Timiryazev Academy yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kiwo shuke-shuken noma a Rasha. An samar da daruruwan nau'o'in hatsi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da sauran kayan amfanin gona masu yawan samun albarkar cututtuka a nan. amfanin gona Shugaban Sashen Botany, Kiwo, Girman iri da Shuke-shuken Lambun, Socrates Monakhos, ya yi magana game da yadda aka gudanar da aikin ƙirƙirar irin wannan amfanin gona a cikin sabon sakin aikin bidiyo na "MAGnit: Duk game da Kimiyya da Fasaha".
A cewar masanin kimiyya, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shine samar da sabbin nau'o'in nau'in kabeji da nau'in kabeji: "Kabeji shine amfanin gona na fifiko, muna da nasara ta musamman game da kiwon wannan kayan lambu. Fiye da hybrids 50 suna cikin rajistar jihar, fiye da 15 suna samarwa don samarwa iri. "
Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali shi ne don ƙirƙirar matasan farin kabeji na marigayi-ripening, wanda ke da tsawon rai. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga yankunan arewacin Rasha tare da yanayin sanyi.
A cewar masana kimiyya Timiryazevka, kowane kashi na uku na kabeji da Muscovites ke cinyewa a cikin hunturu yana girma daga tsaba na zaɓin su. Shahararrun matasan sune Kolobok, Dominanta, Prestige, da Valentina.
Haɓaka haɗe-haɗe ya zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali kan bincike a tsakiyar ƙarni na ƙarshe. A yau, samar da kasuwanci da farko yana amfani da matasan F1 na farko. Sun bambanta da nau'in kayan kwalliya a cikin halittar kwayoyin halitta da ilimin halittar jiki, da kuma yawan fa'idodin da ba za a samu daga nau'ikan ploldated.
Fiye da sabbin kwayoyin halitta guda 200 ko haɗin haɗin gwiwar an dasa su akan rukunin makarantar. Waɗannan su ne keɓaɓɓun nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ba su wanzu a baya. Ayyukan masana kimiyya shine gano mafi yawan alƙawarin su bisa ga tsarin halaye. Kiwo na zamani kuma yana nufin ƙirƙirar nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu waɗanda za'a iya shuka su tare da ƙarancin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran kayayyakin kariya daga shuka.
Daruruwan sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kabeji ana shuka su kuma ana yin karatu kowace shekara a cikin filayen kiwo na Timiryazevka. Manufar ita ce a nemo siffofin da suka fi waɗanda ake da su a cikin sharuddan hadaddun halaye masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ba da fifiko a yau shine kiwo nau'ikan da suka dace da noman muhalli tare da ƙarancin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. An riga an ƙirƙiri matasan albasa na farko a Rasha wanda ke da juriya ga mildew kuma an mika shi ga masana'anta. Wannan zai rage nauyin kashe kwari da ke kan kayayyaki, kasa, ruwa da iska, tunda manoma da masu noma ba za su daina yiwa albasa da sinadarai akalla sau biyar ba.
Game da bambance-bambance tsakanin hybrids da iri, babban fa'idar F1 hybrids shine daidaituwar kwayoyin halittarsu. Wannan yana ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun yanayin halittar jiki da ƙima na samarwa. Duk tsire-tsire suna girma a lokaci guda, wanda ke da fa'ida ta tattalin arziki ga masu shuka. Duk da yake ga masu sha'awar aikin lambu, yana iya zama mafi ban sha'awa don shuka iri waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin iri-iri.
A Kwalejin Timiryazev, greenhouse kiwo shine tushen bambancin kwayoyin halitta da sabbin fasahohi. Anan tsire-tsire ana kiyaye su a cikin yanayin iri kuma ana yin pollin da kansu ta amfani da fakitin auduga don guje wa giciye-pollin. Wannan yana ba da damar samun tsaba na tsara na gaba da girma don ƙarin bincike a dakunan gwaje-gwaje.
Shuka kiwo a Timiryazev Academy yana fuskantar mataki na uku na ci gaba. Idan manufar farko ita ce ƙirƙirar nau'ikan samfura masu inganci don tabbatar da amincin abinci, sannan hankali ya juya ga ingancin samfurin. Yanzu an fi maida hankali kan kare muhalli na amfanin gona da aka noma.
Fasahar zamani, irinsu kwayoyin kiwo da hanyoyin al'adun tantanin halitta, na iya hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo da kara kwazon kamfanonin kiwo. Kwalejin tana amfani da hanyoyi don samar da haploids mai ninki biyu, wanda ke ba da damar samun sabbin nau'ikan genotypes a cikin mafi ƙarancin lokaci mai yuwuwa.
Farin kabeji, wanda shine daya daga cikin alamun kiwo na Kwalejin, ya yi nisa a cikin ci gaba. Idan shekaru 50 da suka gabata, girbi kabeji zai iya ɗaukar har zuwa wata ɗaya da rabi saboda rashin daidaituwa, amma yanzu, godiya ga matasan F1, girbi yana da sauri da inganci.
Cibiyar ta kuma gudanar da bincike kan juriyar tsiro da cututtuka daban-daban. Misali, farin kabeji yana karbar kwayar juriya daga danginsa na kusa, mustard Habasha. Wannan yana rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari kuma yana sa samfurin ya zama mafi aminci ga muhalli. Ɗaya daga cikin sababbin nasarorin shine canja wurin kwayar halitta don juriya ga clubroot, daya daga cikin cututtuka mafi cutarwa ga tsire-tsire na kabeji, zuwa farin kabeji daga turnips. An shirya wannan nasarar da za a yi maimaitawa ga sauran brassicas irin su broccoli da kohlrabi.