Artur Egorov, masanin fasaha a kan tsarin kariyar shuka, Agrotrade Group of Companies
Wannan labarin shine ƙoƙari na haskaka mahimman siffofi na kakar da ta gabata, tsinkaya matsalolin na gaba kuma yayi magana game da ƙayyadaddun bayanai da kuma yanayin kasuwa na zamani na kayan kariya na shuka a Rasha. Duk waɗannan tambayoyin sun fi dacewa a farkon sabuwar shekara ta noma.
FALALAR SAUKI 2019.
NEMATODE
A cikin 2019, yawancin gonakin noma na Rasha sun ɗanɗana da hannu kan lalacewar ƙaramin kwaro, tushen dankalin turawa nematode (Ditylenchus destructor), na iya haifarwa.
Matsalar ta ta'azzara, a ganina, saboda yanayin yanayin bazarar da ta gabata. Bari mu tuna cewa har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli a cikin tsakiyar yankunan Rasha da kuma Volga yankin yana da dumi da kuma m - mafi kyau duka tsarin mulki ga dankalin turawa ci gaban. A wannan lokacin, tsire-tsire suna sha yawancin phosphorus da nitrogen. Kuma rabi na biyu na lokacin rani ya kasance sanyi. A wannan lokacin, dankali ya kamata ya sami matsakaicin adadin potassium da alli, amma saboda ƙananan yanayin zafi (kasa da 10-12).оC) waɗannan sinadarai ba a sha. Saboda yawan nitrogen da rashin potassium da alli, ganuwar tantanin dankalin turawa sun zama bakin ciki, elongated kuma sun fi dacewa da nematodes.
Kamar yadda ka sani, dankalin turawa kara nematode wani nau'in roundworm ne. Mafi girman lalacewa ga amfanin gona shine imago (balagaggun kwayoyin halitta da balagagge). Manya, ta yin amfani da gabo na musamman - salon (mai kama da allurar sirinji) - soke bangon tantanin halitta kuma tsotse abubuwan da ke ciki. A lokaci guda, manya suna ɓoye amylase da pectinase enzymes, waɗanda ke haifar da haɓakar hydrolysis (canzawar sitaci zuwa sukari) kuma ta haka yana ƙara saurin kamuwa da tubers zuwa kamuwa da cuta a ƙarshen.
Nematode larvae suna wucewa ta matakai hudu na balaga kafin su shiga matakin girma, kuma a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayi suna samun ikon haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga tsire-tsire kawai a ƙarshen wannan hanyar.
Amma a lokacin rani na 2019, ganuwar tantanin halitta na dankalin turawa ya zama mai rauni ba kawai ga manya ba, har ma ga larvae na uku da na huɗu. A sakamakon haka, sikelin lalacewar tubers ta nematode ya zama babba.
Ana iya guje wa wannan ta hanyar samar da daidaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki. Dole ne a magance ƙarancin Calcium ta hanyar ƙara nitrate mai narkewa mai ruwa zuwa ƙasa sau biyu akan ƙimar kilogiram 3/ha.
Rashin potassium da alli ya haifar da lalacewa a cikin ingancin fatun dankalin turawa: tubers sun fi dacewa da rauni, yawan bayyanar melanosis (da duhun jiki) ya karu, da kiyaye ingancin ya lalace. Dangane da wannan, a bayyane yake cewa asarar ɗakunan ajiya a cikin 2019-20 zai fi girma fiye da yadda aka saba.
Idan muka yi magana kai tsaye game da yaki da dankalin turawa kara nematode, za mu iya bayyana cewa maganin kwari bisa thiamethoxam, fipronil, imidacloprid, da dai sauransu akwai a cikin arsenal na noma m. ba su iya halaka shi. Ana iya samun nasara kawai tare da taimakon nematicides. Ya zuwa yau, magani mafi inganci shine Vidat 5G akan ƙimar kilogiram 42/ha. Nematode kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ta hanyar ƙari na ammonia mai anhydrous. Don haka, a cikin gwaje-gwajen S.P. Safyanov (SP Safyanov, Sarrafa dankalin Turawa Nematode a Kudu-maso-gabashin Kazakhstan, 1966), lalacewar tubers dankalin turawa da Ditylenchus destructor a rates na 56-147 kg / ha a jiki nauyi rage daga jiki nauyi. 7% a cikin sarrafawa zuwa 0,02-1,5%, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ya karu daga 106 zuwa 252 c/ha.
Hasashen GA SABON LOKACI
Rabin na biyu na kaka da watanni biyu na hunturu a yawancin yankunan "dankali" na Rasha sun kasance da yanayin zafi mai girma (idan aka kwatanta da na yau da kullum) da kuma ƙarancin murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Idan lamarin bai canza ba a watan Fabrairu, masu noma za su fuskanci sabbin matsaloli a sabuwar kakar.
