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Ba wanda ke shakkar buƙatar kare dankalin a lokacin girkin. Amma dangane da haɓaka da ake samu daga kasuwa don muhalli mai aminci, samfuran kayan aikin gona mai aminci, manoma suna fuskantar tambayar - yadda za a kare dankali: ta hanyar sinadarai ko hanyoyin halitta? A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antun aikin gona sun fi ba da fifiko ga shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin cuta azaman madadin hanyoyin magance magunguna.
Ma'aikata na dakin gwaje-gwaje na tarin tumatir na Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Tarayya ta Tarayya VNIIBZR a daya daga cikin masana'antun aikin gona na gundumar Kalinin na lardin Krasnodar sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya game da tasirin kare dankali a cikin fili tare da shirye-shiryen microbiological na samarwa OOO "Biotehagro" (Timashevsk).
An dasa dankalin Arrow tare da tef 2-layin kan makirci uku - sarrafawa, daidaitacce, gwaji. Tsawon kowane ginin ya zama mita 100.
Ba a yi amfani da kayan kariya ba a kan makircin sarrafawa. A shirin "etalon", an yi amfani da tsarin kariya da aka karɓa a gonar (shirye-shiryen Celest TOP, KS; Ridomil Gold MC, VDG; Thanos, VDG). A kan makircin "ƙwarewa", an yi amfani da samfuran halitta: Geostim, F; BSka-3, F; BFTIM KS-2, Zh; Insetim, J
Dukkanin shirye-shiryen gwaji sun cika bukatun gaba ɗaya (haɓakar ƙasa cikin sharuddan haihuwa). A cikin duk bambance-bambancen gwajin, an dasa dankalin turawa a ranar Maris 6, 2020.
A gaba, an shuka spraying na kasar gona na "gwaji" shafin tare da shiri na Geostim tare da yawan amfani na 1 l / ha.
A lokacin gwaje-gwajen, an aiwatar da waɗannan masu zuwa: nazarin ƙwayar cuta ta ƙasa, binciken ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, saka idanu na tsirrai na tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa, kimanta samfuran tsire-tsire don ƙayyade etiology na cutar.
Don ƙayyade tsarin mycological na ƙasa daga wurin gwaji a cikin bazara, kafin gabatarwar shirye-shiryen "Biotechagro" kuma bayan aikace-aikacen tsarin kariyar, an dauki samfuran ƙasa bisa ga tsarin. Sakamakon bincike-binciken kwayoyin cutar game da samfuran ƙasa, an raba keɓaɓɓen micromycetes tare da ƙwararrun trophic daban-daban (Table 1).
Jadawalin 1 - Sakamakon bincike na nazarin halittu na samfuran ƙasa a 2020
filin | CFU na namomin kaza, guda dubu A cikin gram ɗaya na busassun ƙasa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penicillium spp. | Aspergillus spp. | Trichoderma spp. | Fusarium spp. | Alternaria spp. | |
Kafin gabatarwar kwayoyi LLC "Biotehagro" 27.02.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX | 0.4 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Bayan gabatarwar shirye-shiryen Biotehagro LLC 08.06.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX | 0.1 | 0.45 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0 |
A yayin nazarin ƙasa, an raba ƙungiyoyi biyu na micromycetes kuma an gano su. The pathogenic kungiyar yana wakilta ta fungi daga cikin kwayoyin fusarium spp. DA Madadin spp. Saungiyar saprotrophic na fungi na microscopic fungi tana wakilta ta zama ruwan dare game da fungi na halittar Trichoderma, penicillium и Aspergillus.
A cikin bambance-bambancen bayan amfanin samfuran halitta na kamfanin Biotehagro, an lura da raguwar CFU na fungi Penicillium, Aspergillus, kuma da cikakkiyar rashi r. Madadin... Bugu da kari, a cikin wannan samfurin, karuwa a yawan namomin kaza daga trichoderma da karamin adadin namomin kaza p. fusarium.
Dangane da sakamako na binciken tarihin mycological na kasar gona, yana yiwuwa a lura da ingancin kuzarin ci gaban namomin kaza daga trichoderma, duk da haka, wannan bai isa ya yi magana game da tsananin ƙoshin ƙasa ba, tunda mafi ƙarancin namomin kaza daga kogin. Penicillium, Aspergillus и trichoderma (1: 1: 3). Ana kara yin amfani da aikace-aikacen Geostim zuwa ƙasa.
A cikin bambance-bambancen tare da tsarin kariyar Biotehagro, an kula da dankalin turawa tare da BSka-3 a cikin kudi na 4 l / t kafin dasa. An dasa shukar ne ta wani kwandon tarakta mai suna KhTZ-181 (Fig. 2,3).
A cikin bambancin tare da tsarin kariyar gona, an kula da tubers dankalin turawa da Celest TOP, KS kafin a dasa. Hakanan an gudanar da dasa dankalin turawa tare da tarakta.
Watanni biyu bayan dasa shukokin - 11.05.2020/15/20, lokacin da tsirrai suka kai tsayin 3-10 cm, a cikin bambancin tare da amfani da tsarin kariya na Biotechagro, an fesa shuke-shuke matasa don rigakafin tare da BFTIM (XNUMX l / ha) kan hadadden cututtuka. An sake maimaita magani tare da samfurin nazarin halittu bayan kwanaki XNUMX.
A cikin bambance-bambancen tare da tsarin kariya na gona, watanni biyu bayan an dasa shuki, an aiwatar da matakan kariya tare da miyagun ƙwayoyi Ridomil Gold MC, EDG a matsayin prophylaxis.
Yayin kula da lafiyar dabbobi, ba a lura da kwari da cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi ba (siffa 4).
Kwanaki 10 bayan jiyya ta farko (21.05), sakamakon rajistar ya nuna cewa samfurin nazarin halittu ya motsa ci gaban aiki na dankalin turawa, idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, tsayin shuka ya zama 3,4 cm mafi girma. 0,6 cm mafi) dangi da tsarin kariya tare da samfuran halitta.
Shuke-shuke da 1 m2 a duk bambance-bambancen gwajin iri daya ne, duk da haka, adadin mai tushe a cikin bambance-bambancen da keɓaɓɓen halittu ya 3 ƙari. idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, da kuma 1 pc. fiye da fasalin bayanin.
Bayan girbi (Yuni 15.06), ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje sun ƙayyade tasirin samfuran ƙwayoyin halitta akan tsarin amfanin gona, yawan amfanin gonar dankali a hectare, da alamomi masu ingancin amfanin gona.
Dangane da maganarsu, adadi mafi yawa na dankalin turawa dankali na matsakaita da babba (abinci) aka samu a cikin bambance bambancen da tsarin kariyar "Biotechagro". Bersanyen tumatir mai kyau a cikin bambance-bambancen da kera da keɓaɓɓen yanayi sun kasance ƙasa 1 idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa kuma ƙarin 2 dangane da ma'anar, duk da haka, jimlar dankali na kyawawan juzu'i a cikin bambance-bambancen na Biotechagro ya kasance mafi girma. Tsarin tarin fitsari a cikin sanadin yanayin ya bambanta daga gram 20 zuwa 150.
Siffa 5. Yawan tuber dankalin turawa a cikin sarrafawa (a) kuma a cikin bambance-bambancen tare da tsarin kariya ta "Biotehagro" (b) Hoto 6. Tuber taro na kyakkyawan juzu'i daga bambancin tare da tsarin kariyar halitta
Yin amfani da samfuran halittu ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yawan dankali daga hectare 1 (Table 2).
Tebur 2. Ingantaccen tattalin arzi na dankalin Arrow lokacin da ake yin lissafin girbi, 2020
Zabuka | Yawan aiki, c / ha | Yawa ya karu, c / ha |
Sarrafa | 78 | - |
Ƙwarewa | 235,3 | 157,3 |
Daidaitawa | 206 | 128 |
NDS 0,5 | 6,4 | - |
An lura da yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin bambance-bambancen tare da yin amfani da shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu, inda karuwa ya kasance 157,3 c / ha dangane da sarrafawa. A cikin samfurin, yawan haɓaka ya kasance 128,0 c / ha, wanda ƙasa da sakamakon da aka samu akan wurin da aka yi amfani da tsarin kariyar halitta, ta 29,3 c / ha.
Don tantance ingancin kasuwancin da kuma bayyana halayen dankali, samfurori na 10 kasuwanni na yau da kullun na yau da kullun don wannan nau'ikan da aka ɗauka.
A sakamakon haka, kwararrun sun rarraba duk abubuwan da ake amfani da su a matsayin kyawawan kayayyaki masu inganci tare da kyakkyawan dandano.
Yayin binciken, an ƙaddara abun sitaci, bitamin C, da nitrate a cikin tubers na dankalin da ya girma (Table 3).
Tebur 3. Abun ciki na sitaci, bitamin C, nitrate nitse a cikin dankalin Arrow dankalin turawa
Zabuka | Nitrogen nitrogen, mg / kg | Abun bitamin C, mg / 100 g albarkatun kasa | Abun sitaci,% |
Sarrafa | 118 | 4,4 | 20,8 |
Ƙwarewa | 138 | 9,3 | 21,3 |
Daidaitawa | 187 | 7,9 | 21,2 |
NDS 0,5 | 9,5 | 6,4 | 11,0 |
Farashin kayayyakin kariya dankalin turawa a farashin da ya mamaye kasuwa a lokacin gwaji an tattara su cikin Table. 4.
Tebur 4. Farashin kayayyakin kariya na dankalin turawa
Shirye-shirye LLC Biotehagro "kwarewa" | Yawan adadin maganin da ake buƙata, l / ha | Shirye-shirye a cikin tsarin kare gona "etalon" | Yawan adadin maganin da ake buƙata, l / ha | ||
Geostim | 1 | Celeste TOP, KS | 0,4 | ||
Cikin shigowa | 4 | Ridomil Gold MC, VDG | 5 | ||
BFTIM | 6 | Thanos, EDC | 1,2 | ||
BSka-3 | 4 | - | - | ||
Daga teburin da aka gabatar, zamu iya yanke shawara cewa tsarin halitta na kariya na dankalin Arrow ya fi riba a cikin sinadaran (misali), tunda farashin matakan kariya ya rage ta 14247,8 rubles / ha, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ya wuce ta 29,3 c / ha.
Yin la'akari da gaskiyar cewa farashin dankali matasa a watan Yuni, a kan matsakaici, shine 17 rubles / kg, haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa akan ƙirar gwaji idan aka kwatanta da daidaitaccen zai ninka farashin da aka samu a hectare ta 49810 rubles.
Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar sun nuna cewa kariya ta ilimin halittar dankali ta fi tsada-tsada fiye da kariyar sunadarai: ta hanyar 64058 rubles a hectare, kuma wannan ba tare da yin la'akari da raguwar nauyin anthropogenic akan ƙasa ba, muhalli, ciki har da mutane.
Hakoki na Talla