Sergey Banadysev, Doctor na Sciences na aikin gona, Shugaban shirin kiwo na Doka-Gene Technologies LLC
Nome da aka shuka da jinkirin haɓaka a farkon lokacin girbi yana ƙayyade babban ƙwarewar dankali zuwa fagen toshe filin. Weeds yana rage yawan amfanin gona na dankalin turawa, musamman lokacin da gasa ta haske, abinci da ruwa ta ƙara taɓarɓarewa ta hanyar mummunan yanayin girma ko cututtuka. Har ila yau ciyawa tana hana girbi da gaske, tare da toshe sassan kayan aiki da nakasa rabuwar ƙasa. Su ne keɓaɓɓun cututtukan dankalin turawa da kwari, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar kai tsaye cikin ƙimar amfanin gona. Rawar ciyawa a cikin yaduwar cututtuka saboda saduwarsu kai tsaye tare da shuke-shuke dankalin turawa idan har yaɗuwar injiniyoyi da aphids. Dogon lokacin dankalin dankalin turawa ya baiwa mafi yawan nau'o'in ciyawar damar yin mulkin mallaka, wanda ke haifar da kiyaye kwayoyin cuta a cikin tsaba. Tsaba suna yada cututtuka ba kawai daga uwar shuka zuwa zuriyar ba, har ma zuwa wasu yankuna. Gulma a matsayin tushen cuta tana da mahimmanci musamman don samar da iri na dankalin turawa, babban aikinsu shine samar da kayan shuka ba tare da ƙwayoyin cuta ba.
Daga cikin ciyawar da ke yaɗuwa, akwai ajiyar yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Fiye da nau'in 100 sun tara Y-virus da spindle tuber viroid. Waɗannan su ne stork hemlock, baƙar fata henbane, shuɗin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, veronica (nau'ikan), takaddar filayen, ƙaramin fure halinsoga, tsuntsun tsawa, dutsen mai kama da ruwa, buckwheat mai ɗaure, ɗanɗano mai daɗi, farin sandwheat, barberry, tauraruwar tauraruwa ta musamman, lacfiol jaundice, rugwort gama gari , farar Maryamu, uwa-da-miji, euphorbia sungazer, filin mint, shuka shukakku, dandelion na magani, baƙon dare, baƙar garken makiyayi, ɗan tsako, katako mai annashuwa, katon plantain, katako na gari, ciyawar alkama, radish na daji, resin gama gari, dawakai na filin , scabbard na marsh, violet na fili, zobo mai doki, kwarin kore, koren scabbard, tafa mai ruwan hoda. Babban haɗari kamar masu tara ƙwayoyin cuta sune ciyawar shekara-shekara - shuka sarƙaƙƙiya, ciyawar alkama, plantain, wormwood, tunda kamuwa da cutar ya ci gaba a cikin rhizomes na hunturu kuma ana watsa shi zuwa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na kakar mai zuwa. Nightshade, henbane, thistle thistle, white gauze, woodlice, filin mint, dandelion, nettle, clover, hops sune tsire-tsire masu karɓar ƙwaya mai nematode, wanda ya zama babban kwaro iri da ƙwaya dankali. Nau'in namun daji na dare - kamar su baƙon dare, mai ɗaci, baƙar fata - suna riƙe da kwayar cuta a cikin filaye na dogon lokaci. Dankalin ciyawa, wanda ya ninka ba kawai a cikin wuraren zubar da shara ba, har ma a cikin filayen saboda ƙara yawan lokacin sanyi, ya zama tushen musamman na ƙwayoyin cuta. (an bayyana hanyoyin sarrafa dankali a matsayin sako a cikin mujallar "Tsarin Dankali" Na 3, 2019).
Sarƙar da keɓaɓɓiyar ƙwayar cuta shine mahimmancin kayan fasaha na zamani don shuka dankali. Asabatar duniya Maganin ciyawar da aka yi amfani da shi a kan dankali ya bambanta sosai kuma ya haɗa da mahaɗan aiki don kashe ciyawar kafin shuka, kafin tsiro da lokacin girma na dankali. Kafin yaduwar dankalin turawa a kasashe daban-daban, ana amfani da sinadarai masu aiki (d.v.-va): glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, ammonium glufosinate, dimethamide, fomesafen, methobromuron, linuron, prometrin, metribuzin, eptam, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, clomazone , propisochlor, prosulfocarb, pendimethalin, flurochloridone, flufenacet. A lokacin girma, cikakken saitin dankalin turawa mai jituwa dv. ya hada da bentazone, MCPA, metribuzin, rimsulfuron, chizalofopethyl, fluazifop - P-butyl, cedodim, propachizafop Yawan amfani da wasu mahadi masu aiki daban sun bambanta sosai saboda bambancin digiri na dacewa da fasahar noman cikin gida, ƙasa da yanayin canjin yanayi da tsarin sako. Don haka, magungunan kashe ciyawa bisa ga eptam, treflan, C-metolachlor, waɗanda ke buƙatar haɗawa cikin ƙasa, a zahiri ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin dankalin turawa da ke girma a cikin Amurka da Kanada. Cigaban ciyawar da ke dauke da glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, piraflufen, ammonium glufosinate suna tasiri ne kawai kan ciyawar ciyayi, ba sa shafar shuke-shuken da za su bayyana daga baya. Ba duk ciyawar bane ke da lokacin tsirowa kafin harbewar dankalin turawa. Kuma waɗannan shirye-shiryen bai kamata su hau kan dankali a kowane hali ba. Sabili da haka, ka'idojin amfani da su sun haɗa da lafazin mai zuwa - "Har sai bayyanar ɓarkewa a cikin ƙasa ko hucin ƙasar." - hoto na 1,2. A wannan yanayin, muna nufin fasa da ɗan itacen dankali ya haifar. Ta hanyar wadannan fasa, ci gaba da maganin ciyawa ya lalata dankali.
