurin sarrafawa galibi ga shagunan sarkar, tattalin arzikinta yana da yawa
a sama, ya bayyana.
Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Semyon Ganich ya nuna, ba a bukatar kayan albarkatun kasuwanci koyaushe don aiki. Kalmomi na tsaye yakan dace.
"Bayan rarrabewa, an rarraba kayan albarkatun kasa zuwa kashi uku: rukuni na farko (mai inganci mai inganci), na biyu (ba shi da kyau), na uku (sharar gida)," in ji Alexander Abramchuk da karin bayani. "A lokaci guda, kayan da ba na yau da kullun ba, waɗanda suke da rahusa da yawa, suma sun dace da sarrafawa, wanda kuma ya haɓaka tattalin arziƙin samarwa".
Koyaya, tare da kyawawan abubuwan sarrafawa na kansu, ba duk masana'antar noma ke yanke shawarar ɗaukar wannan matakin ba. Don haka, AgroNero ba shi da aiki, kamfanin yana shirya samfuran a cikin “yanayin datti” don siyarwa. Babban masu siye shine "BD Trading" da masu siyarwa. “Buƙatar ba ta da ƙarfi saboda yawan gasa. Duk da haka, ba mu da niyyar haɓaka tacewa, domin tana buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa, ”in ji Alexander Abramchuk. Gabaɗaya, yana ɗaukar ferment, salting, girki, sarrafawa a cikin dankakken dankali yafi fa'ida sosai, tunda wannan baya buƙatar kayan daskarewa mai zurfi da firiji don ajiya.
Manoma gaba ɗaya suna da matukar wahalar aiwatarwa, ya tabbatar da Semyon Ganich. Ya fi sauƙi a gare su su yi girma su sayar. A cewar masanin Dry Food expert, masu saka jari daga wasu yankuna galibi suna shiga wannan kasuwancin: masu banki, injiniyoyi, 'yan jari hujja, waɗanda suka fahimci fa'idar wannan yankin.
Dogaro da zurfin gyaran, gefen da ke cikin wannan sashin, a cewar Semyon Ganich, ya kasance daga 40 zuwa 100%. "A halin yanzu, wani lokacin kusan abu ne mawuyaci ga masanin aikin gona na gargajiya ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya zama dole a sayi kayan aikin fasaha na zamani, kuma kada a yi wani taron karawa juna sani wanda ba zai bayar da riba mai yawa ba," in ji shi.
Duk da cewa kwanan nan sabbin ayyuka na sarrafa kayan lambu na fili sun fara bayyana, aiwatar da su na da nasaba da matsaloli da dama. Misali, a cewar Ekaterina Babaeva, Shugabar Kamfanin Interagro (mai haɓakawa da haɗaɗɗen ayyuka masu rikitarwa don cinikayya), ayyukan sarrafawa suna buƙatar ƙimar aiki mai girma da kuma saka hannun jari mai yawa a siyan kayan aiki. Kari akan haka, an sanya tsaftar tsafta da fasaha na musamman kan bitocin samar da kayayyaki, wanda kari kuma yana matukar inganta kudin aikin gaba daya.
A lokaci guda, lokacin biya don ayyukan ya kai kimanin shekaru 7-10, yayin da masu saka jari ke da sha'awar samun riba da wuri-wuri, ya ci gaba Ekaterina Babaeva. Lokacin da ake shirin irin wannan aikin, yakamata mutum ya fara tunani sosai game da manufofin tallace-tallace, in ji ta. "Zai yuwu a sadu da lokacin biya kuma a samu riba kawai idan an sayar da abin da aka gama a farashin da aka sanya a cikin aikin saka hannun jari," masanin ya jaddada.
Ta kuma lura da cewa samun ingantaccen samfurin samfurin, bi da bi, yana buƙatar kayan aiki masu inganci, wanda ke ƙaruwa lokacin biyan kuɗi da rage ragin shekara-shekara.
Semyon Ganich ya ba da shawara game da fara kasuwanci ta siyan kayan aiki. Ya tabbata cewa mutanen da kawai suke son siyan kayan aiki waɗanda, a ra'ayinsu, zasu "buga kuɗi", da alama, ba zasu sami sakamakon da ake buƙata ba.
"Kuna buƙatar farawa tare da nazarin kasuwar tallace-tallace da haɓaka ingantaccen aiki," masanin ya yi imanin. - Kuma kawai lokacin da bayyanannen hoto na mai siye da kayayyakin da aka gama ya fallasa kuma aikin ya kasance a shirye, wanda a ciki ake yin cikakken ƙididdigar ra'ayin kasuwanci a duk fannoni - daga zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha zuwa tsarin kasuwancin da aka haɓaka, za mu ci gaba zuwa aiwatar , ciki har da sayan kayan aiki.
