Yayinda Ukraine ke ambaliyar ruwa tare da ruwan sama, kuma mazauna ƙawayen sun yi korafin cewa ba za su iya "samun" shiga cikin lambun ba don tofar da dankali, masu shirya AgroPortal.ua sun fara nazarin kasuwar dankalin turawa, saboda har yanzu dankali shine "gurasa na biyu" na yawancin gidaje a Ukraine.
Ukraine tana matsayi na 4 a cikin duniya dangane da samar da dankali mai yawa, yana samar da tan miliyan 20 a shekara. A cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, a cikin 2018, yawan kayan dankali ya ninka tan 22504 tan tare da matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa 170,5 c / ha. Kashi 98% na dankali ake ci gaba a cikin shirye-shiryen gida - tan dubu 22087,6.
Amma game da yankin a karkashin dankali, 1303,7 ha shuka ke shuka su kuma mutane 16,2 dubu ha - na masu samar da kayan gona. A lokaci guda, yawan dankalin turawa a cikin gida ya kai 169,4 c / ha, kuma a cikin aikin masana'antu - 252 c / ha.
Farmerswararrun manoma vs gidaje
“Ma'aikatan gonaki masu sana'a suna da gasa a cikin dan kasuwa mai zaman kansa wanda baya la'akari da tattalin arziƙin komai kuma yana tsunduma cikin dankali don tsira. Wannan wani falsafanci ne daban-daban, - in ji likitan ilimin kimiyyar aikin gona, farfesa, shugaban sashen kula da aikin gona da ingancin samar da amfanin gona. A.I. Dushechkina NUBiP na Ukraine, mamba na memba na NAAS na Ukraine Anatoly Bykin. "A cikin Ukraine akwai ƙarancin gonaki masu ƙwarewa tare da aƙalla dankali 10 na hatsi, amma sun rufe bukatun yawan jama'a, ragowar ingantaccen kayan masarufi ne da ke fitowa daga gidan."
Kasuwancin dankalin turawa yana farashi mai kyau daga filin, saboda kuna buƙatar takamaiman dabarar da ba a amfani da ita lokacin girma sauran kayan lambu: mai shuka, tsefe-tsohon, da sauransu. Kuma dole ne a kashe tsaba.
"Kudin tsirrai na farkon haifuwa kusan 10 UAH / kg ne, ajiyar shine +1 UAH, ni ma zan so in sami 1-1,5 UAH, ya nuna cewa farawa na farko yakai 12-14 UAH," In ji Bykin. - Yanzu ku, a matsayin mai samar da kayayyaki, kuna son siyan tan 10 na wannan aji. Kuna buƙatar tan 3,5 a hectare, wato 35 * 14 = 490 UAH / t, muna ƙara 70 UAH don haɓaka. Saboda haka, dankali da ake kasuwa za su fi sauki fiye da UAH 4-5, kuma hakan ba ta faruwa ba, kuma manomi shi ne na karshe a layin samun riba. ”
Anatoly Bykin ya san komai game da matsalolin kasuwancin dankalin turawa, saboda yana ɗan shekaru 19 yana yin wannan kasuwancin. Kamfanin kasuwancinsa Biotech LTD yana tsunduma cikin noman dankali. Manomi ya yi imanin cewa kasuwar dankalin turawa itace daji, saboda ana matsa shi ta gidaje waɗanda basa la'akari da tattalin arziƙin, amma kawai suna jefa kaya a kasuwa akan kowane farashi. A lokacin da farashin manoma 4 UAH, suke sayarwa a 2 UAH. A bayyane zai zabi mai siye.
Koyaya, makomar ba ta canzawa. A cewar Mataimakin Ministan manufofin Agrarian da Abinci na Ukraine Volodymyr Topchiy, yawancin dankali za su yi girma a kan gidaje shekaru da yawa, tunda shine “gurasa ta biyu” akan teburin talakawa ‘yan Yankin, wasu kuma ana amfani dasu don ciyar da dabbobi masu zaman kansu. Wannan halin ba wai kawai a cikin Ukraine ba, amma a yawancin ƙasashe bayan Soviet.