Kowane abu mai aiki na ganyayyaki mai kwari yana da nau'ikann aikinsa akan ciyawa. Akwai ciyawar da ke tsayayya da duk cututtukan da ke akwai - dope gama, faranti filin, geranium wanda aka watsa (Table 1). Babu D.-in., Zaɓin don dankali, amma yana da ikon lalata duk wasu nau'in shuka. Molecules na hizalafopetil, fluazifop-P-butyl, propachisaphop, celodime an tsara su don rage nau'in alkama na musamman. Metobromuron, metribuzin, linuron, promethrin, rimsulfuron suna da mafi kyawun rawar gani. Cobweed yana da tsayayya ga metribuzin, baƙar fata mai duhu, bluegrass mai shekara ɗaya, prometrin - bluegrass na shekara-shekara, purpurea filin, purpurea purpurea, filin butyl, farin gauze zuwa rimsulfuron, highlanders, bindweed, Sophia decurania, dope baki, black nighthade, porcine. Don haka, an fara amfani da gauraye-tsire, abubuwa guda biyu, gaurayen tanki da jiyya a lokuta daban-daban na lokacin girma kuma ya yadu.
Tebur 1. Tsarin aiki na abubuwa masu aiki na ƙwayoyin cuta (Rebarz K., 2019)
Abu mai aiki | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ciyawa | Bentazone | Hizalafoptil | Clomazon | Harshen Cyclocidim | Fluazitop-R-butyl | Flufenacet | Fluorochloride | Kletodim | MSPA | Metobromuron | Metribuzin | Fankarinas | Profa | Propizochlor | Kawancen | Rimsulfuron | Samarinki |
Datura talakawa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
An rarraba Geranium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Billar gama gari | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | - | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | ++ |
Dymyanka officinalis | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | - | ++ | - |
Field violet | + | - | - | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | ++ | ++ | + | - | + | + | + | - |
Alamar matsakaici | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ | - |
Lamban Rago yana da ƙarfi. | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - |
Karin Maria | + | - | + | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | + | - |
Creeper | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Filin Cirsium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - |
Alkama ciyawa creeping | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Pikulnik talakawa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
Veronica | + | - | + | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | + | - | - | ++ | - | - |
Kananan canaden | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Masu bautar | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | + | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | - |
Black Nishadi | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
Karin magana | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | + | + | - |
Karin magana | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
Karin Bindweed | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | - |
Mayweed | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | + | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
Yin fyaɗe da kai | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | + | ++ | - |
Filin horsetail | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Shiritsa aka jefa baya | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
Jakar makiyayin | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
Filin jirgin ruwa | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
Bluegrass na shekara-shekara | - | ++ | + | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | + | ++ | - | ++ | + | - | ++ |
Bristle kore | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | ++ |
Galinsoga karamin flowered | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | + | - |
Labari: ++ - sako mai mahimmanci; + - ciyawar tana da matsakaicin yanayi; - - ciyawar tana da juriya.