- Ƙara yawan ciyawa. Tsawon lokacin kaka ya ba da damar ciyawa ta tara adadi mai yawa na gina jiki da kuma tara makamashi don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Da zarar zafin jiki ya zama mai kyau don girma, ciyawa za su ci gaba da sauri. A cikin 2020, kuna buƙatar ƙarin kashe kuɗi kaɗan akan maganin ciyawa.
- Ƙara yawan adadin tsutsotsi na hunturu. Kaka da hunturu sun ba da yanayi mai dadi sosai don kwaro ya wuce lokacin hunturu. Bari mu tunatar da ku cewa caterpillars suna overwinter a cikin ƙasa, a zurfin 10-25 cm. Manya suna jure wa yanayin zafi har zuwa -11. оC.
- Ƙara haɗarin lalacewa ta hanyar nematodes da rhizoctonia. Wannan zai fi shafar gonaki da ke shirin shuka dankali bayan dankali a cikin 2020. Rashin lura da jujjuyawar amfanin gona (kazalika gabatar da magungunan kashe qwari da yawa a cikin ƙasa, noma akai-akai) yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa, kuma lokacin sanyi mai dumi baya rage wannan tsari.
Ba zan iya mantawa da munin halin da ake ciki yanzu ba. Ka tuna, kawai 10-12 shekaru da suka wuce, ƙasa pathogen rhizoctonia ba shi da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan amfanin gona, da kuma ci gaban da cutar za a iya sauƙi hana. Yanzu rhizoctoniosis bala'i ne ga masu noman dankalin turawa, dole ne a yi ƙoƙari da manyan saka hannun jari don ɗaukar cutar. Tushen dankalin turawa nematode shima ya zama matsala kwanan nan, kuma mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da yaduwarsa sune yanayin yanayi mai kyau da kuma rashin tsarin jujjuya amfanin gona da aka yi tunani sosai. - Rashin danshi ga kayan iri. Kamar yadda muka riga muka rubuta a sama, tubers dankalin turawa da aka girma a cikin 2019 ba su da isasshen potassium, saboda haka an rage yawan ruwa na sel na kayan shuka. Don haka, a lokacin farkon bazara, ana buƙatar shayar da shuka. A cikin 2020, uwar tuber za ta buƙaci danshi ƙasa cikin gaggawa.
HANYOYIN TSARI NA ZAMANI. DARUSSA AKAN HALITTA
Tsarin kariyar tsire-tsire yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan fasahar shuka amfanin gona. Makasudin kowane tsarin tsaro shine kiyaye kariyar shuka. A lokaci guda kuma, aikin masanin aikin gona na zamani shine ƙirƙirar yanayi mafi kyau ga tsire-tsire tare da amfani da sinadarai masu dacewa. Ana lura da yanayin rage amfani da, alal misali, magungunan kashe qwari (har ma da watsi da su gaba ɗaya) a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya.
Wakilan hukumomin Rasha kuma sukan ce dole ne kayayyakin amfanin gona na cikin gida su kasance masu gogayya a kasuwannin duniya, wato ma'aunin samar da su dole ne ya cika bukatun duniya (Turai).
Shin hakan zai yiwu a yau? Wataƙila a'a. Dukanmu mun fahimci cewa a cikin halin da ake ciki yanzu babban aikin kasuwancin shine haɓaka yawan samar da kayayyaki yayin da rage yawan saka hannun jari.
Samar da samfurin da ya dace da muhalli zai buƙaci kuɗi mai yawa. Yi la'akari, alal misali, kawar da ciyawa. Yana yiwuwa a kawar da ciyawa ba tare da amfani da herbicides ba: tare da taimakon noman ƙasa mai inganci. Masana aikin gona suna da damar yin amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin kamar "raguwa" da "shaƙewa".
Wani batun kuma shine farashi. Yin amfani da maganin ciyawa ya fi riba, mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ɓata lokaci fiye da amfani da noman ƙasa. Domin a mayar da hannun jarin, manomi zai sayar da dankali a farashi mai yawa. Amma har yanzu akwai 'yan kaɗan masu saye a cikin ƙasar waɗanda suke shirye su biya bashin "tsafta" (musamman idan ba mu yi magana game da biranen da ke da fiye da miliyan daya ba).
Har yanzu ba a kafa al'adun amfani da muhalli ba. Don haka, a wannan mataki, idan jihar ba ta kara kuzari da kuma ba da tallafi ga noman kayan da ba su dace da muhalli ba, ba zai yuwu ga masu noma su ki yin amfani da kayayyakin kariya na shuka sinadarai ba.
Ko da yake a bayyane yake cewa kulawa a fagen amfani da kayan kariya na shuka zai karu. Dangane da wannan baya, ana iya fahimtar karuwar sha'awar yawancin masu samar da noma a cikin samfuran kariyar halittu.