Gigice daskarewa
Ofayan mafi inganci da yaduwar hanyoyin sarrafa kayan shine daskarewa mai firgitarwa. Alexander Melnik, darektan saye da samarwa na Ortika Frozen Foods, TM Hortex, daya daga cikin shahararrun masu kera Rasha na sabbin kayan lambu mai daskarewa, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da' ya'yan itace ba tare da amfani da GMO da abubuwan adana abubuwa ba, yayi magana dalla-dalla game da wannan fasaha.
"Daskarewa na girgiza daskarewa ne na samfuri cikin sauri lokacin da ake fuskantar iska mai karfi, wanda, ta hanyar sanyaya danyen kayan zuwa zafin -32 ... 40 ° C, ya samar da wani rufi mai ruwa a samansa," masanin ya bayyana. - Ba kamar fasahar gargajiya ba, tare da daskarewa
an ƙirƙiri lu'ulu'u kanana kanana, waɗanda ba sa fasa tsarin kwayar kayan, wanda ke ba shi damar adana ɗanɗano da fa'idodinsa na asali. "
A kasuwar duniya, a cewar Alexander Melnik, akwai manyan masana'antun manyan ramuka masu daskarewa uku - Unidex (Poland), Frigoscandia (Sweden) da Octofrost (Sweden). Hakanan, masana'antun Jamusawa da China waɗanda ke sanyaya rami sun sami matsayi mai kyau a cikin kasuwar kayan aikin sanyaya. Kwararren ya nanata cewa ramuka masu daskarewa, wadanda manyan kamfanoni ke samarwa, suna ba da damar cimma kyakkyawar kiyaye inganci da dandano na samfurin, tare da samar masa da kyakyawan fasali mai girma
yawan aiki - daga 1 zuwa 12 t / h.
Mai magana da yawun Hortex ya bayyana cewa: "Kayan marmari a cikin firji na dauke a sarari a sarari ta wani wurin da aka killace (rami mai daskarewa), kuma iska mai sanyi tana zagayawa ta cikin abinci a ko'ina cikin ramin."
Yana da mahimmanci cewa a cikin ɓangaren kayan lambu da aka sarrafa, matakin hauhawar farashin, a cewarsa, ya yi yawa kuma ya kai kashi 20%. “Amma idan kamfani ba kawai ya kware a daskarewa ba ne, har ma yana da rumbunan adana zafin jiki masu yawa don adana kayayyaki, ribar kasuwancin za ta iya
karuwa sosai, "in ji masanin.
Ya kara da cewa sarkar samarwa ta kunshi matakai guda uku, kowane daya daga cikinsu galibi alhakin wani kamfanin ne daban. Don haka, gona tana tsunduma cikin noman kayan lambu. Zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri da na haɗe-haɗe ana zaɓa dangane da yanayin yanayin yanayi da buƙatu
kamfani da ke ƙwarewa a cikin kayan aiki na gaba (a cikin yanayinmu, daskarewa) samfuran. Kuma galibi kamfani na uku yana tsunduma cikin tattarawa da sayarwa zuwa ƙarshen mabukaci.
A cewar Alexander Melnik, shuka mai matsakaicin matakin samar tan dubu 5 na kayan lambu mai daskarewa a kowace shekara yana buƙatar saka hannun jari na fam miliyan 4-5.
Manyan don salting da pickling
Yayinda manyan hannayen jari ke aiwatar da ayyuka don daskare kayan lambu a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa, ƙananan manoma da magidanta (gonaki) sun fi son hanyoyin biochemical na sarrafa kayan lambu, kamar su saro da ɗauka.
Daga cikin su akwai kamfanin "Zasolych", mai kera kayayyakin zaƙulo, zaƙulo da salatin Koriya, waɗanda ke yankin Kirov. A cewar shugaban kamfanin Nikolai Shikhov, suna sarrafa kimanin tan 300 na kabeji, tan 200 na kabeji da tan 150 na karas a kowace shekara. Bugu da kari, a kananan
samar da tumatir ja da kore, da keɓaɓɓe da naman kaza irin na Koriya, da ƙungiyar samfuran gabas (tafarnuwa, tafarnuwa daji, da sauransu). Ana ba da kayayyaki ga masu siyarwa, shagunan cikin gida, ƙananan sarƙoƙi na cikin gida da na tarayya, waɗanda aka wakilta a yankin Kirov.