Tebur 2. Tasirin manyan magungunan dabbobi na kasuwanci, Jamus 2020
Table
Irin ciyawa | Carfin Zencor | Zenkor bayan. | Stomp | Linuron dovsh. | Sanya ƙara. | Lingo dovsh. | Stallion dovskh. | Dikvat dovsh. | Haske ya kara. | Titus bayani. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bluegrass na shekara-shekara | S | S | S | MR | S | MS | S | MS | ||
Annual nettle | S | S | MS | S | S | |||||
Karin Bindweed | R | MS | S | S | ||||||
Black Nishadi | R | MS | R | S | S | S | S | MS | ||
Karin Bindweed | MS | S | MS | S | S | S | MS | |||
Bakar ciyawa? | S | MS | S | MR | MR | S | ||||
Dabba radish | S | S | S | S | MR | S | S | S | ||
Alamar matsakaici | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
Masu bautar | R | R | MS | MR | S | S | MS | S | S | S |
Mayweed | MS | S | S | S | ||||||
Mint filin | R | S | ||||||||
An rarraba Geranium | MS | S | MS | |||||||
Alkama ciyawa creeping | R | S | ||||||||
Kara Lobule | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
Karin Maria | S | S | S | S | MS | S | S | S | MR | |
Filin jirgin ruwa | S | S | S | S | S | MS | ||||
Dymyanka officinalis | S | S | MS | R | MR | S | MS | S | ||
Ragwort | S | S | S | S | MS | S | S | MS | ||
Pikulnik talakawa | S | S | S | S | MR | S | S | S | ||
Buckwheat | MS | MS | S | MR | MS | S | S | S | MS | |
Mayweed | S | S | S | S | MR | MS | S | MS | S | |
Farin mustard | S | |||||||||
Kai shuka-rapeseed | S | S | S | R | S | MR | MS | S | S | |
Swan din yana ta yadu | S | S | S | S | MS | MS | S | S | MS | |
Karin magana | S | S | S | S | MS | MS | S | S | MS | |
Field violet | S | MS | S | S | MS | MR | S | S | MS | |
Poppy na gama gari | S | S | S | S | MR | S | MS | |||
Highlander Scaley | S | S | S | S | S | MS | MS | S | S | S |
Bonfire hatsin rai | MS | R | ||||||||
Yeanƙan shekaru | S | S | MR | |||||||
Flaxseed | R | R | R | MS | ||||||
Creeper | S | S | S | |||||||
Jakar makiyayin | S | S | MS | S | S | S | S | |||
Lyarshe zobo | S | S | ||||||||
Osot mai rawaya ne | MS | MS | MS | S | MS | S | MS | |||
Veronica | S | S | S | S | S | MS | S | S | S | |
Ovsyug | R | MS | MR | S | MS |
S = m, MS = matsakaici mai hankali R = barga MR = matsakaici mai tsauri
Don haka, a cikin Amurka don 2020 an ba da shawarar yin amfani da mahaɗan tanki don maganin riga-kafin dangane da pendimethalin, eptam, C-metolachlor, metribuzin, rimsulfuron da zetoxydim. A Kanada, ana ba da shawarar haɗakar metribuzin tare da linuron, glufosinate, sulfentrazone (Table 4).
Jadawalin 4. Asabe na dankalin turawa a gonar dankalin Turawa a shekarar 2020
TAFIYA HANKALI HERBICIDE | Bangaren Buffer | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Don ƙarin bayani, koma zuwa Bayanan kula da kashe ƙwaƙwalwar, Teburin zaɓi na Tsoro da kuma samfuran samfuran. | Halitta | Hazard | Valuntataccen Shigowar shiga | Tazara tazara | Group | |||||
Chemical Name | Samfur | Samfuri / ha | Surfactant | Ƙasa | Ruwa <1m | |||||
KAFIN TAFIYA | ||||||||||
EPTC | ePTA | 4.25-8.5 L / ha | Babu | EC | VLH | 24 | 45 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
wanda aka kawo a cikin 1 | Daban-daban: Round-up da sauransu | 2.5-7 L / ha | ZABI | SN | VLH | 12 | - | 9 | 15 | 15 |
s-metolachlor | Dual II Magnum | 1.25-1.75 L / ha | Babu | EC | VLH | 12 | - | 15 | - | 29 |
PREMIEN SAUKI | ||||||||||
dimethenamid-p | Max Frontier, Outlook | 0.756-0.963 L / ha | Babu | EC | LH | 24 | 40 | 15 | 3 | 1 |
lafiyayyan gida | Reflex | 1 L / ha | ZABI | SN | LH | 12 | 70 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
man shafawa | Ignite | 2.7-5 L / ha | Babu | SN | VLH | 12 | - | 10 | 1 | 1 |
wanda aka kawo a cikin 1 | Daban-daban: Round-up da sauransu | 2.5 L / ha | ZABI | SN | VLH | 12 | - | 9 | 15 | 15 |
linuron | Lorox L. | 2.25-4.5 L / ha | Babu | SU | VLH | 24 | - | 7 | - | - |
linuron + s-metolachlor | Lorox LDual II Magnum | 1.9-2.3 L / ha 1.25-1.75 L / ha | Babu | SU EC | VLH | 24 | - | 7 15 | - | 29 |
