Boris Anisimov, mai ba da shawara ga ci gaban kimiyya da shirye-shiryen ilimi - shugaban cibiyar ilimi na Cibiyar Budgetary ta Tarayya VNIIKH
FAO (2011) ta yi kiyasin cewa a duk duniya yawan amfani da dankali da dankalin turawa ya kai kilogiram 35 a kowace shekara, yayin da matsakaita ga daukacin yankin Turai ya kai kilogiram 85 ga kowane mutum, kuma a Rasha - kilogiram 90 ga kowane mutum.
A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, an kiyasta matsakaicin adadin dankalin da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na abinci a kowace shekara a tan miliyan 13-14. Don zurfin sarrafa samfuran dankalin turawa (soyayyen Faransa, guntu, busassun dankali) ana cinye kusan tan miliyan 1. Bukatar dankalin iri don nau'ikan kungiyoyin aikin gona (AHOs), gonakin manoma (gonakin manoma) da kuma 'yan kasuwa na kowane mutum (IE) tare da yankin shuka sama da kadada dubu 300 an kiyasta kusan tan miliyan 1. Yana da matukar wahala a kimanta ainihin adadin dankalin da ake amfani da su don tsaba da kuma abincin dabbobi a rukunin gidaje, kodayake adadi a nan yana iya zama tan miliyan 5-6. Asara a lokacin ajiya a cikin gonaki na kowane nau'i za a iya kiyasta a 1,5 miliyan ton, kayan fitarwa - 150-200 dubu ton.
Don haka, a cikin Rasha matakin samar da dankalin da ake samarwa a gida bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da tan miliyan 22 ba. Ragewar wannan matakin na iya haifar da gazawa a cikin ma'auni na dankalin turawa gabaɗaya, sabili da haka, haɓakar rabon shigo da kaya. Kason da aka yi hasashen shigo da kaya a cikin jimillar adadin dankalin da aka cinye an kiyasta ya kai tan dubu 300-350. Waɗannan su ne galibi farkon dankalin “matasa”, wanda buƙatu da adadin tallace-tallace yawanci ke ƙaruwa a cikin sarƙoƙin dillali a lokacin lokacin kaka, lokacin da rayuwar girbin hannun jarin bara a zahiri ya ƙare (a watan Mayu), kuma har yanzu akwai sauran lokaci. kafin fara sayar da dankalin kasuwanci daga sabon girbi. kasa da watanni biyu.
Ƙasar mahaifar dankali ita ce Kudancin Amirka, inda aka san wannan "al'ada" tun a farkon 12500 BC. e. a arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Peru. An kawo dankalin da aka noma daga Amurka zuwa Turai (Spain) a shekara ta 1565. Peter Great ya aika da dankalin farko zuwa Rasha daga Holland. ⅰ a lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa Turai. Ƙoƙarin farko na rarraba dankali a Rasha sau da yawa bai yi nasara ba saboda gaskiyar cewa tubers ya daskare yayin jigilar kaya. Saboda haka, a shekara ta 1769, hukumar kula da lafiya ta aika iri da aka tattara daga lambun apothecary na St. A Ilimsk, ofishin voivodeship ya ba da 15 g na tsaba ga A. Berezovsky, wanda ya yi girma da kuma samun tubers. A cewar V.S. Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, ba tare da saninsa ba, ya aiwatar da zaɓin dankalin turawa na farko a Siberiya, kuma watakila a Rasha.
Mai siye na zamani yana da sha'awar, da farko, a siyan dankali tare da kyawawan tubers masu kyau waɗanda ke da kyan gani kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, fata mai laushi mai laushi. A wannan yanayin, siffar da girman tubers, zurfin idanu, launi na kwasfa da ɓangaren litattafan almara, rashin lahani na waje da na ciki saboda hali na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) girma. girma fasa, hollowness, canje-canje a cikin launi na ɓangaren litattafan almara (discoloration) da sauran na ciki lahani da zai iya faruwa a cikin tubers saboda yiwu yanayi da kuma climatic tasiri a lokacin da vegetative girma ko inji lalacewa, musamman a lokacin girbi, sufuri da kuma jerawa.
Siffar tubers na dankalin turawa iri-iri na iya bambanta daga zagaye zuwa elongated, daidaitaccen girman tare da diamita mafi girma: 40-60 mm, zurfin idanu: daga ƙarami zuwa matsakaici, launi na fata: daga fari zuwa ja, launi na ɓangaren litattafan almara: fari - cream - rawaya.
Dukkanin hadaddun waɗannan alamun sun fi ƙayyade ƙimar mabukaci na dankalin tebur da yuwuwar yin amfani da su don shirya jita-jita daban-daban, kuma yawanci yana ƙayyade shaharar nau'ikan da buƙatun su a cikin kasuwar dankalin turawa na cikin gida, musamman lokacin da aka kawo su don siyarwa. zuwa sarƙoƙin dillali na zamani.