Zasolych shine samar da iyali tare da girke-girke wanda ya gabata daga tsara zuwa tsara. A yau, ana ba masu amfani da samfuran samfuran daban-daban a cikin brines da marinades. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da kayan haɓaka na halitta, kayan ƙanshi da ganye. Misali, an dafa kabeji daidai da tsohuwar fasahar keɓaɓɓiyar shigar ruwa ta lactic acid, ba tare da abubuwan kiyayewa ba.
A cewar Nikolai Shikhov, ana adana girke-girke na gargajiya, yayin da ake inganta aikin samarwa tare da taimakon fasahohi da kayan aiki na zamani, wanda ke ba da damar ƙara ƙarar da saurin aiki. Don haka, gangayen katako, wanda aka yi da hannu, wanda a baya
sun yi gishiri har ma sun ba da cucumbers a shaguna, sun maye gurbin waɗanda za a iya amfani da su filastik. Ganga daya tana rike da kilogiram 30-200.
Shugaban kamfanin ya ce: "Don sayarwa na yau muna amfani da kananan kwantena filastik, da kuma kayan kwalliyar mutum," "Maimakon adana kankara na cucumber a cikin ganga na katako (a ruwan bazara, misali kogi), an sanya firinji."
Ya kuma lura cewa idan tun da farko an shirya kabejin ne da hannu, yanzu aikin na atomatik ne, kuma yawan yankakken yankakken ya kai kilo dubu da yawa a cikin awa daya. Nikolai Shikhov ya ce "Kamfanin ya girka kayan cikin gida da na shigo da kaya, yankan kai, goge-goge, wanki, safara, marufi, maganin kashe kwari." "Kwanan nan mun maye gurbin masu yanka kayan lambu na Jamusawa da Kirar Robot ta China, wadanda ke da rahusa sau 3-4 fiye da takwarorinsu na Turai kuma a lokaci guda ba su gaza su a inganci ba." Gaba ɗaya, bisa ga lissafin kamfanin "Zasolych", saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki don sarrafawa ya kai kimanin miliyan 2-3.
Nikolay Shikhov ya bayyana cewa tunda masana'antar tana cikin yankin noma mai haɗari tare da yanayin yanayi mara kyau don ci gaban noman kayan lambu, an yanke shawarar kimanin shekaru biyar da suka gabata don yin watsi da noman kayan lambu. A yau, ana sayan dukkan albarkatun ƙasa daga manoman gida, waɗanda aka ƙulla ƙawance na dogon lokaci tare da su. Yawancin gonaki na musamman suna haɓaka wasu nau'ikan gauraya da kuma kayan lambu don bukatun kamfanin.
Nikolai Shikhov ya ba da labarin yadda yake cewa: "Don, don ɗebo muna amfani da ɗakunan kokwamba na Yaren mutanen Holland waɗanda suka dace da girma kuma suna da ɗanɗano da ingancin sigogi."
Wata sana'ar dangi - gonar baƙi (ta gona) "Enezh", da ke Jamhuriyar Chuvash, ta zaɓi wata hanyar daban. Bayan an fara shi a cikin 1999 tare da noman kayan lambu (kabeji, kokwamba, tumatir, da sauransu), tuni a shekara ta 2008 manoma sun yanke shawarar haɓaka aiki. Kuma a yau gonar "Enezh" tana aiwatar da cikakken zagaye na samar da nau'ikan tsinken zaba, dahuwa da salatin.
“Duk kayayyakin gishiri da daɗin tsami ana yin su ne daga kayan lambu da aka shuka a gonakin mu, wanda jimlar yankin ya wuce kadada 700. Kayan sa sun bamu damar sarrafa ingancin kayayyaki a duk matakai, "in ji Ivan Semyonov, shugaban gidan gonar Enezh.
Ana yin dashen cucumber a yanki mai girman hekta 16 a farkon Yuni. A lokaci guda, ƙwarewar Jamusanci da fasahar noman ne ke jagorantar gonar. “Mun kasance muna amfani da wani hadin kamfanin na cucumber, sannan muka koma Leaf F1 daga kamfanin masana'antar Dutch Rijk Zwaan, wanda yafi kyau
ya tabbatar da kansa a cikin yanayinmu na yanayi, - Ivan Semyonov ya ba da labarin kwarewarsa. - Gaskiyar ita ce, kokwamba Leaf F1 nasa ne na matasan da suka dace don girma a cikin filin buɗewa da ƙarƙashin mafakar fim. Ya bayyana cewa a cikin gonar "Enezh" an rufe kukumba da wani abu na musamman "mai numfashi" wanda ke ba danshi izinin wucewa da kyau, wanda zai baka damar fara girbi mako guda da ya gabata.