metribuzin | Sencor, Tricor, Squadron Sencor 500 FL, Metrix | 0.55 - 1.5 kg / ha ko 0.85 - 2.25 L / ha | Babu | D.F.SU | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin + glufosinate | Sencor 500FL Metrix Ignite | 1.1 L / ha 2.7-5 L / ha | Babu | SU SN | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 10 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin + linuron | Sencor, Tricor, Squadron Lorox L. | 0.55 - 1.1 kg / ha 1.6-3.75 L / ha | Babu | DF SU | VLH | 24 | 60 | 5 7 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin + s-metolachlor | Sencor, Tricor, Squadron Dual II Magnum | 0.55 - 1.5 kg / ha 1.25-1.75 L / ha | Babu | DF EC | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 15 | 10 | 29 |
metribuzin + s-metolachlor | Saukewa: Tricor + UPI S-MET | 0.55 kg / ha 1.3 L / ha | Babu | DF | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 15 | 10 | 29 |
sarrajuwa / s-metolachlor | Iyaka LQD | 1.85-2.5 L / ha | Babu | EC | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 15 | 10 | 29 |
metribuzin + sulfentrazone | Farashin STZ | 0.6 - 0.8 kg / ha 0.16-0.22 L / ha | Babu | DF FL | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 14 | 10 | 5 |
BAYAN DA KYAUTA (KYAUTA BA ZA A YI SASHE NA) | ||||||||||
metribuzin | Sencor, Tricor, Squadron Sencor 500FL Metrix | 0.55 - 1.5 kg / ha 0.85 - 2.25 L / ha | Babu | DF SU | VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin + rimsulfuron | Ga Titus: Tricia + Prism | 0.28 - 0.375 kg / ha 60 g / ha + 0.2% v / v | Wadanda ba ionic ba | DF SG | LH | 12 | 60 | 5 2 | 10 | 5 |
SAURAN SAUKAR SA | ||||||||||
tsabanin | Zaɓi / Arrow | 0.19-0.38 L / ha + 0.5-1.0% v / v | Amigo ko X- Dokar | EC | VLH | 12 | 60 | 1 | 15 | - |
fluazifop-p-butyl | Kamfanoni L | 1.0 - 2.0 L / ha | Babu | EC | VLH | - | 45 | 1 | 15 | 15 |
rimsulfuron | Ta'addanci, Rimsulfuron | 60 g / ha + 0.2% v / v | Wadanda ba ionic ba | SG | LH | 12 | 30 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
sethaxydim | Matsanancin Talakawa | 0.32-1.1 L / ha + 1-2 L / ha surf | Ci gaba ko Taimakawa | EC | VLH | 12 | 80 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Tsara: DF - Ciyawa mai bushewa; EC - Emulsifiable Taro; SN - Magani; SU - Dakatarwa; SG - Matsalar Granule Hazard: LH - Low Hazard; VLH - Mafi ƙarancin haɗari Bayani: 1) An gabatar da ƙididdiga don 356 g aiki / L tsarin aiki. Koma zuwa takamaiman samfurin kayan aikin don tabbatar da ƙimar ƙimar aikin. Aiwatar da bayan ciyawar ta fito, amma kafin dankali ya fito, babu aikin saura. |
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Matsakaicin magungunan ciyawa a cikin ƙasashen Turai kwanan nan yana raguwa da sauri, kuma ƙarfin ikon kula da ilimin kimiyyar muhalli a cikin EU yana da ƙarfi sosai. Kwanan nan, an dakatar da abubuwan linuron, diquat, akwai magana game da hana metribuzin. Saboda haka, a cikin ƙa'idodin kare dankali a cikin Jamus da duk sauran ƙasashen dankalin turawa don 2020, akwai therean ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin aiki masu yawa (Table 5). Tare da babban gurɓataccen filayen, ana ba da shawarar amfani da shi a cikin farkon fitowar abubuwan haɗuwa da bandur + zenkor, novotron + zenkor, proman + novotron, artist + centium 36 (Table 2,5).
Tebur 5. Adadin cututtukan tsire-tsire a cikin Jamus na 2020.
Shuka | Drug | GHS | Iyakar aikace-aikace | WZ | Daidaita | Bayanai |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tsarin dicotyledonous weeds, bluegrass na shekara-shekara | Kwala (alamuzari) | 07 08 09 | NW - (- / - / * *) m NT145,146,170 | F | 4,5 - 5,0 l | A kan cinikin monocotyledonous da dicotyledonous weeds. Kafin fure, ba da daɗewa ba kafin fitar dankali. A kan nau'ikan chamomile, highlander, farin marie, yi amfani da cakuda tare da Sencor Liquid 0,3 - 0,5 l / ha. Yi amfani da shi a yanayin zafi da ƙarancin zafi a cikin amfanin gona mai mahimmanci (misali kayan lambu, ganye, beets, ...) ya kamata a guji shi. |
Akwatin Liquid Shiryayyen Akwatin | 07 08 09 | NW - (- / - - * *) m NW706 NT103,145,146,170 | 42 | 3,0 - 5,0 l + 0,3 - 0,5 l | A kan cinikin monocotyledonous da dicotyledonous weeds. Kafin fure, ba da daɗewa ba kafin fitar dankali. A kan nau'ikan chamomile, highlander, farin marie, yi amfani da cakuda tare da Sencor Liquid 0,3 - 0,5 l / ha. Yi amfani da shi a yanayin zafi da ƙarancin zafi a cikin amfanin gona mai mahimmanci (misali kayan lambu, ganye, beets, ...) ya kamata a guji shi. | |
Tsarin dicotyledonous weeds, bluegrass na shekara-shekara | Sencor Liquid (metribuzin) | 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW706, NT103 | 42 | 0,9 l | A kan shekara-shekara hatsi da dicotyledonous weeds. Bayan cresting, jim kadan kafin fitowar. |
