Komawa kan saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwancin noma, ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙima, ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Amma ana iya magance wasu haɗari; misali, kowane manomi zai iya kare amfanin gona daga ciyawa.
Dabarar kawar da ciyawa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ciyayi ke ba mai samarwa tabbacin girbi mai kyau da kuma kare shi daga ƙarin asara. Babban abu shine a yi aiki da sauri da kuma dacewa.
Sunayen su - legion
Ana shuka dankali a cikin layi mai faɗi, sabili da haka, daga lokacin da suka fito har sai layuka sun rufe, suna da ƙananan gasa tare da ciyawa. Ba tare da ɗaukar matakai masu mahimmanci don sarrafa ciyawa ba, yana da kusan ba zai yiwu ba a sami girbi na tubers na kasuwa a zamaninmu.
A cewar shugaban sashen kariyar shuka na reshen hukumar kasafin kudi ta tarayya "Rosselchoztsentr" a yankin Astrakhan. Lyudmila Kostyagina, nau'in nau'in ciyawa a kan shuka dankalin turawa ya bambanta kuma ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna wakilta. Matasan ciyawa sun haɗa da, alal misali, farkon bazara: ciyawa sunflower, farin alade. Daga cikin shuke-shuken bazara, za mu iya bambanta ciyawa bristle glaucous da ciyawar barnyard na kowa. Perennial weeds suna wakilta ta tushen harbe - filin bindweed, Tartary letas, filin thistle, kazalika da rhizomatous - na kowa Reed.
Dan takarar Kimiyyar Noma, Mataimakin Shugaban Reshe na Cibiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" a yankin Bryansk. Nikolai Rozhnov ya ce kusan dukkanin ciyawa da ake samu a tsakiyar Rasha ana samun su a yankin. Mafi yawan nau'in jinsuna a nan su ne: sarƙaƙƙiya, kajin kaji, gama-gari, da gero kaza. Abubuwan da ke cikin ciyawa a cikin filayen suna da ɗanɗano kaɗan, ana samar da ƙananan canje-canje ta amfanin gona da suka gabata a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona.
Masu noman dankalin turawa na Rasha sun dade suna haɓaka fasaha don lalata ciyawa, wanda tasirinsa ya kai 98-100%. Amma kwanan nan, manoma suna fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani wajen kawar da baƙar fata na dare. Wannan shuka, kamar dankali, na cikin dangin nightshade. Kasancewar dangi na kusa, suna da juriya iri ɗaya ga yawancin masu ciyawa. Saboda haka, yana da matukar wahala a yi tasiri sosai ga ciyawa ba tare da cutar da amfanin gona da kanta ba.
Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire na nightshade suna bayyana a baya fiye da sauran ciyayi, lokacin da aka riga an yi amfani da duk hanyoyin fasaha da sinadarai. Yana da tsarin tushen ci gaba, yana iya kaiwa mita 1-1,5 tsayi kuma yana gasa da dankali don gina jiki da hasken rana.
Rashin abokantaka «makwabta"
A cewar mataimakin shugaban reshe na Federal State Budgetary Institute "Rosselkhoztsentr" a cikin Krasnoyarsk Territory. Elena Vasilyev, Tasirin ciyawa a kan amfanin gona yana da haɗari don ƙima. Tsire-tsire da ba a so suna ɗaukar danshi da abinci mai gina jiki daga ƙasa, yana haifar da dankali don samun ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki don ingantaccen girma da haɓaka. Tare da babban ciyawa na ciyawa, ana iya dasa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a matakin seedling, wanda ke yin mummunar tasiri ga photosynthesis da samuwar ƙwayar kore. Duk wannan yana haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa.
Lyudmila Kostyagina ya jaddada cewa ciyawa a cikin dankali yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, asarar zai iya kaiwa 20-25%. Hakanan akwai mummunan tasiri akan girman tubers. A sakamakon haka, matakin kasuwa yana faɗuwa, tsarin girbi na injina ya zama mai rikitarwa, kuma asarar kuɗi na manoma yana ƙaruwa.
Har ila yau, kawar da ciyawa yana da matuƙar mahimmanci saboda kasancewar a cikin su akwai rundunonin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa. Dan takarar Kimiyyar Halittar Halitta, Shugaban Sashen Dankali da Cututtukan Kayan lambu na Cibiyar Bincike ta Duk-Russian Nazarin Halittu. Maria Kuznetsova ya furta cewa weeds su ne tafkunan cututtuka na fungal, oomycete, kwayoyin cuta da kwayar cutar etiology. Matsakaicin ciyayi a cikin filayen, wanda ƙwayoyin cuta iri ɗaya ke shafa kamar dankali, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da tarin kamuwa da cuta a cikin ƙasa.