Nutrition Facts
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ra'ayoyi game da darajar abinci mai gina jiki na dankali a matsayin mafi mahimmancin samfurin a cikin abincin ɗan adam ya canza sosai, wanda ya fi girma saboda haɓakar haɓakar zaɓin zaɓi a cikin hanyar haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma zurfin zurfin. bincike a fagen abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarin biochemical.
Ba a gane darajar abinci mai gina jiki na dankali nan da nan ba. Akwai lokuta masu ban dariya da yawa da ke da alaƙa da wannan. Misali, Admiral Francis Drake na Ingila a shekara ta 1586 ya kai bututun dankalin turawa zuwa Ingila kuma ya ba mai lambunsa don ya dasa su a ƙasa mafi kyau kuma ya kula da tsiron a hankali. Mai lambu ya aiwatar da aikin da himma sosai. Dankalin ya toho, yayi fure, kuma koren berries ya bayyana a saman. Mai lambu, yana kuskuren 'ya'yan itatuwa, ya ɗanɗana su. Da yake gano cewa ba su da daɗi, ya ce da baƙin ciki: “Dukan ayyukana sun kasance a banza.” Mai lambun ya nuna wa Admiral berries, wanda ya umarce shi da ya fitar da tushen shuka don kada su cutar da lambun. Abin da ya ba shi mamaki, mai lambu ya ga a ƙarƙashin kowane daji da yawa daga cikin bututun da ya shuka. An tafasa bututun an ba mai lambu ya ɗanɗana. "Oh! - ya ce, - abin da shuka mai daraja! Bayan haka, mai lambu ba kawai ya shuka dankali da kansa ba, har ma ya taimaka wa wasu su noma su.
A cikin shekaru 50-100 da suka gabata, iliminmu game da sinadarai na abinci da ƙimar ilimin halittar jikin mutum ɗaya (da kuma rukunin gidaje) ya faɗaɗa sosai. Duk wannan yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da shi a cikin tsarin tsarin zamani na tsarin abinci na mutum, ba kawai don gamsar da jin yunwa ba, har ma daga ra'ayi na abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan dabarar ta tilasta mana sake tantance duk abubuwan da ke cikin sinadirai masu gina jiki a cikin tubers dankalin turawa.
A sinadirai masu darajar dankali an fi mayar da m daidaita rabo daga cikin mafi muhimmanci na gina jiki (sitaci, furotin, fats, bitamin, ma'adanai, anthocyanin da carotenoid antioxidants da sauran aka gyara) a cikin tubers.
A lokaci guda, a cikin wallafe-wallafen duniya, bayanai game da abun ciki na kayan abinci na asali a cikin tubers dankalin turawa sun bambanta sosai. An bayyana wannan ta gaskiyar cewa biochemical abun da ke ciki na tubers ya dogara da dalilai masu yawa: iri-iri, ƙasa da yanayin yanayi, takin mai magani, fasahar noma, digiri na ripening, yanayin ajiya, da dai sauransu A lokacin nazarin (kaka ko bazara) kuma yana tasiri sosai. sakamakon.
Kwararru na kasa da kasa a cikin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD) sun amince da matsakaitan alamomi na abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai masu mahimmanci da yuwuwar canjinsu saboda dalilai daban-daban (Table 1).
Muhimmancin dankali a cikin abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam kuma saboda abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwa kamar bitamin, ma'adanai da acid Organic (Table 2).
Samun isasshen babban yuwuwar dauke da ascorbic acid kuma musamman abubuwa masu mahimmanci - antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), dankali na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan da yawa kuma a wannan yanayin suna ɗaya daga cikin samfuran mafi mahimmanci a cikin lafiya. abincin mutum.
A cewar masana abinci mai gina jiki daga Burtaniya, daidaitaccen daidaitaccen rabo na nau'ikan abinci na kowane mutum yana da mahimmanci a cikin abincin mutanen zamani. A lokaci guda, a cikin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, ana la'akari da mafi kyawun rabo lokacin da rabon dankali, burodi da sauran kayayyakin hatsi aƙalla 33%, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa - 33%, madara da kayan kiwo - 15%, nama. , kifi da sauran madadin kayayyakin - 12 %, kayayyakin dauke da fats da sugars - 7%.
Protein dankalin turawa ya ƙunshi 8 daga cikin mahimman amino acid 20. Wani muhimmin sashi na buƙatun yau da kullun don bitamin C yana cika ta hanyar dankali. Lokacin cinye gram 100 na dankalin turawa, ana dafa su a cikin fatun su kuma an kwasfasu kafin cin abinci, jikin mutum yana karɓar kusan g 20 na carbohydrates, 2 g na furotin, 0,1 g na mai da 2 g na fiber, kodayake waɗannan alkalumman na iya bambanta dangane da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. halaye, yanayin girma da sauran dalilai.