Mistral (Metribuzinum) | 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW706, NT103 | F | 0,75 kg | ||
Sencor ruwa (metribuzin) | 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NW701, NT102 | 42 | 0,4 - 0,6 l | A kan ciyayi. Musamman ma a kan kasa na humus tare da ciyawa mai tsayi har zuwa 5 cm, dankali har zuwa cm 10. Ba a kan gado ba. Varietal hankali, kula! | |
Mistral (Metribuzinum) | 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NW701, NT102 | 42 | 0,3 - 0,5 kilogiram | ||
Metric (метрибузин + кломазон) | 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW701, NT109,127,149 | F | 1,5 l | Dovskhodovo, da hatsi da dicotyledonous weeds. A cakuda da Bandur ko Proman don amintaccen watsawa da fadada bakan aikin. Babu amfani a cikin iri iri. | |
Itace dicotyledonous weeds, bluegrass na shekara-shekara, dewdrop | Samantha Damitec (alconifen + clomazone) | 07 08 09 | NW - (20/15/5) m NW701, NT108,127,149 | F | 2,4 kg | A gaba, kafin germination, tare da kafa ridges |
Itace dicotyledonous weeds, bluegrass na shekara-shekara, dewdrop | Arcade (Matatsatsin + Metribuzin) | 09 | NW - (- / - / 5) m NW706, NT112,145,146,170, NG405 | F | 4,0 - 5,0 l | Dovskhodovo, zuwa ɗaukar hoto kuma daga baya zuwa matakin BBCH 15. Yi amfani da yanayin zafi da ƙarancin zafi a albarkatu masu nauyi (misali kayan lambu, ganye, beets, ...) |
Artist (murafenacet + metribuzin) | 07 08 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NW706, NT103 | F | 2,0 kg | A gaba, kafin hujin. A kan kasa mai haske har zuwa 2,0 kilogiram / ha, a kan matsakaici da nauyi mai nauyi har zuwa 2,5 kg / ha. Amfani da ƙasa mai humus ba shi da tasiri. Lura da daidaituwa. | |
NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW706, NT103 | F | 2,5 kg | ||||
Itace dicotyledonous weeds, bluegrass na shekara-shekara, dewdrop | Kayan (rimsulfuron) | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW705, NT108 | F | 50 g + 0,3 l FHS | Lokacin da tsayi da tsire-tsire dankalin turawa yake 5 cm cm 20. Guji rufe ciyayi tare da ganyen dankalin turawa. Ba a kan dankali iri ba kuma ba iri-iri ko na farko ba. |
Rimuron 25 WG (rimsulfuron) | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW705, NT108 | F | 50 g + 0,2 l FHS | ||
Aljani | 08 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NG404, NT102 | F | 2,0 - 3,0 l | Dovskhodovo. A kan gado ya kasance hade da 2,0 l / ha Proman + misali Metric 1,0 l / ha ko Boxer 3,0 l / ha ana buƙatar. | |
Ganyayyaki, sai dai bluegrass na shekara | Agil-S (kayan aiki) | 07 09 | F | 0,5 - 1,0 l | Bayan fitowar ciyawa, a mataki na 2- ana daidaita yawan amfani ne ta la'akari da irin hatsi. Babban matakan da ciyawa, ciyawa da sedge. | |
Fuskantar Mai da hankali = Mayar da hankali Ultra + Dash (cycloxydim) | 05 07 08 09 | NT101 | 56 | 1,0 - 1,5 l + 1,0 -1,5 l |
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Fusilade MAX (fluazifop-P-ethyl) | 07 08 09 | NT101 | 90 | 1,0 l | ||
Targa Super (Quasilofopethyl) | 05 07 08 09 | NT101 | 49 | 0,75 - 1,25 l | ||
Masara da kuma hatsi Harvester | Zaɓi 240 EC + Radiamix (cellodym) | 07 08 09 | NT108 | 60 | 0,75 + 1,0 l | Bayan tsirrai daga BBCH 12 zuwa rufe hanyoyin zuwa BBCH 29. Da keɓaɓɓen ɓarkewar shekara a matakan rajista. |
Tare da kasancewar alkama ciyawa | Kayan | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NT103 | F | 30 g + 0,18 l 20 g + 0,12 l | A kan hatsi da dicotyledonous weeds. Jerin spraying a tsawo na 5-20 cm tare da tazara tsakanin kwanaki 8-10. Ba a cikin iri iri da kuma farkon ko farkon iri |
Rimuron 25WG | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NT103 | F | 30 g + 0,2 l 20 g + 0,2 l |
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Fuskantar Mai da hankali = Mayar da hankali Ultra + Dash | 05 07 08 09 | NT101 | 56 | 2,5 + 2,5 l | Bayan fitowar dankalin dankalin turawa a gaban alkama na 15-20 cm a tsayi. Yanayi mai zafi yana fifita sakamakon. Zaɓi 240 EC kuma yana ɗaukar ra'ayoyin ƙarfe. | |
Fusilade MAX | 07 08 09 | NT103 | 90 | 2,0 l | ||
Zaɓi 240 EC + Radiamix | 07 08 09 | NT109 | 60 | 1,0 + 1,0 l | ||
Super Targa | 05 07 08 09 | NT102 | 49 | 2,0 l | ||
*) - kiyaye takamaiman dokokin kasa don nisa daga jikin ruwa! GHS - ajin haɗari; WZ shine lokacin jira.
