Game da gumakan dankalin turawa da masu sarrafa PR, game da yadda suka ɗauki kayan lambu na ƙasashen waje a Turai da kuma yadda masu garkuwa da mutane suka ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar wannan shuka, karanta rubutaccen "Tarihin Kimiyya".
Dankalin dankalin turawa da muka saba da shi ya samo asali ne daga Kudancin Amurka na Andes, inda aka noma shi kimanin shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin, manoma na karkara sun kusan kusan nau'ikan tsire-tsire 200, wanda yawancinsu suna da launi mai haske ko kuma nau'in nau'in tarin fitsari, kuma sun haɓaka kariya daga cututtuka, kwari da daskarewa.
Ga mutanen Andean, dankali, wanda zasu iya girma a cikin mawuyacin yanayin tsaunuka kuma ya adana na dogon lokaci idan ya kasance rashin amfanin gona (bushewa ko daskarewa), yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa ya bayyana da kuma allahn nasa a cikin littafin Incas - Aksomama, ɗaya daga cikin daughtersan matan allah na duniya, Pachamama.
Bayanin kwatancen dankali da wasu tsire-tsire da Indiyawan ke amfani da su ana samun su a tsakanin wasu Sifeniyanci - waɗanda daga cikinsu waɗanda suka tsunduma cikin kamfen ɗin soja kawai, har ma a cikin nazarin rayuwar mazaunan yankin. Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada, mai mulkin New Grenada (Kolumbia), da kuma mai yiwuwa misalin Don Quixote, firist da mawaƙi Juan de Castellanos, wanda ya yi nazarin mutanen Kudancin Amurka kuma ya bayyana dankali a cikin waka game da cin nasarar yankin Kolombiya da Venezuela.
Bayanin irin shuka da Pedro Cieza de Leon, masanin binciken Kudancin Amurka wanda ya bayyana tarihin cin nasararta, sun shahara sosai. Shi da kansa ya shiga cikin kamfen, bayan ya wuce tare da cin nasarar mamaye yankin wasu ƙasashe. Baya ga dankali, ya yi magana game da avocados da abarba, almara, anacondas, ganguna da mallaka. Ya ga Nazca geoglyphs, gadoji masu dakatarwa da alamu akan Hanyoyin Inca. An buga sashen farko na littafin tarihin sa, The Chronicle of Peru, a cikin Seville a 1553, sauran kuma a farkon karni na XNUMX. An dauki De Leon a matsayin wanda ya fara kawo dankalin Turawa zuwa Turai.
Koyaya, kawai isar da tubers zuwa nahiyar bai isa ba. Idan inji har yanzu ya sulhunta da wani yanayin sanyi (an girma a cikin tsaunuka, da farkon faduwar ba karamar matsala ba ce), to, ranar bazara mai tsayi da yawa ta rage yawan dankali. Babu wata yarjejeniya kan yadda za a magance wannan matsalar. Wataƙila jinsin haƙuri na tsawon kwanaki ya bayyana a lokacin yaduwar dankali da iri. A gefe guda, jirgin ruwa zai iya shigo da wani irin dankalin turawa - daga kudancin Chile.
Bayyanar dankalin turawa a Ingila da Ireland, wanda a cikin tarihinsa ya taka rawar gani, yana da alaƙa da sunan masanin lissafin Biritaniya, masanin falaki da fassara Thomas Harriott. Ya yi balaguro zuwa Arewacin Amurka, ya koyi yaren ɗaya daga cikin kabilun yankin, bayan 'yan watanni Galileo ya zana wata kamar yadda ya gani ta na'urar hangen nesa, ya yi daidai da Johannes Kepler kuma ya ba da shawarar alamomin lissafi <and> don nuna ma'anar "ƙarami" da "ƙari". Dankalin da ya kawo ya sami tushe sosai a cikin Ireland, inda suka ba da girbi mai kyau kuma ya zama tallafi ga talakawan ƙasar. Amma gaskiyar cewa kashi ɗaya cikin uku na mutanen Irish sun dogara da dankali a matsayin ɗayan tushen tushen abinci suna da fa'ida (da wuya Harriott ya hango shi): cutar tsire-tsire - ƙarshen cutar da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta - ya haifar da "Babban Yunwa", wanda, bisa ga ƙididdiga daban-daban, ya tafi da shi daga 20% zuwa 25% na yawan jama'ar kasar. Wasu mutane miliyan 1,5 kuma sun bar ƙasar har abada.
Koyaya, gabaɗaya, a cikin Turai, ba a ɗauki dankali nan da nan ba, kuma lokaci mai yawa ya wuce kafin mazaunanta sun jinjinawa unpretentiousness da kayan abinci mai gina jiki na shuka. 'Ya'yan baƙi, Ikilisiya, da wasu Slavophiles a Rasha sun yi adawa da kayan lambu da ba a san su ba. Rashin bayani kuma ya shiga tsakani: dankali an yi kuskure ga wata itaciya, sun yi kokarin cin 'ya'yan itaciyar (guba mai duhu) waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙananan tumatir).
Amma nan da nan manoma suka yaba da kyawawan halaye na dankalin turawa. Misali, sojojin da ke wucewa ba sa saurin karbarsa fiye da albarkatun hatsi, kuma ya kasance tushen abinci ne abin dogaro a cikin shekarun sanyi, lokacin da amfanin gona wanda aka saba ba shi da yawa. Masu mallakar ƙasa suna son hakan yayin da yake ba shi da sauƙin adanawa kamar hatsi, baya buƙatar injin gari. A cikin 1600, masanin kimiyyar noma na Faransa Olivier de Serre ya gwada dandanon dankali da na gaske. Koyaya, asalin asalin kalmar "dankalin turawa" ta fito ne daga Jamusanci Tartuffel da Italiyanci truffle - truffle.
Masana kimiyya kamar Antoine Parmantier - marubucin fasahar don samun sukari daga beets da mai shirya yakin rigakafin cutar kwari. Bayan gudun hijirar Prussian, inda dole ne ya ci dankali, ya fara haɓaka wannan kayan lambu, yana nuna mu'ujizai na dabara. Ya yi furanni masu fure na dankalin turawa don mutane masu daraja (Marie Antoinette ita ma ta sanya irin wannan hat), ta jawo hankalin shahararrun mutane (alal misali, Benjamin Franklin ko Antoine Lavoisier) ga “tallansa”, kazalika da ilimin sa game da yanayin mutane (tona asirin makamai amma ba mai tsaro sosai).
A yau, dankali sune tushen kayan amfanin gona mafi mashahuri, wuce gona da iri da dankalin turawa mai daɗi ta hanyar gefen girman amfanin gonar da aka shuka a duniya. Kasar China ce ke kan gaba, kuma Indiya da Rasha ke biye da shi. Don haka shuka da aka fitarwa daga Kudancin Amurka, ta ɗauki tushe a ɗaya ɓangaren duniya kuma tana ciyar da miliyoyin mutane a kai a kai.
source: https://indicator.ru