“Babban dalilan da ke kawo cikas ga samar da masana'antu a dankali a cikin Ukraine shi ne rashin fitar da kayayyaki masu karfin gaske, saboda kasashen EU da ke kula da tsirrai da sauran dalilai ba sa barin Ukraine, a matsayin wata kasa, ta sayar da shi a kan iyakinta, haka nan kuma haramcin da ya gabatar a shekarar 2015 kan yankin ta. Tarayyar Rasha Muna da ƙananan ɗimbin dankalin dankalin Turawa don abinci da ƙoshin fasaha, ”in ji Vladimir Topchy. - Koyaya, dankali na Ukraniya har yanzu suna iya ƙara yawan yankin su a ƙarƙashin namo masana'antu. A halin yanzu masu saka jari na kasar Sin a shirye suke su saka hannun jari don gina tsirran dankalin Turawa biyu a yankuna Kiev da Chernihiv. Hakanan, wani ɓangare na dabarun muhalli na duniya don maye gurbin samfuran filastik tare da abun ciki sitaci yana shafar karuwar amfanin masana'antu na dankali. ”
Aiwatarwa - “ƙwararrun magabata”
Girma dankalin Turawa kasuwanci ne mai rikitarwa, kuma idan aiki bai ɗauke shi ba, zai zama bashi da fa'ida. A cewar Anatoly Bykin, sarrafawa ya yi kama da '' yar uwata, 'wacce ke buƙatar inganci da girma ba kawai a cikin kakar ba, amma a duk shekara.
"Ba wani mai saka jari guda daya da zai yarda da saka jari ba, idan masana'antar tana aiki kwanaki 150 a shekara, ana buƙatar mafi karancin 330," in ji shi. - Kuma mafi ƙaramin tsari shine tan 22 tan, mai inganci da kayan da aka yi niyya don takamaiman samfurin. A bayyane yake cewa kakanin daga ƙauyen ba zai iya ɗaukar irin waɗannan kundin ba, saboda haka, makomar ta kasance tare da masana'antar noma, "in ji Anatoly Bykin.
A cikin Ukraine a yau, babban hanyoyin sarrafa dankali shine samar da sitaci na dankalin turawa, ƙuƙwalwa da soyayyen faranti.
Dangane da Potungiyar Dankali da Stan Sanya na Yankin Ukraine, a yanzu haka kamfanoni huɗu suna cikin ayyukan samar da dankalin turawa. Vimal, a cikin yankin Chernihiv, yana da wuraren samarwa guda biyu don tan miliyan 150 na sarrafa dankalin turawa a rana kuma an buɗe a watan Oktoba na bara don tan 1440 na dankalin turawa a kowace rana. PE “Levona” (yankin Chernihiv) da LLC "kayayyakin kayayyakin Ukraine" (yankin Kiev) suna da tan 200 na sarrafawa kowace rana. Haɗin aikin gona mai riƙe da CFG / MRIYA yana da wuraren samarwa guda biyu don tan miliyan 150 na sarrafa dankalin turawa a kowace rana kuma an buɗe a 2013 don tan 600 na sarrafa dankalin Turawa a kowace rana. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa har zuwa 2000, masana'antun samar da sitaci iri iri guda 17 ke aiki a cikin Ukraine.
Amma game da samar da kwakwalwan kwamfuta, suna tsunduma cikin LLC Club na kwakwalwan kwamfuta (Dnipro) da LLC Chips Lux (yankin Kiev), waɗanda ke aiki tare da kusan gonaki 20-30. Ayyukan samar da soyayyen kayan masarufi ne ta hanyar PJSC "Corporation" Interagrosystem "a cikin yankin Chernihiv.