An ba wa manoman dankalin turawa izinin amfani da maganin kashe ciyawa bisa ga glyphosate, diquat, MCPA, metribuzin, prometrin, prosulfocarb, flurochloridone da haɗin flufenacet + metribuzin a cikin lokacin fitowar. Bayan dasa shuki, an shigar da wadannan abubuwa: cethodim, rimsulfuron, propaquasifop, cycloxydim, fluazifop-P-butyl, chizalofopethyl da hada-hada wanda ya hada da cletodim da haloxyfop-R - methyl. Yawancin kwayoyin aiki masu amfani (clomazone, bentazone, eptam, C-metolachlor, pendimethalin, da sauransu) suma ana amfani dasu a hukumance a cikin wasu albarkatun gona, amma basu da izini na yau da kullun don dankali. Bambance-bambance a cikin kayan kwalliyar dankalin turawa na Rasha a cikin nau'in anti-hatsi ba su da muhimmanci; a cikin babban toshewar ciyawar, ana bayyana su a cikin rashin shirye-shiryen hada-hadar zamani da yawa, da yawan abubuwa masu aiki masu tasiri da kuma tsarin aikace-aikacen. Idan a wasu ƙasashe ana amfani da shirye-shirye iri-iri, alal misali, a Ingila, kashe ciyawa mai lamba 1 akan dankali na dogon lokaci yanzu an riga an dakatar da reglon (Fig. 1), to muna da metribuzin da ciyawar ciyawar rimsulfuronic da ke tazara mai faɗi.
Hoto 1. Yankunan sarrafa dankali tare da tsire-tsire a cikin Ingila, 2015.
Metribuzin na iya haifar da phytotoxic dauki a cikin yawancin nau'ikan. Hankalin tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa ga wannan sinadari mai aiki ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: halayen ƙwayoyin halitta na iri-iri, lokacin aiki, adadin hazo da zafin jiki na iska bayan aikace-aikacen, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa. Mafi sau da yawa, amsawar phytotoxic yana faruwa lokacin da ake amfani da shirye-shirye dangane da wannan kayan aiki bayan germination na tsire-tsire dankalin turawa. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, yana iya faruwa ko bayan aikace-aikacen kashe-kashen a lokacin lokacin fitowar su (hoto 3,4).
Maganin phytotoxic yana da mahimmancin gaske wajen samar da iri, saboda zai iya zama da wahala ko ma ba zai yuwu a gudanar da zaɓi mara kyau ba saboda irin wannan alamun tare da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gaskiya ne, wani lokacin shirye-shirye dangane da metribuzin suna taimakawa don tsarkakewa idan mai haɗaɗɗun mahaɗan yana da ƙwarewa sosai ga wannan dv. (hoto 3). A cikin samar da kasuwanci, lalacewa daga metribuzin na iya haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa da raguwar adadin tubers, wanda aka fi lura da shi a cikin nau'ikan tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin girma, waɗanda ke da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don murmurewar chlorophyll. Ayyuka masu yawa game da amsawar tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire game da maganin ciyawa suna jaddada cewa yawan amfanin ƙasa yana raguwa tare da ƙara lalacewa. Hakan ya biyo baya ne daga wasu karatuttukan da ke nuna cewa kananan cututtukan cututtukan jiki ba wai kawai ba su rage amfanin gona ba ne, amma, akasin haka, an lura da kari ta hanyar babban tasirin danniyar ciyawar. Sabili da haka, cikakken bayani game da yanayin kwayar metribuzin don takamaiman nau'in dankalin turawa yana ba da damar haɓaka ƙa'idodi masu aminci don amfani da wani takamaiman ciyawar.
Akwai shawarwari daga Europeanungiyar Masu Binciken Yammacin Turai (EWRC) don ƙaddamar da phytotoxicity (Table 6). A lokaci guda, cikakken bayani game da iri yana da wahalar samu. Idan kun binciki kowane nau'i daban-daban don maganin cututtukan fata, to, lokacin da za a yi amfani da maganin kashe kwari zai ɓace. Saboda haka, wanda ya isa ya bishe shi da shawarwarin kamfanonin kiwo. Wannan halayyar nau'ikan iri-iri a fili tana nuna mahimmancin, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta manyan kamfanonin kiwo suna samar da shi dole.
