Duk masanin kimiyyar aikin gona suna da masaniya sosai game da nau'in mai ɗaukar kaya. Mai jigilar kayayyaki muhimmiyar alama ce don tsara fa'idar amfani da albarkatun masana'antu. Yaya mahimmancin hakan ga masu noman dankalin, in ji Anna Khrabrova, manajan kasuwanci na kamfanin HZPC Sadokas.
- Idan muka yi magana game da "mai jigilar abubuwa daban-daban" a yanayin yanayin dankalin turawa, za a iya fassara kalmar kamar haka: "Mai daukar nau'ikan jigilar kayayyaki shi ne amfani wajen samar da dankali na wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kungiyoyi masu natsuwa, launuka daban na bawo. , wanda yafi dacewa da ƙasa da yanayin yanayi na wata gona da bukatun masu siye samfurin ƙarshe (tebur, ɗanye, iri iri dankali) ".
Menene fa'idar noma iri-iri lokaci daya?
- Tabbas, kowane manomi zai so yin aiki tare da nau'ikan iri-iri na musamman: mai amfani, maras kyau, mai jure cututtuka da bala'o'i, wanda ya dace da ajiyar lokaci, wanki, da sauransu. Amma babu wata manufa, yanayin yakan kawo abubuwan mamaki a kowace shekara. Don rage haɗari, ya fi dacewa a yi aiki tare da layin iri.
Waɗanne nau'ikan ya kamata a fifita yayin ƙirƙirar nau'in mai ɗaukar kaya?
- A cikin Rasha, inda babban ɓangaren dankali ke girma a yankin noma mai haɗari, layin da yakamata ya ƙunshi kashi 70% na nau'ikan farkon, matsakaiciyar-farkon da matsakaiciyar ƙungiya da kashi 30% na irin na farkon-farkon, mediumungiyoyin matsakaici-ƙarshen da ƙarshen A lokaci guda, ka ce, Kudancin Tarayyar Tarayya na iya canza wannan rabo a cikin ni'imar nau'o'in farkon-farkon da farkon. Zaɓin iri a cikin dukkan yankuna ya kamata manoma su da kansu su yi la’akari da yiwuwar haɗarin samarwa, ƙwarewar yankin da buƙatun masu amfani.
Misali, a cikin yankin Chernozem, inda jimlar yanayin yanayi mai kyau na lokacin girma ke ba da damar shuka iri iri na dankali da samun amfanin gona har zuwa 100 t / ha, akwai wurare da ƙasa mai nauyi, inda girbi a damina ta kusan kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Za a bar wadataccen albarkatu a cikin haɗuwa da yanayi mai sauƙi a cikin filin. A lokaci guda, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a cikin Yankin Baƙin Duniya ta Tsakiya an sami canji a bayyane a cikin maslaha ga masu aikin gona zuwa ga samar da dankalin turawa don sarrafawa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar sarrafa tsire-tsire masu sarrafawa a can. A lokaci guda, yankuna makwabta na Tsakiyar Rasha suna samar da adadi mai yawa na dankalin tebur, kuma mabukaci a cikin manyan kantunan ya fi son ingancin dankalin turawa daga waɗannan yankuna.
Girma iri-iri daban-daban na balaga suna ba da damar amfani da hankali ga ƙungiyar girbi: ana iya girbe dankali a jere yayin da suka yi girma, wanda zai taimaka rage kayan da ake buƙata kan kayan aiki kuma yana buƙatar sa hannun ofan ma'aikata.
Da yawa iri za a iya haɗawa a cikin mai ɗaukar kaya?
- Da kyau, nau'ikan 5-6 da suka girma bisa daidaitaccen fasaha na masana'antar yakamata su kai kusan 80-85% na jimlar kayan. Girbin waɗannan nau'ikan zai zama tushen dandamalin tattalin arziƙin masana'antar. Wannan mai nuna alama yana rage haɗarin cakuda iri-iri, yana ba ku damar haɗar da kwantena da adadi mai yawa, yana ba da dama don amfani da hankali na tankunan ajiya da kayan aiki. A lokaci guda, kada mutum ya manta game da gwada sababbin iri da sababbin fasahohi iri iri, amma "gwaje-gwajen" bai kamata ya wuce 15-20% ba.
