A halin yanzu, helminthiases na tsire-tsire waɗanda lalacewa ta hanyar kewayewa (nematodes) matsala ce mai girma ga aikin noma. Asarar duniya na asarar amfanin gona daga kusan guda 7-10%, tare da kamuwa da cuta mai mahimmanci, masu samar da kayan gona suna karɓar ƙasa da 80% na amfanin gona.
Dankali ake fallasa su da yawa iri nematodes. Daga cikinsu akwai karar (Ditylenchus destructor), gallic ta arewa (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), kodadde (Globodera pallida Stone) da zinare (Globodera rostochiensis). A tushe (tuber) nematode yana lalata sassan tsire-tsire a ƙasa (duka lokacin kaka da lokacin ajiya), yana haifar da cutar haɗari na ditylenchiasis. A cikin kyallen takarda na tuber a ƙarƙashin kwasfa ƙananan farin aibobi an kafa su tare da ramuka a tsakiyar tsakiya. Yankunan da abin ya shafa suna yin laushi kuma ana gano su yayin bugun jini. Ya shafa tubers alagammana kuma rot. Mafi sau da yawa, kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa a cikin filin, kuma a cikin yanayin ajiya, cutar ta fara ci gaba.
Babu ƙarancin lahani shine ƙarancin nomat na arewa, wanda ke haifar da asalinsa da tushen dankali da ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban meloidoginosis. A kan tushen Dietilenchosis, wanda ya haifar da tsire-tsire nematode dankalin turawa, an kafa thickenings (galls). Kwaro ya hana samun damar kaiwa ga tsirrai na tsirrai na ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ke haifar da raguwa da yawan amfanin gona. A kodadde mai dankalin turawa, nematode kuma iya haifar da tattalin arziki gagarumin asarar dankalin turawa, amfanin Kwaro yana zaune a cikin yanayin sanyi da yanayi, ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasashen Turai, kuma yana ƙarƙashin keɓancewar waje.
Tsanaki - CYST
Daya daga cikin mawuyacin kwari shine nematode mai dankalin gwal, wanda ke haifar da cuta mai hadari - dankalin turawa globoderosis (sauran tsirrai na dangin Solanaceae suma suna iya kamuwa da ita, amma zuwa wata karamar).
Nematode 'yar dankalin Turawa a cikin jerin kwari na mahimmancin keɓe masu mahimmanci ga Tarayyar Rasha.
INA YANZU CIKIN CIKIN NEMATODE?
Namijin mata na nematodes suna samarda mafitsara tare da ƙwai akan asalin dankalin. Bayan dasa shuki dankali a cikin bazara, ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓarna suna fitowa daga ɗakunan cikin makonni 3-6 ƙarƙashin tasirin ɓoyayyiyar ɓoye da cutar da asalinsu. Tsutsa ya shiga cikin tushen ta igiyar saiwar ya kwashe kwanaki da dama yana tafiya tare da jijiyoyin bugun jini, daga nan sai ya tsaya ya samar da yankin ciyar da manya-manyan sel. Dogaro da yanayin zafin jiki na ƙasa, mata da maza suna samuwa daga ƙirar cikin watanni 1,5-2. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan gama jini, mace zata fara tara kwai a cikin ramin jiki. Matasa mata masu fararen launi ta kaka sun sami launi na zinare kuma a wannan yanayin suna zuwa hunturu. A ƙarshen rayuwa, jikin mace ya cika da ƙwai, ya juye zuwa wani nau'in kwantena, wanda aka rufe shi da harsashi mai yawa - mafitsara.
Cysts suna zaune a cikin ƙasa, suna harba tushen amfanin gona a lokacin sake zagayowar girma mai zuwa, kuma ana iya adana shi na dogon lokaci (kimanin shekaru 10) koda ba tare da kasancewar shuka mai shuka ba.
Yana da wahala a magance cysts - hanyoyin gargajiya (tururin saman gona da juyawar amfanin gona) ba su da tasiri, kusan ba a fallasa su da sinadarai.