Tebur 6. Sigar Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin tsire-tsire na EWRC
Sikeli | Halayyar halayen | Halin halin hankali, ma'aunin sikelin | Yanayin lalacewar sassan jikin m |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Babu lalacewa | M | Babu lalacewa |
2. | Alamar taushi sosai | Sensarancin hankali (1,1 -2,0) | Enaukain haske mai haske gefuna ganye ko veins ganye |
3. | Alamar sassauci | Tsarin tsinkaye na matsakaici (2,1 -4,0) | Lightarfin haske na gefuna na ganye ko jijiyoyin ganye |
4. | Mummunan bayyanar cututtuka - ba koyaushe ke shafar amfanin gona ba | Lightening da kadan necrosis na ruwan wukake na ganye - har zuwa 2% | |
5. | Raunin raunin da ya faru | Rashin hankali (4,1 - 6,0) | Lightening da necrosis na ruwan wukake na ganye - har zuwa 10% |
Lalacewar mummunan - necrosis | Lightening da necrosis na ruwan wukake na ganye - har zuwa 25% | ||
6. | Lalacewar mummunan - necrosis | Babban hankali (> 6,1) | Lightening da necrosis na ruwan wukake na ganye - har zuwa 50% |
7. | Mai tsananin lalacewa | Lightening da necrosis na ruwan wukake na ganye - har zuwa 75% | |
8. | Gaba daya lalata tsire-tsire | Cikakken halakar sassan tsire-tsire masu iska |
A cikin halin irin dankalin turawa, kiwo HZPC Sadokas yana ba da waɗannan kimantawa na ƙwarewa ga metribuzin: rashin hankali, ɗan ɗan kaɗan, mara ji, mai ɗan taushi, mai saurin isa, mai saurin yanayi, mai hankali. Ko kuma an nuna cewa metribuzin yana da shawarar a yi amfani da shi kafin tsiron. Yana da wahala a gina tsari na zamani tare da irin waɗannan kalmomin. Solana yayi takamaiman shawarwari. Rashin hankali - Arosa, Rosara, Felox, Zecura, Red Lady, Rodriga, Sarauniya Anna, Miranda, Opal, Figaro, Verdi. Mai hankali, yi amfani da shi har zuwa 250 g / ha na mertibuzin akan shuki - Natasha, Labella, Leoni, Laperla, Caruso, Lyudmila. Kada a yi amfani da metribuzin-Vitesse akan ƙwayoyi. Agrico yana amfani da cin kwallaye. Ba mai juriya ga metribuzin (maki 3 daga cikin 9); babban ƙwarewa, rauni mai ƙarfi (maki 5-6) - amfani bayan germination yana haifar da canza launin saman saman da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa; matsakaici na ƙwarai (maki 6-7 daga 9) - amfani da fitowan bayan-fitowar zai iya haifar da canza launin saman, amma ba tare da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa ba; ƙananan ƙwarewa (8 daga maki 9) - babu halayen mara kyau. Don haka, an gina sikelin Agrico a cikin tsari na baya, wanda aka nuna dangane da sikelin EWRC. A ma'aunin kamfanin, ci 9 yana nufin mafi ƙarancin hankali ga metribuzin, kuma akan sikelin EWRC, mafi girma.
Turare mai rarrabe ya rarrabe nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa guda uku dangane da metribuzin - mara ma'ana, mai ɗan taushi, kuma dole ne a daidaita yawan abin da ke bayan ƙwaya don ya lalace. Norika ba ya ba da bayani, kodayake an san shi daga aiki cewa wasu nau'ikan suna da matukar damuwa (Molly, Vega). Ga nau'ikan Stet an nuna shi - ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, matsakaiciyar juriya, matsakaiciyar juriya, mai saurin ji, mai saurin ji. Nau'in dankalin da aka zaba na Doka - Gennye Tekhnologii LLC - Carmen, Firayim Minista, Indigo, Kalinka, Flamingo ba sa jin daɗin metribuzin a farkon kakar girma. A cikin wallafe-wallafen mutum na iya samun bayanai gutsuri-tsoma game da juriya da nau'ikan Belarusiya, ba za a iya samun bayanin hukuma kan nau'ikan Rasha ba. Da ke ƙasa akwai halayyar mai zaman kanta ta nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙasashen waje da ke yaduwa a cikin ƙasar (Table 7). Masana Jamusawa sun rarrabe ƙarancin juriya ga metribuzine a cikin Vineta, Red Fantasy, Vega, Madeira, Verdi, Europrima, BP 808, iri iri na Lady Claire (Scheid L. et al., 2020).
Tebur 7. Saurin nau'in dankalin turawa zuwa metribuzin, aikace-aikacen bayan fitowar na 350 g na-va / ha na metribuzin, (Urbanowicz, 2019)
Sikeli | kimantawa | Sorta |
---|---|---|
1 | M | Felsin, Satin, Saturn, Cerat, Labadia, Canberra, Colomba, Rage ƙarfi |
1,1 -2,0. | Sensarancin hankali | Accent, Arsenal, Bellarosa, Verdi, M, Impala, Caratop, Carlena, Ludmila, Madeline, Manitou, Marquis, Melody, Rocco, Russet Burbank, Saline, Ramos, Mozart, Challenger |
2,1 - 4,0. | Tsarin tsaka-tsaki na matsakaici | Agria, Arizona, Asterix, Bellaprim, Brooke, Colette, El Mundo, Gala, Jelly, Curas, Uwargida Claire, Madeira, Mondeo, Pyrrole, Sarauniya Anna, Red Fantasy, Red Sonya, Riviera, Sagitta, BP 808, Panther, Silvana, Red Scarlett, Nevsky, Timo, Sifra, Jarla, Crispforol |
4,1 -6,0. | Rashin hankali | Arrow, Eurostar, Innovator, Molly, Rosalind, Sante, Vignette, Rosalind, Fable |
7,1 -9,0. | Babban hankali | Fresco |
Tare da tsinkaye mai zurfi na nau'ikan (maki EWRC sama da 5), ana iya amfani da herbicides akan metribuzin (musamman, Zencor) bayan fitowar su a cikin adadin da bai wuce 0,5 l ba, kg / ha. In ba haka ba, bayyanuwar phytotoxicity da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa suna yiwuwa. Idan hankalin ya wuce maki 7, to aikace-aikacen bayan-waje ya zama ba a ke so. Ko'ina cikin teku, metribuzin tsarkakakke yana da matukar kamewa, ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da shi a kan nau'ikan tare da fararen bawo, shirye-shiryen gauraye da abubuwan haɓaka tanki tare da ƙarancin Zencor na yau da kullun suna da fa'ida. A hankali na dankalin turawa iri-iri zuwa metribuzin ya kamata a sa ido sosai a cikin iri iri, tunda bayyanar necrosis a cikin ganyayyaki yana gurbata yanayin kasancewar cututtukan hoto kuma baya bada izinin kin amincewa da tsire-tsire masu cututtukan, wanda kai tsaye ke shafar ingancin ƙwayar iri.