"Bugu da ƙari, ana rarrabe matasan da muka zaɓa ta ƙananan lambobi da girman ganye, wanda ke sauƙaƙe aikin tattarawa, kuma yana da tsayayya ga cututtuka," Semyonov ya ci gaba. "Babban yawan amfanin ƙasa an haɗe shi da kyawawan halaye na ɗaukan tsami da kuma ɗebo cucumbers (mafi kyawun kifin shine 8-12 cm, canza launi, da sauransu)".
A cikin gonar "Enezh" farin kabeji an girma a matsayin farkon matasan da kuma na baya-bayan nan, ana sayar da kayayyakin ne daga tsakiyar watan Yuni zuwa Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Mafi mashahuri marigayi matasan farin kabeji, a cewar Ivan Semyonov, shine Muksuma F1.
Ba zai wuce kwana ɗaya daga girbi zuwa gishiri ba, wanda kuma zai ba ku damar adana duk halayen sabon samfurin. Tarin ya biyo bayan matakin tsaftacewa da wanka, to sai a sa giya a cikin ganga bisa ga wani tsohon girke-girke na Rasha ta amfani da ganye, ganye, da gishiri daban-daban. An tabbatar da amincin sauerkraut ta kayan ƙanshi na halitta, gishiri da doki.
Shugaban gonar Enezh ya ce: "A shekarar 2018, mun yi gishiri tan 800 na kokwamba da kusan irin wannan kabeji," A ka’ida, gonar tana girban tan 70 na cucumbers a kowace kadada. Koyaya, a cikin 2019, saboda yanayin yanayi mara kyau na wannan amfanin gona na wurare masu zafi, musamman, ƙarancin yanayin zafin iska na watan Yuni, yawan amfanin gonar bai wuce 43 t / ha ba.
“Kabewa, kamar yadda kuka sani, suna buƙatar dumi. Yanayin da ke ƙasa + 10 ° С bala'i ne a gare su, - in ji Semyonov. “Amma mun san cewa noman cucumber a yankinmu na da haɗari na musamman. Saboda haka, zuwa arewacin Saratov, kusan babu wanda ya tsiro da su cikin adadin kasuwanci a cikin filin buɗe ido ”. Ya nanata cewa a cikin noman noma, yanayin yanayi shine mahimmin abin da yawan amfanin gona da jujjuyawar farashin kayayyakin ya dogara dashi.
A lokaci guda, shugaban Zasolycha ya ja hankali ga gaskiyar cewa gasa a cikin ɓangaren kayan lambu mai gishiri da tsami ya girma sosai a kwanan nan, wanda ke da alaƙa da fitowar sabbin playersan wasa da haɓaka ƙimar masana'antun da ke kan kasuwa na dogon lokaci. “Ana iya bayanin wannan ta hanyar ci gaban kasuwanci a Rasha, samuwar bayanai don fara kasuwanci da kuma samun jari na kyauta a kasuwar masana’antar abinci. Nikolai Shikhov ya yi imani cewa, masu saka jari ba sa jin kunyar dogaro kai tsaye kan yanayin yanayi da kuma alamun amfanin gona, wanda ke sauyawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
An kirga nasara
Iceabi'a yana nuna cewa kowane nau'in sarrafa kayan lambu na fili yana da nasa nuances waɗanda dole ne a kula dasu yayin shiga wannan alkuki. "Zaɓin zaɓi mafi jan hankali ya dogara ne da yankin da samfurin da ake ci gaba," ya jaddada shugaban "Interagro" Ekaterina Babaeva.
A cewar Semyon Ganich, duk wata fasahar sarrafawa na iya zama kyakkyawa ga manoma. Amma dole ne a kirga aikin, kuma dole ne a binciki kasuwar abubuwan da aka gama. "Don bambancin kasuwanci, yana da ma'anar la'akari da ƙera nau'ikan samfura daban-daban," in ji shi.
Gabaɗaya, bisa ga hasashen kamfanin Dry Food, kasuwar fasaha za ta haɓaka zuwa mafi girman aiki da kai, sarrafa komputa da gabatar da ƙwarewar kere-kere, wanda ke iya tsara dukkan tsarin fasaha ba tare da taimakon ɗan adam ba. Amma ya zuwa yanzu wadannan su ne kawai abubuwan da ake tsammani.