"Tambayar ita ce, me ya sa ba su da yawa masu sarrafawa? Saboda rashin zaman lafiya a kasar da kasuwa an yanke: a yankuna - 7-10%, a cikin tattalin arziki - 20%, a kasuwa don cin dankalin turawa - kusan 50%, saboda Donbass, Crimea da Rasha sun cinye dankali da yawa. Kuma yanzu rabin kasuwar ta rushe. Saboda haka, don ci gaban dankalin Turawa a kasar dole ne a sami yanayin tattalin arziki da siyasa mai kyau, ”in ji Bykin.
Shin dankali zai ɓace daga manyan masu samarwa?
Kimanin tan dubu 500 na dankali ake sarrafawa kowace shekara a cikin Ukraine, idan aka kwatanta da samarwa - wannan ba komai bane. Yawancin abubuwan da ke rike da dankali tsawon shekaru suna barin shi a hankali, sun ce ba shi da amfani. Amma har yanzu akwai waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin haɓaka masana'antar dankalin turawa zuwa sabon matakin Turai.
A wannan kakar, a cikin aikin gona na CFG / MRIYA, an rarraba yanki mai hecta dubu 2 don dankali a cikin yankuna Ternopil da Lviv. Kamfanin ya yi niyya don ci gaba da ɗaukar yanayin faɗaɗa yankin a ƙarƙashin wannan amfanin gona da matsakaita na 400-500 ha a shekara.
Lokacin da suke shirin sarari a cikin riƙewar aikin gona, suna mai da hankali kan bukatun abokin ciniki, saboda manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa sune Yukren da kuma masana'antun guntu na duniya. Ana sayar da ƙaramin sashi na jimlar ƙima a cikin mafi yawa ko an aika dashi don sarrafawa (sitaci), yayin da aka ba da kwangilar zaki (gami da iri) ga abokan ciniki.
A tarihi, MRIA da CFG sun kasance masu aiki koyaushe a cikin girma dankali kuma suna da duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata don wannan, kuma babu shakka wannan hanyar zata kasance dabarun ci gaba na kamfanin. Hakanan, kasancewar dankali a cikin jujin amfanin gona yana da tasirin gaske a kan Manuniya kuma yana taimakawa wajen bambance haɗarin amfanin gona.
Sabbin 'yan wasa sun bayyana a kasuwa, alal misali, BestPotato, wanda tuni a faɗuwar 2019 ke shirin ƙaddamar da sabon aikin da ya shafi kasuwancin dankalin turawa da sarrafawa ta amfani da mafi yawan fasahar zamani.
Ba tare da iri ba, iri-iri sun mutu
Zuwa yanzu, an hada nau'ikan dankalin Turawa na gida da na kasashen waje iri 186 a cikin Jihar Register na Shuke-shuke iri wanda ya dace da Rarraba a Ukraine, 63 wanda Cibiyar Dankali ce ta kirkiro.
The rarraba dankalin turawa, iri na Cibiyar Dankali ta kiwo by ripeness kungiyar
Ripeness kungiyar | Lokacin girma | Yawan iri | Shahararrun nau'ikan |
Zai fi dacewa | 60-80 kwanakin | 3 | Radomysl, Duba, Duma |
Ciki da wuri | 80-100 kwanakin | 17 | Matsawa, Maciji, Taska, Cimmeria, Shchedryk, Sluta, Tiras |
Mid da wuri | 101-115 kwanakin | 13 | Svitanok Kiev, Levada, Fantasy, Mezhirichka 11, Aria, Strumok |
Tsaka-tsaki | 116-125 kwanakin | 25 | Gimbiya, Ivankovsky da wuri, Letana, Miroslav, Charunka, Yavor, Slavyanka, Soloha |
Tsakar-gari | 126-140 kwanakin | 5 | Sluch, Red Rue, asalin Polissye |
A cewar Cibiyar Dankali, a tsakanin nau'ikan zabin kasashen waje, an lura da manyan kundin a cikin 2018 don narkar da dankalin iri domin nau'ikan: Opal, Red Lady, Riviera, Verdi, Kibits, Melody, Aurea.
Koyaya, aiwatar da ƙirƙirar sabon nau'ikan yana da tsayi - 8-10 shekaru dole ne su wuce kafin a canza shi zuwa gwajin jihar daban-daban, sannan kuma wani gwaji na shekaru 2-3 akan fannoni daban-daban na Cibiyar Ukrainianwararriyar Yankin forwararrun withwararruwar tare da haɗawa a cikin Registeran Bayanan Bincike. Wannan shine, a kowace shekara 3-6 sabon dankalin turawa iri ana canjawa zuwa jihar iri-iri gwajin da Cibiyar Dankali Daba.
Domin lokacin 2015-2019 21 iri da dankalin turawa, kiwo na Cibiyar Dankali Dankali aka hade a cikin Register na Shuka iri iri na Ukraine. A wannan shekara, wurin yin rajista ya cika tare da sababbin nau'ikan guda biyar: Basalia, Vanguard, Alexandrite, Photinia da al'ada. Varietiesanyen dankali 9 sun sha gwaji iri daban-daban: Alliance, Volodarka, Opilya, Bazhan, Sontsedar, Mystery, Granary, Rodyn, Harmony.
“Babban aikin wannan cibiyar shi ne tallafawa samar da iri, kuma domin tallafawa, dole ne a samu mai siyarwa. Yankin ya zama mummunan yanki: manomi dan Ukraine ba zai iya siyan tsaba ba saboda ba su kasuwa ba ne, kuma cibiyar bincike ba za ta iya yada su ba saboda babu mai siye. Saboda haka, yawancin masana'antun sun fi son nau'ikan kasashen waje, "in ji Anatoly Bykin.
Samun kayan dankalin Turawa a Cibiyar Dankali da Sashen Binciken Polessky na shekarar 2018 ya kai tan 1161,696 ton na tsaba. Theungiyar Dankali a kowace shekara tana sayar da kimanin tan 700-1000 na kayan ƙwayar dankalin turawa.
Canjin yanayi = canjin fasaha
Dandalin dankalin Turawa an girka shi bisa ga al'ada: Yankin Lviv, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kiev, Chernihiv, Sumy yankuna. Yawancin lokaci farkon iri suna girma a kudu, saboda a can zaka iya samun amfanin gona biyu.
“A Kudancin Ukraine, samar da iri ke da matukar wahala, saboda akwai babbar cuta da kuma tushen masu ɗaukar ƙwayar cuta. Akwai kwari kamar su aphids, waɗanda suke da ƙarancin bakin ciki: sun zauna akan wata shuka, soke, sun tsotse ruwan ruwan kuma suka tashi zuwa wani. Idan ta zauna a kan wata itaciyar da ba ta da lafiya, to sai ta dauki kwayar cutar tare da gangar jikin ta, ta canza shi zuwa wani da lafiya. Karamin tushen masu dauke da kwayar cutar, mai dankalin turawa. Idan muna son samun ƙananan amfanin, to ba za mu iya kula da shi ba, amma idan muna son samun wadatar tattalin arziki, hutu-har ma zai daidaita tsakanin 25-30 t / ha - wannan shine adadin dankali da ake buƙatar amfani dashi don rufe komai kudi, ”in ji malamin Biotech LTD.
A cewar Bykin, dankali yana da matukar muhimmanci ga canjin yanayi. Yana da tsarin tushen tushen talauci. Idan shekaru 20 da suka gabata, lokacin zafin jiki mai wahalarwa ya kwashe kwanaki da yawa a sashin da yake tonon silili, yanzu watanni 2 kenan. Dangane da wannan, ana bukatar nau'in fari da ke iya fitar da fari da kuma takin foliar don taimaka wa tsirran ya iya tsayayya da damuwa (Yuni / Yuli), to zai iya magance kansa. A cikin fasaha, ya fi kyau amfani da nau'ikan gida, saboda sun fi dacewa da yanayin yanayi da canjin yanayi.
source: http://agroportal.ua/