Lamarin yayi kama da ciyawar da ke tushen rimsulfuron. Titus da analogs masu yawa suna haifar da canza launin ruwan ganye ko ma ainihin kwafin alamun mosaic na dankalin turawa (hoto 5,6). Shuke-shuke yawanci suna murmurewa daga wannan raunin cikin kwanaki 7-10 bayan jiyya, ba tare da wani tasiri kan amfanin ƙasa ba. Karkashin yanayin muhalli masu matukar wahala kamar sanyi, danshi ko yanayi mai zafi da danshi, kuma daga baya ayi amfani da shi akan dankalin da ya fi tsayi, maganin rimsulfuron na iya yin barna mafi yawa. Don rage yiwuwar lalacewar dankali, ana ba da shawarar cewa a yi amfani da wannan maganin kashe ciyawar bayan akalla kwanaki uku a jere na yanayin rana.
Babban mahimmin bambancin yanayi a bayyanar phytotoxicity yana iyakance damar amfani da metribuzin da rimsulfuron a cikin dankali mai shuka iri. Kuna buƙatar mayar da hankali kan pre-fitowan amfani da waɗannan abubuwa ko amfani da wasu d.v. A cikin Jamus, ana ba da shawarar yin aiki tare da proman, ɗan dambe, bandura da novitron a cikin tsarkakakken tsari ko kuma gauraya akan nau'ikan da ke damun zenkora (tebur 2,5). A cikin Amurka da Kanada, ana ba da fifiko ga shirye-shiryen gauraye ko haɗuwa da tanki tare da ƙananan ƙimar metribuzine (Table 4). Ba duk zaɓin da aka yi amfani da shi a wasu ƙasashe ake da shi ga manoman dankalin turawa na Rasha ba, amma keɓaɓɓen yanayin maganin ciyawar dankalin turawa ya isa sosai. Koyaya, dole ne a yi la'akari da tasirin ingancin dankalin turawa, gami da sakamakon, da farko, game da ci gaba da ciyawar ciyawar. Waɗannan su ne shirye-shirye bisa ga glyphosate, diquat, ammonium glufosinate. An tara bayanai da yawa a cikin adabin duniya akan glyphosate a cikin yanayin tasirin mummunan tasirin dankali. Adadin ciyawa bai kamata ya sami damar shuke-shuke da dankalin turawa ba. Kawai fashewar ƙasa ne da fashewa daga ɓarke dankali (hoto 7) buɗewar hanya, ƙwaya ba kawai tsire-tsire ke sha shi ba, har ma ana watsa ta cikin zuriyar. Alamun farko na cutar glyphosate da aka lalata dankali suna cikin hoto na 8, cutar tarin fuka da alamomi akan tubers suna cikin hoto na 9,10. A shekara mai zuwa, tasirin glyphosate ya bayyana a cikin raguwar tsire-tsire da raunana shuke-shuke. (hoto 11,12) kuma sakamakon zai bayyana har zuwa shekaru uku.
Irin wannan lalacewar dankalin iri ya samo asali ne daga maganin kashe ciyawar da ba a fayyace su ba - clopyralid, dicamba, sulfonylureas, ana nuna alamun cutar a hoto na 13,14, 15. Tabbas, babu wanda yayi amfani dasu musamman akan dankali. Ba za a iya haifar da dankali da guguwar iska daga wasu filayen da ragowar a cikin mai fesawa ba tare da ruwan sha ko rashin kulawa ba. Wannan kuma ya shafi ci gaba da maganin ciyawa. (hoto 16). Akwai hakikanin gaskiyar lalacewar dankali da chlorprofam, wadanda aka yi amfani da su a wuraren ajiya don dakike yaduwar dankalin turawa (hoto XNUMX). Abun yana da karfi sosai har yana shafar kwayar halittar irin shuka da ke kusa ko adana shi a cikin ɗakunan da aka kula da su tare da chlorprofam a kakar da ta gabata.
Don haka, amintaccen ciyawar yana da mahimmanci wajen samar da ingantaccen iri. Weeds ba kawai rage yawan amfanin ƙasa ba ne, amma har ma yana taimakawa cutar da lahani ga dankali. Tsarin zamani na maganin ciyawar dankalin turawa yana da sunaye da yawa, amma kowane shiri na mutum yana da nasa ƙarancin aikace-aikace. A cikin shukar dankalin turawa, bai kamata a yarda da lalacewar tsire-tsire ta hanyar maganin ciyawa ba, tunda mummunan tasirin wannan yana bayyana a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa.