A cikin rubutunsa na 1957, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Mythology, masanin Falsafa na Faransa da kuma mai sukar lamirin Roland Bart ya kira samfurin dankalin turawa (la frite) samfurin "kishin ƙasa" da "alamar Faransanci."
Babban mahimmancin shine dankalin turawa a tarihin Ireland. “Yunwar Dankali” a tsakiyar karni na XIX tsawon shekaru da dama ya rage yawan jama'ar kasar da rabi.
A yau, manyan masu samar da dankalin turawa a duniya sune China, Indiya, Russia da Ukraine. Wannan al'ada tana da mahimmanci ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe, amma babu ɗayansu da zai iya kiranta da asali.
Yankin dankalin turawa ne wanda aka sa shi cikin Kudancin Amurka da Andes kimanin shekaru 8000 da suka gabata kuma an kawo shi Turai ne kawai a tsakiyar karni na 16, daga inda ya bazu zuwa Yammaci da Arewa, baya zuwa Amurka da bayan.
“Duk da cewa dankali ya bayyana a Andes, wannan abinci ne mai matukar nasara a duniya,” in ji kwararren masanin tarihin abinci Farfesa Rebecca Earle. Farfesa Earle ya bi diddigin dankali a kewayen duniya a cikin littafinsa mai suna "Nutrition of People: Manufar Dankali. Sun rubuta: “Dankali ke tsiro kusan ko'ina a cikin duniya, kuma kusan ko'ina mutane suna ɗaukarsa ɗayan" kayan abinci ".
Rebecca Earle ta kira dankali "baƙi mafi nasara a duniya." Manoma na Idaho da Italiyanci masu son gnocchi za su da'awar dankali kamar kowane dan kasar Peru, saboda tarihin wannan al'ada ba tarihin kasar ko yanki ba ne kawai, har ma da labarin yadda mutane suka canza alakar su da filaye da abinci sama da tsararraki da yawa. .
Dankali shine mafi amfanin gona na huɗu a duniya bayan shinkafa, alkama da masara kuma na farkon tsakanin albarkatun gona da ba su da hatsi. Ta yaya Andean tuber zai iya cinye duniya a cikin centuriesan ƙarni kaɗan?
Me ya sa dankali yake da ban sha'awa ga al'ummomi daban-daban? Da farko dai, darajar abincinsa mara misaltuwa. Samun kwanciyar hankali na namo (idan aka kwatanta da wasu albarkatu) da kuma siffofin namo (dankali da “ɓoye” ƙasa a ƙasa daga masu karɓar haraji da sojojin abokan gaba) suma sun yi daidai.
Matsakaicin wuri don farawa cikin nazarin tarihin al'adu shine Cibiyar Dankali ta Duniya (IPC), cibiyar bincike da ke karantarwa da inganta duk abin da ya danganci dankali. Tana cikin yankin m na babban birnin Lima na Peru kuma yana adana tarin dubban samfuran dankalin turawa daga ko'ina cikin Nahiyar.
Rene Gomez, babban jami'i a IPC Genbank, ya ce an adana dankali a Andes, kusa da tafkin Titicaca, kusan kilomita 1000 kudu maso gabashin Lima. Bayan gidan sarauta, dankalin farko ya bazu ko'ina cikin Cordillera kuma ya zama tushen abinci mai mahimmanci ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin, gami da Incas, musamman azaman abincin da ake kira chuno, samfurin dankalin turawa-daskarewa wanda zai iya wuce shekaru ko ma shekarun da suka gabata.
Daga Amurka
A shekara ta 1532, mamayar da Mutanen Espanya suka kawo wa Incas, amma ban da dankali. Maharan sun jigilar digiri a tekun Atlantika, kuma sun yi wasu albarkatu irin su tumatir, avocados, da masara. Masana tarihi sun kira shi Babban musayar Columbia. A karon farko a cikin tarihi, dankali ya wuce gona da iri a Amurka.
Na farko nau'in Andean da wuya ya saba da yanayin Spain da sauran ƙasashe na Turai. A cikin yankin Equatorial, inda aka fara ba da dankali, tsawon lokacin yana tsayayye a duk shekara.
Kamar yadda masanin ilimin halittar dabi'a na Hernan a Burbano Roa bayanin kula, tsawon lokacin bazara na Turai ya rikice ga tsire-tsire dankalin turawa, kuma tubersan ba su girma cikin watanni masu dacewa; maimakon haka, sun yi girma a lokacin sanyi, kuma sanyi ya hana su tsira. Shekarun farko na sauka akan Tsohon Shugabancin basu ci nasara ba.
Amma a lokacin (a cikin 80s na ƙarni na 16) dankali ya sami mafi kyawun yanayi a cikin Ireland, inda kaka mai sanyi amma kaka ba ta ba da dama ga girbin ya yi tsiro. Tsawon shekaru dari na aiki, manoma sun kirkiro da nasu iri, wanda ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako.
Takaitaccen ƙwayoyin cuta
Mazauna garin sun yaba da dankalin da yake dashi saboda yawan amfanin gonar sa hectare. A Ireland, musamman, manoma, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna kan iyakokin ƙasar da suka noma, kuma farashin haya yana ƙaruwa koyaushe. Don haka, an tilasta musu su samar da abinci gwargwadon iko a kan karamin yanki. “Babu wani al’ada da ta samar da abinci a kowane gona daya na acre, da ke bukatar karancin tsiro, kuma ba a adana shi cikin sauki kamar dankali,” in ji James Lang a cikin littafin sa, Notes on the Potato Observer.
Dankali ta ƙunshi kusan dukkanin bitamin da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci, ban da bitamin A da D, wanda ke sa kayan tallafin rayuwarsa su zama marasa lalacewa. Yana da kyau a ƙara wasu samfuran kiwo wanda ke samar da bitamin biyu da suka ɓace, kuma kuna samun ingantaccen abincin mutum.
Ga masu haya a cikin ƙasa ba su da yawa a ƙasar Ireland a ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX, kadada ɗaya da aka tanada don dankali da saniya ɗaya kuɗin ya isa ya ciyar da babban iyali na mutane shida zuwa takwas. Ba hatsi ɗaya ba da zai iya iƙirarin irin wannan alamar. Ta haka ne aka fara ɗaukar tsohuwar ƙarni na Bautar Irish da Ingilishi a cikin dankali.
Daga tsibirin Burtaniya, dankali ya bazu zuwa Arewacin Turai. A cewar Lang, ya zuwa shekarar 1650 al'adar ta girma a kasashe masu rauni (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), daga 1740 a Jamus, Prussia da Poland, sannan kuma zuwa 1840 a Russia. Bayan zabin manoma ya fitar da ire-iren ire-iren abubuwanda basu dace da yanayin yanayin gida ba, dankalin dankalin ya bunkasa.
Mazauna cikin filayen Turai da ke fama da yaƙe-yaƙe sun hanzarta gano wani fa'ida ta dankali mai tsiro: yana da matukar wahala kuɗin haraji kuma ba zai yiwu a iya tarawa ba yayin saurin kai hari. “Idan kuna da filin alkama, ba za ku iya ɓoyewa ba,” in ji Earl. - Masu karɓar haraji na iya kimanta girman abin da aka tsara su dawo a lokacin girbi. Amma an ɓoye tubers ɗin sosai a ɓoye kuma za ku iya tono su ɗaya bayan ɗaya, kamar yadda ake buƙata. ”
Lang ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa: "Irin wannan girbi na wani bangare ya ɓoye girbin daga hannun masu karɓar haraji tare da kare abincin masara. "Sojojin Marauder sun kwace kayan amfanin gona kuma suka washe gonakin hatsi." Da kyar suka tsayar da toka acre dankali. ”
Hukumomin wancan lokacin sun lura da wannan gaskiyar. Sarkin Prussia Frederick the Great ya umarci gwamnatinsa da ta rarraba umarni game da yadda ake shuka dankali, yana fatan cewa baƙi za su sami abinci idan sojojin abokan gaba suka mamaye ƙasar a lokacin yakin Legas a shekarar 1740. Sauran iko sun biyo baya, kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleonic a farkon 1800, dankali ya zama ajiyar abinci ta Turai, in ji rahoton da Foodungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO).
A zahiri, 'yarnuwa irin wannan al'ada ce mai mahimmanci yayin yaƙin da “kowane kamfen ɗin yaƙi a kan Turai bayan kusan 1560 ya haifar da karuwa a yankin da ake noma da dankali, har zuwa yaƙin Duniya na II,” in ji ɗan tarihi Tarihi William McNeil a cikin kaset nasa “Kamar Dankali canza tarihin duniya ”(1999).
Abinci da Abinci
A tsawon ƙarni da yawa, dankali ya shiga cikin tattalin arzikin Turai da na duniya a matsayin babban amfanin gona. Shekaru da yawa, masana ilimin abinci masu gina jiki sun yi bayanin wannan nasarar da aka watsa a sakamakon ayyukan kyakkyawar ma'ana, masu haskakawa waɗanda suka sami damar shawo kan yawan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don karɓar dankali. Amma Rebecca Earle tana da shakku. 'Yan kwastomomin ne suka dace da dankali zuwa yanayin Turai, in ji ta, don haka ba sa bukatar gamsu da su. Hukumomin ba su gano sabon al'ada ba: a maimakon haka, suna da sabon fahimta game da abin da abinci yake lafiya. Maimakon sanya “superfood” a tsakiyar abincin Turai, sun lura cewa abinci mai gina jiki yakamata ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma ya zagaya bincika waɗancan albarkatun da za su iya ba da dalilin su. Tushe mai kaskantar da kai ya riga ya kasance a wurin.