Lura cewa daga ra'ayin masana HZPCNoman sabon nau'in a yanki mai kusan hekta 1, bisa ga tsarin samar da kayan yau da kullun na wannan masana'antar, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ƙwararriyar gwaji ta nau'ikan daban-daban, yana ba da damar kimanta ƙarfin ta.
Ta yaya ka'idodin jigilar kayayyaki masu daraja ke taimakawa don tsara ajiyar dankalin turawa?
- Lokacin da aka saka samfurin a cikin ajiya, ya zama dole a sanya daidai a cikin sito duk batches ɗin da aka karɓa. Fasahar da ake kira “akwatin dumi” (wannan kalmar galibi ana amfani da ita ta ƙwararrun PepsiCo) yana taimakawa don ƙayyade jerin daidai: ana ɗaukar samfurin daga kowane yanki, an sanya shi a cikin kwandon dumi, inda aka halicci yanayi ta wucin gadi don bayyanar inji lalacewa da cututtukan latent. Kuri'a, inda ba a gano alamun cuta ba, an sa su don ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo. Lessananan batch masu nasara, dangane da girman matsalar, ko dai an aika su don ajiyar gajere, ko kuma nan da nan don siyarwa.
Yakamata a sarrafa ingancin kuri'a da aka sanya don ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo kowane wata a gaba. Wannan ya zama dole, tunda masu nuna ƙimar samfurin saboda dalilai daban-daban suna taɓarɓarewa a hankali, kuma yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda wannan aikin ke gudana a cikin rukuni daban-daban domin aiwatar da wani abu mai yawa daga sito a kan lokaci.
Yadda ake sarrafa ingancin rukuni yadda yakamata?
- Kwararru HZPC aiwatar da amfani da fom ɗin jarrabawa wanda aka haɓaka bisa ƙwarewar abokan Turai. Ya lissafa cututtukan dankalin turawa wadanda zasu iya bayyana yayin adanawa (daga mafi cutarwa a tsarin sauka, abubuwa 19 ne kawai). Kowane yanki ana bincikar shi ne, kuma bisa bayanan da aka karɓa, ana yanke shawara: ko a ci gaba da ajiya. Misali, idan aka lura da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, to babu wata dama cewa tubers ɗin zai dawwama har zuwa bazara.
Nau'in cututtukan ajiya sun hada da, ka ce, phomosis. Lokacin adana samfura a cikin ajiya, bayyanannunsa ba su da ƙarfi, amma a ƙarshen ajiya, za a iya bayyana ruɓaɓɓen phoma a fili. Wata cutar ajiyar kuma itace sikirin azurfa. Bayyanashi a cikin tsari alama ce cewa akwai ɗigo a cikin danshi a cikin sito.
Ko da a wuraren ajiyar kayan zamani, ba komai ne zai iya tafiya daidai ba, tunda babu wanda ba shi da kariya daga bayyanar "yanayin mutum". Misali wani lamari ne lokacin da, saboda wasu dalilai, matakin CO ya tashi ba zato ba tsammani a cikin shago.2, kuma mutumin da ke da alhakin shirya ajiyar bai lura da hakan a kan lokaci ba kuma bai ɗauki mataki ba. Canje-canje a cikin yanayin iskar gas nan da nan ya shafi ingancin dankali don sarrafawa, lokacin da ake soya su.
Sarrafa Watanni yana taimaka wa kamfanin don guje wa babbar asara. Kari akan haka, manoma na iya lura da yanayin yadda iri daban-daban ke nunawa yayin adanawa, kuma da wannan a zuciyarsu, suke iya tsara tsarin dankalin turawa don sabuwar kakar.
Shin binciken kowane wata yana buƙatar nazarin tuber ga kowane rukuni? - Kuna buƙatar fahimtar abin da za ku saka jari a cikin batun nazarin tuber. Lokacin adana albarkatun kasa don aiki, ana yin binciken tuber kowane wata. Laifi na waje, an ƙayyade abubuwan rage sugars da busassun abu. Lokacin adana dankalin cin abinci, dole ne ayi bincike na wata-wata don batches da akayi niyya domin wanki da bushewa domin tantance ingancin gani na tubers. Lokacin adana dankali, muna gudanar da bincike na tuber gwargwadon GOST 33996-2016 lokacin kwanciya don ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo da kuma lokacin da muke shirya dankali don siyarwa.
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