Duk da gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu wajen nazarin ciwon dankalin turawa da kuma aiwatar da matakan da suka dace bisa ilimin phytopathogen, cutar har yanzu tana haifar da babbar illa sakamakon asarar amfanin gona da tsadar sinadarai da kayayyakin kariya daga shuka.
Ana haifar da wannan cuta ta hanyar oomycete Magungunan Phytophthora, shafi ganye, harbe da tubers.
Tubers da ke shiga ajiya ko da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta yakan haifar da asarar samfur mai yawa. A causative wakili na marigayi blight ya kasance mai yiwuwa ko da a zafin jiki na + 3 ° C. Ci gaban phytopathogen a saman tubers yana sauƙaƙe shigar da kwayoyin cuta ta hanyar fata, haifar da lalacewa mai laushi.
Alamun ciwon mara a kan ganyen suna bayyana a matsayin wuraren da ba a saba da su ba, wanda sannu a hankali yana ƙaruwa yayin da cutar ke tasowa. Ƙaƙƙarfan koren iyaka mai haske yana samuwa a gefen babba na ganye tare da gefuna na tabo. A ƙasan tabo tare da gefuna a cikin yanayin rigar, sporulation na farin phytopathogen yana tasowa. A saman tubers, cutar ta bayyana a cikin nau'i na launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. A duhu launin ruwan kasa rot Forms a cikin tubers, located kusa da surface, amma wanda sannu a hankali ratsa cikin tsakiyar tubers. Babban hanyar yaduwar phytopathogen ita ce ta hanyar zoosporangia ta iska daga filayen kamuwa da cuta, '' tsire-tsire dankalin turawa '' da tsire-tsire da aka girma akan tarin tubers da aka jefar kusa da filayen. Tsire-tsire da aka girma daga tubers da aka watsar, kamar "masu aikin sa kai", na iya zama tafki na cututtukan hoto da aphids ke yadawa; wasu cututtuka (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, powdery scab) da kwari (nematodes masu rai masu rai, dankalin turawa cyst nematodes, aphids). Bugu da ƙari, oospores na iya samuwa a cikin su, wanda zai iya ƙara dagula yaki da cutar rashin lafiya saboda yawan haɗarin juriya tare da karuwar yawan maganin fungicides.
A cikin yankunan kudancin, don hana germination na dankalin turawa, dole ne a bi da shi da sauri tare da diquat ko glyphosate (idan tsire-tsire ya bayyana, dole ne a maimaita magani). Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don magance irin waɗannan tsire-tsire ita ce rufe tubers da aka watsar da fim din baƙar fata. Tare da gefuna na tsibi, dole ne a kiyaye fim ɗin da kyau ta yadda zoosporangia na phytopathogen ba zai iya tashi ba, kuma dabbobi ba za su iya shiga ƙarƙashin fim ɗin su yage shi ba. Idan an rufe tari da fim da wuri, maganin glyphosate bazai zama dole ba. Yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa tubers da aka yanke an kiyaye su daga filin dankalin turawa da hanyoyin ruwa don ban ruwa.
Mafi na kowa don Magungunan Phytophthora shi ne haifuwa na asexual, wanda zoosporangia zai iya girma kai tsaye a matsayin hyphae ko saki zoospores tare da flagella, wanda ke shiga cikin shuka ta hanyar fim din ruwa. Oospores na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙasa. Alal misali, a cewar masanan Dutch (Plant Pathology Journal, 2000), oospores na iya riƙe ikon su na cutar da dankali a cikin ƙasa mai yashi na tsawon watanni 48, kuma a cikin ƙasa na yumbu na tsawon watanni 34 lokacin da ambaliya. An lura cewa an kafa mafi yawan adadin oospores a cikin nau'in dankalin turawa tare da ƙananan juriya na musamman na tsere. Bisa ga bayanai daga bayanan Turai Mafi kyawun ƙasa4 (2020), don rage kamuwa da ƙasa Magungunan Phytophthora (oospores), dankalin turawa, nematodes. rhizoctonia da sauran kwari, ana bada shawara don mayar da dankali zuwa filin bayan shekaru biyar.
Har zuwa kwanan nan, dabarun kariyar dankalin turawa ya dogara ne akan amfani da adadi mai yawa na jiyya tare da kayan kariya na shuka. Amma kwanan nan, wani bangare saboda bullar sabbin kwayoyin halitta masu juriya Phytophthora 'yan tsako (a cikin adadin ƙasashen Turai, genotype EU_43_A1, mai jurewa ga mandipropamide a allurai na 100 ppm), hadedde kariya ta dankalin turawa ta zama mafi amfani.
Hanyoyi na asali na haɗe-haɗen kariyar dankalin turawa daga cutar da wuri:
- Girma nau'in dankalin turawa tare da babban juriya.
- Rushewar tushen kamuwa da cuta na farko (tsiran '' yan sa kai '', tarin tubers da aka jefar, tubers iri masu kamuwa da tsiron dankalin turawa da abin ya shafa).
- Yin amfani da tsarin yanke shawara na maganin fungicides dangane da haɗarin ɓarna, juriya iri-iri da yanayin yanayi don tsara mafi kyawun adadin jiyya na kariyar shuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun hana juriya. An kirkiro wani shiri a cikin harshen Rashanci bisa tushen Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Rasha (VNIIF) VNIIFBlight. FGBNU VNIIF yana da lamban kira RU 2019663121 (2019) don shirin kwamfuta "Express forecast - marigayi blight" don samun tsinkayar kan layi na ci gaban cutar a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. A halin yanzu a cikin Rasha akwai tsarin yanke shawara (DMS) don aiwatar da jiyya na fungicides a kan marigayi blight da Alternaria "Agrodozor". Wasu ƙasashe da yawa kuma sun kafa shirye-shirye don aiwatar da hasashen haɗarin cutar a makara. Misali, a cikin Burtaniya akwai dandamalin kan layi don kamuwa da cuta a ƙarshen zamani Hutton BlightSpy. James Hutton Limited ne ke kula da dandalin, Cibiyar Met ce ta samar da bayanan yanayi kuma an ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Lasisin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa 4.0. A cikin yankuna da yawa, an haɓaka albarkatu / dandamali a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin bincike na ƙwararru akan sa ido kan tsarin yawan jama'a da matakin juriya ga samfuran kariyar shuka (misali, a Turai - Euroblight, a kasar Sin - ChinaBlight), bayanan da ke ba masu aiki damar yin amfani da maganin kariyar shuka tare da la'akari da tsarin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a yankin da matakin juriya ga fungicides. A kan dandamali na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Ƙungiyoyi don nazarin dankalin turawa marigayi blight Euroblight Ana kula da allunan tare da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen abubuwan da ke aiki don yaƙar ɓacin rai a sassa daban-daban na shuka da Alternaria.
- Lalacewar tubers shafi marigayi blight a cikin ajiya domin rage tuber asarar da kuma rage adadin iri kamuwa da cuta na gaba shekara.
Maria Erokhova, mai bincike, FGBNU VNIIF
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com