A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya da yawa da masu koyar da aikin gona suna yin fare akan yiwuwar shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu (dangane da fungi mai farauta), wanda akidarsa ta ginu ne akan hanyoyin "masu farautar" dabi'a. Irin waɗannan kwayoyi, ban da kasancewa masu tasiri don warware babbar matsalar, suna da ƙarin fa'idodi: ba su da guba, ba sa haifar da jaraba a cikin kwaron.
YADDA ZAKA SAMU NEMATODE
Nematoda karamar tsutsotsi ne zagaye (girman 0,5-1 a mm) kuma yana da wahalar gani da ido. Amma zaka iya gano tsire-tsire mai cutar ta hanyoyi da dama. Siffofin farko sun bayyana tuni makonni 3-4 bayan fitowar seedlings: tsire-tsire sun ɓuya a baya cikin girma, sun fara juye rawaya da wuri (galibi daga ƙaramin ƙasa), suna da ƙarami mai tushe, ganye curl.
Furewar galibi baya nan ko kuma matalauci ne. Busananan daji da ke cike da ƙarancin ƙarfi sun mutu da daɗewa kafin girbi, suna samar da ƙananan tubers ko a'a. Tushen tsarin tsire-tsire masu cutar launin ruwan kasa ne, ƙarami fiye da na al'ada, kuma yana da tushe da yawa a kaikaice. Zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli, an kafa kwallayen zinare a kan tushen tsire-tsire dankalin turawa - kawai mai nuna alama kai tsaye don gano nematode na dankalin turawa na zinariya.
Don ingantaccen ganewar asali, hanyoyi don ƙayyade nauyin haɗari an haɓaka kuma an bayyana su dalla-dalla a cikin wallafe-wallafen ƙwararru. Koyaya, a cikin filin, galibinsu - saboda buƙatar amfani da kayan aiki na musamman - babu su.
Sabili da haka, an bukaci manoma suyi nazarin ƙasa a kowace shekara don kasancewar ƙasan dabbobi. Da zaran an gano matsala, da sauki zai kasance cikin sauki.
INFECTION NEMATODA
Tushen yaduwar nematode ya kamu da cutar tubers dankalin turawa da kuma kasar da ta kamu da cutar (yayin girbi, gutsuttsuka sun fado daga asalinsu kuma sun kasance cikin kasar). Cysts ne waɗanda ke zama tushen asalin kamuwa da cuta ga duk sababbin yankuna, tunda ana iya tura su akan dankali iri iri, da kayan aiki, har ma da takalma.
Babban hanyoyin kamuwa da cuta:
• lokacin dasa shuki tubers;
• lokacin adana tubers masu cutar tare da masu lafiya a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi;
• lokacin amfani da kayan aikin da ba a warke ba wanda ya taɓa haɗuwa da ƙasa da ke gurbata;
• lokacin da aka dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa inda a baya ake shuka dankali da cutar.
Yanayin mafi dacewa da aka dace da su nematode dankalin turawa na zinare an kirkiresu a wuraren da dankali yake girma daga shekara zuwa shekara, ba tare da kiyaye ka'idojin jujjuyawar amfanin gona ba.
RUHU A RUSSIA
A cewar Rosselkhoznadzor, ya zuwa 1 Janairu, 2018, yankin da aka gano game da rarrabuwar gandun dajin dankalin gwal a Rasha yakai kadada dubu 376, kuma yanki na keɓaɓɓen yanki na wannan kwaro ya wuce kadada miliyan 1.
Matsakaicin rarrabuwar dankalin dankalin turawa na gwal a wannan lokacin ya haɗa da yankuna 64 na ƙasar (gami da ƙwarewa a cikin Urals, Siberiya da Far East), a cikin yankuna na 906 na birni.
Yaduwar potatoan dankalin Turawa dankalin turawa zinare na da matukar illa ga ci gaban gonakin dankalin turawa kuma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga amincin abinci na ƙasar.