Alal misali, baƙar fata nightshade yana shafar cututtukan anthracnose, alternaria, marigayi blight da dankalin turawa. Jakar Shepherd da violet filin suna zama a matsayin tanadi ga ƙwayar cuta ta taba, wanda ke haifar da tsatsawar tubers. Kuma filin bindweed shine phytoplasma, wanda aka bayyana a cikin nau'in amfanin gona mai ja.
Maria Kuznetsova yana jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa ciyawa na iya canza microclimate a cikin shuka amfanin gona, waɗanda ba su da iska sosai saboda kauri. A sakamakon haka, an halicci yanayi masu kyau don ci gaba da cutar da marigayi.
“Maƙwabta” masu haɗari na shuke-shuken da aka noma suma suna aiki a matsayin tafki na kwari masu ɗauke da cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta. Da farko - aphids, leafhoppers. Yaduwar baƙar fata nightshade, chamomile mara wari, acorn da aka ɗora, dandelion da yada quinoa suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ci gaban kara nematode, wanda ke lalata ingancin tubers.
Kurakurai a cikin kariya
Daya daga cikin mafi inganci hanyoyin kawar da ciyawa shine amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Elena Vasilyev lura cewa cancantar zaɓi na sashi mai aiki na miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da bin ka'idoji da ƙa'idodin amfani, na iya rage lamba da mummunan tasirin weeds akan dankali.
A cewar Manajan Ci gaban Kasuwar CIS ta Bayer Crop Science Konstantin Onatsky, Babban magungunan herbicides da aka gabatar a kasuwar Rasha a yau sun kasance sanannun fiye da shekaru 30-40. Waɗannan magungunan har yanzu suna da tasiri idan aka yi amfani da su daidai.
Abin takaici, ba kowa ba ne zai iya yin aiki daidai: ba kowane gonaki na Rasha yana da ƙwararren masanin aikin gona ba, kuma ba duk manoma ba ne ke da ilimin da ya dace.
Bisa ga lura da shugaban sashen kariyar shuka na reshe na Gwamnatin Tarayya Budgetary Institute "Rosselkhoztsentr" a cikin Krasnoyarsk Territory. Maria Grishaeva, Yin amfani da maganin herbicides ba tare da la'akari da nau'in nau'in ciyawa ba da kuma jujjuyawar tunani na abubuwa masu aiki yana haifar da farashin tattalin arziki "marasa komai", kuma masu mahimmanci.
Wane irin kura-kurai da manoma ke yi a lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin shawo kan ciyawa da kansu? Kwararru daga Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" sun gano yawancin kurakuran da aka fi sani da su. Masu samar da noma sau da yawa ba sa bin lokacin amfani da maganin ciyawa kuma suna keta ƙimar amfani da aka ba da shawarar don shirye-shirye da ruwan aiki. Akwai kuma wadanda ke amfani da kwayoyi marasa izini da cakuduwar tanki da ba su dace ba. Mutane da yawa ba sa la'akari da halin yanzu na tsire-tsire kuma suna gudanar da jiyya akan tsire-tsire masu rauni, alal misali, waɗanda sanyi ya lalace.
Konstantin Onatsky yana nufin ƙetare da aka fi sani da ƙarancin yawan amfani da ruwan aiki yayin jiyya. A cewar masanin, lokacin amfani da duk wani maganin ciyawa na ƙasa don maganin riga-kafin cutar, kuna buƙatar amfani da aƙalla lita 300 na ruwa mai aiki a kowace kadada. Wannan wajibi ne domin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ɗaure ƙasa kamar yadda zai yiwu, weeds suna girma da sauri kuma su mutu nan da nan. A cikin yankuna masu zafi inda fari zai yiwu, bayan yin amfani da maganin herbicide, shayarwa ya zama dole don inganta tasirinsa.
Wakilan Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" sun lura cewa a yau a duk yankuna na Rasha aikin gudanar da kulawa, ƙidayar adadin da ƙayyade nau'in nau'in ciyawa yana yaduwa. Manoma na iya sanin kansu da rahotannin duba amfanin gona da ke ɗauke da jerin ciyayi da aka fi sani da su. Idan an wuce matakin kamuwa da cutar, masana sun ba masu noma shawarwarin yadda za su bi da yankin da maganin ciyawa. Abin da ke da mahimmanci shi ne cewa manoma suna karɓar bayanai game da magungunan kashe qwari da kayan aikin gona da aka amince da su a Rasha. Kuma wannan yana ba mu damar guje wa sakamakon da ba za a iya gyarawa ba ga masana'anta da kansa da masu amfani da samfuransa.
"Gold Standard"
Zuwa manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin kawar da weeds Konstantin Onatsky yana nufin amfani da asalin ƙasa na ciyawa bisa metribuzin ko aclonifen. Zaɓin ya dogara da ko nau'in dankalin turawa suna da juriya ga metribuzin/prometrin.