Tsarin kariya wanda ya dogara da amfani da kwayoyin halitta yana da rahusa fiye da na "sinadari".
A halin yanzu, bioprotection har yanzu yana da ƙasa da tasiri ga tsarin al'ada, kodayake bincike ya ci gaba, kuma wasu kwayoyi suna nuna kyakkyawan sakamako.
Misali, gwaje-gwaje na samfurin nazarin halittu Kartofin (SK da SP) dangane da zaɓin nau'in Bacillus subtilis-I5-12/23 akan hadaddun cututtukan dankalin turawa a lokacin girma da kuma lokacin adana dogon lokaci na tubers akan nau'in Sante. ya nuna babban tasiri na ilimin halitta akan ƙwayoyin cuta na fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bisa ga binciken da masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Duk-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection and All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming mai suna. Lorkha ("Bulletin Kariyar Tsirrai" 4 (86) - 2015), a lokacin girma, tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi akan ƙarshen blight, rhizoctonia da bushewar bushewa ya kasance daga 37.5 zuwa 100%. A nazarin halittu samfurin Kartofin, SK tare da maida hankali a cikin aiki ruwa na 3-5 g / l (5 l / t) muhimmanci rage yawan shafi tubers, rage bayyanuwar cikakkar rot, fasaha sharar gida da kuma na halitta nauyi asara a lokacin dankalin turawa ajiya ajiya. .
Amfanin nazarin halittu na amfani da samfurin nazarin halittu Kartofin, SK lokacin da zalunta tubers kafin adanawa a cikin ajiya shine 78.9-86.9%, ma'aunin sinadarai Maxim, SK - 52.1% dangane da sarrafawa.
A halin yanzu, an riga an sami gonaki waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga kariyar shukar halittu. Wani lokaci wannan zabi na masu sana'ar noma yana bayyana ne ta hanyar cewa sinadarai na yau da kullum, saboda dalilai daban-daban, sun daina aiki a gonakinsu.
Matsalar ita ce ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari suna canzawa kuma suna haɓaka rigakafi ga sinadarai masu aiki (juriya). Misali, manoma a yankin Voronezh sun lura cewa ƙwaro na dankalin turawa na Colorado a yankinsu yana da juriya ga sinadarin thiamethoxam. A sakamakon haka, gonaki, ban da sutura, dole ne su haɗa da ƙarin jiyya ɗaya ko biyu akan ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado a cikin tsarin kariyar lokacin girma. Ganin cewa a cikin Nizhny Novgorod yankin har yanzu za ka iya jimre da daya jiyya tare da thiamethoxam.
SABABBIN KAYANA A CIKIN MAS'ARIN KYAUTATA KYAUTATA PPP
Koyaya, masana'antar kariyar tsire-tsire masu guba koyaushe tana yaƙi da juriya, tana fitar da sabbin magunguna masu inganci ga kasuwa. A cikin jerin su, yana da kyau a kula da disinfectant dankalin turawa Vibrance Max (masana: Kamfanin Syngenta). Abubuwan da ke ciki sun haɗa da sabon sedaxane kwayoyin halitta.
Maganin fungicides Zorvek Encantia daga Corteva Agriscience yana kan matakin rajista. Ya ƙunshi kwayoyin oxathiapiproline. Ina so in lura cewa sabbin kayan aiki masu aiki suna kai hari kan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin waɗancan matakan metabolism na sel inda sauran sanannun abubuwan da ke aiki ba su da wani tasiri. Wato, an rage haɗarin juriya a nan gaba.
Shirye-shiryen haɗuwa shine ma'auni mai tasiri don sarrafa kwari, cututtuka da ciyawa. Yanzu kusan kowane magani na biyu yana shiga cikin wannan rukuni. Wannan kuma wata hanya ce ta yakar juriya, kuma amfani da irin wadannan magungunan yana rage tsadar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.
Don taƙaita batun, zan iya cewa, mai yiwuwa, a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, yawan amfani da kayan kariya na tsire-tsire a Rasha zai ragu kadan. Magunguna mafi haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam sannu a hankali za su bar kasuwa. Bi da bi, yawan amfani da kwayoyin halitta zai karu. Yawancin masana'antun noma za su dogara da haɗe-haɗe na sinadarai da samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire. Magungunan kwayoyin halitta zasu taimaka wajen rage farashin samfurori na ƙarshe. Amma ko da ba tare da "sakamako" na sinadarai ba, ba zai yiwu a yi yaki da cututtuka da kwari ba. Ko da yake a ƙarshe, haɓaka abubuwan da suka faru zai dogara ne akan ko jihar ta ƙarfafa ma'auni na madaidaicin adadin halal don sinadarai a cikin samfuran abinci ko a'a.
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