Masanin ya lura cewa akwai kuma tsarin aikace-aikacen da aka haɗa, ko sau biyu, lokacin da aka gudanar da wani ɓangare na maganin da ke kan metribuzin kafin germination a cikin adadin 0,6 zuwa 0,9 lita. Magani na gaba yana faruwa akan tsire-tsire dankalin turawa 5-10 centimeters high a kashi na 0,3-0,5 l / ha. Wannan yana ba ku damar sarrafa dicotyledonous na shekara-shekara da ciyawa na hatsi, ban da ƙarancin gadon gado da baƙar fata.
A kan nau'ikan da ba su da juriya ga metribuzin/prometrin, shirye-shirye na asali dangane da aclonifen suna ba da damar cire mafi yawan nau'ikan ciyawa na dicotyledonous, ban da black nightshade. Kwararren ya ba da shawarar magance matsalar tare da shade na dare ta amfani da microencapsulated clomazone, wanda za'a iya ƙarawa zuwa aclonifen da metribuzin a matsayin magungunan abokin tarayya. Microencapsulated clomazone yana taimakawa sarrafa duka baki nightshade da bedstraw. Wannan abu yana ba da kariya na dogon lokaci daga kamuwa da ciyayi, yayin da aka hana ciyawa na shekara-shekara, irin su sarƙaƙƙiya da ciyayi. Muhimmiyar sanarwa: ya kamata a yi amfani da gaurayawan tanki kafin dankali ya fito.
A cikin yanayin da ba a gudanar da magani na farko a kan dankali ba, yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da aclonifen a cikin adadin lita 1-1,5 a cikin tsari mai tsabta don sarrafa ciyawa na dicotyledonous irin su farar fata, ciyawa mai ciyawa, knotweed da gadoji. A wannan yanayin, tsayin tsire-tsire ya kamata ya zama fiye da santimita 5-10. Konstantin Onatsky ya jaddada cewa kada a hada aclonifen da graminicides da adjuvants.
A cikin lokuta masu tsanani da cututtuka masu yawa tare da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire irin su shuka thistle, rose thistle da bindweed, ƙwararren ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da shirye-shirye na tushen MCPA (10 g / l a kashi na 15-500 l / ha) akan 0,6-0,8 cm dankalin turawa. Kada mu manta cewa irin wannan magani yana da matukar damuwa ga amfanin gona, kuma sakamakonsa dole ne a rage shi tare da samfuran anti-danniya dangane da amino acid.
Idan an dasa dankali a cikin filin ciyawa mai yawa ta amfani da injuna masu rikitarwa waɗanda nan da nan suka samar da ƙugiya, yayin jiyya ta farko ya zama dole don ƙara shirye-shirye dangane da glyphosate ko MCPA zuwa maganin herbicides dangane da clomazone, metribuzin ko aclonifen. Lokacin da aka kafa tudu bayan wani lokaci, cirewar ciyawa na inji ba ya faruwa. A sakamakon haka, ciyawa suna bayyana da yawa a baya.
Konstantin Onatsky Har ila yau yana tunatar da mu al'adar yin amfani da kwayoyi bisa prosulfocarb ban da metribuzin ko aclonifen. Prosulfocarb yana ba ku damar sarrafa galibin bedstraw da nightshade, da kuma wasu ciyawa.
Nikolai Rozhnov ya kira amfani da magungunan metribuzin a cikin sarrafa ciyawa da "ma'aunin zinariya". Amma ya jawo hankali ga gagarumin koma baya na wannan abu mai aiki - jinkirin bazuwa a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke cike da hana yawan amfanin gona da aka shuka a nan gaba. Ana iya guje wa wannan kawai ta gabatar da ƙuntatawa akan jujjuya amfanin gona, mai aiki har zuwa watanni 24. A cewar masanin, a yankin Bryansk ana magance matsalar tare da taimakon sabbin magunguna da suka dogara da prosulfocarb, wanda ba shi da irin wannan fasali.
Zuwa matakan agrotechnical
Masana sun yi ijma'i a kan cewa ba za a iya iyakance sarrafa ciyayi kawai ga hanyoyin sinadarai ba.
Tsuntsaye masu siffa masu kyau suna da matuƙar mahimmanci. Nikolai Rozhnov Ya jaddada cewa matsananciyar motsin ƙasa yayin wannan tsari, maimaita hawan shuke-shuke da noma tare da harrow akan ƙasa mai yashi da yashi na iya samun kyakkyawan sakamako. A kan ƙasa mai nauyi, tasirin sarrafa injin yawanci bai isa ba.
Bisa lafazin Lyudmila Kostyagina Ana samun sauƙin rage ciyawa a cikin filayen ta hanyar bin jujjuyawar amfanin gona, da kuma noman ciyayi akan lokaci tare da maganin sinadarai. Ta kuma hada da shuka koren taki a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya ta magance ciyawa.
Irina Berg