Ta fuskar ilimin zamani da ra'ayoyi na zamani, ana kimanta mahimmancin kayan aikin mutum a cikin dankalin halittu daga dankali daga ra'ayi game da abinci mai lafiyar ɗan adam daban.
Ya juya ya zama mahimmanci sosai cewa tuber dankalin turawa ya ƙunshi ruwa mai yawa (75% ko fiye) kuma ƙarfin makamashi da kansa (watau yawan abinci mai gina jiki da 100 kcal) yana da ƙananan ƙananan. A cikin dankali, wannan maida hankali ya dace da kusan abin da jikin ɗan adam ke buƙata yayin aiwatar da narkewar abinci da haɗakar abinci. Bisa ga wannan alamar, dankali ya fi dacewa da bukatun manya idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan abinci na shuka da dabba.
Tsari. Wannan shine babban bangaren dankali da babban fa'idarsa ta abinci mai gina jiki da tattalin arziki (tattalin arziki). A cikin sabo ne tuber, a matsakaita, da rabo daga sitaci ne game da 17,5% (kewayon hawa da sauka 8,0-29%) ko 75-80% a bushe al'amarin.
Danyen sitaci kusan ba zai iya narkewa da mutane ba. Duk da haka, bayan maganin zafi (alal misali, dafa abinci), ƙaddamarwa yana ƙaruwa sosai - har zuwa kusan 90%. Dole ne a la'akari da cewa a cikin sashin gastrointestinal na ɗan adam, sitaci yana raguwa a hankali (a mataki-mataki) ta hanyar enzymes amylolytic zuwa glucose, kuma kawai na karshen yana cikin tsarin rayuwa na jikin mutum.
Sitaci dankalin turawa a cikin sashin gastrointestinal na ɗan adam ba a narkar da shi gaba ɗaya cikin sukari mai sauƙi; Wasu daga ciki suna shiga babban hanji ba tare da narke ba. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira "tsari mai kariya". Dangane da sabbin bayanan likitanci, wannan sitaci wani abu ne mai matuƙar amfani ga microbiota na babban hanjin ɗan adam.
A tsakiya XVIII V. dankali ya riga ya yadu a Turai, kuma a lokacin mulkin Catherine II An fara nomansa a Rasha a manyan yankuna a sassa daban-daban na kasar.
A hankali turawa sun koyi noman dankali mai yawa, musamman a arewacin nahiyar. Wannan yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga ƙauye marasa galihu da mutanen gari waɗanda koyaushe za su iya, musamman a cikin shekarun da ba su da yawa don amfanin gona, su ba wa kansu da iyalansu abinci. A Turai, kuma daga baya a Rasha, dankali ya zama wani nau'i na garantin abinci. Babban marubucin kasar Rasha L.N. shi ma ya ja hankali kan wannan yanayi a cikin ayyukansa na jarida. Tolstoy, lokacin da ya yi nazarin abubuwan da suka haifar da yunwa a Rasha a karshen XIX V. Ya yi imanin cewa dankali a cikin abincin manoman Rasha zuwa wani lokaci ya maye gurbin burodi kuma ya taimaka musu su tsira a cikin shekaru na yunwa.
Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu nazarin alƙaluma sun danganta saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a Turai da Rasha da XVIII-XIX ƙarni musamman da dankali. Wannan al'ada, a nasu ra'ayi, ya kuma ceci miliyoyin rayuka ba kawai a cikin shekarun rashin amfanin gona ba, har ma a lokacin yakin da aka yi a Turai a cikin ƙarni uku da suka wuce.
Tasirin kimiyyar halittar “sitaci kariya” shine bayyanarsa ta hanyar microflora na hanji yana inganta samuwar kwayoyin acid, wanda, biyun, tare da abubuwan da ake kira ballast abubuwa, suna hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin carcinogenic a cikin mazaunin. Latterarshen yana da matukar muhimmanci ga rigakafin cutar kansa da wannan hanjin.
Protein (danyen furotin). Danyen furotin da ke cikin dankali yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi kuma ya kai kusan 2% (0,69-4,63%). Duk da haka, batu a nan ba kawai a cikin yawa ba, har ma a cikin ingancin furotin dankalin turawa. Matsakaicin amino acid masu mahimmanci da marasa mahimmanci a cikinsa yana da mahimmanci (kusan daidai yake da furotin na asalin dabba), don haka ana ɗaukar furotin dankalin turawa musamman mahimmanci, yana gabatowa da abun da ke cikin juzu'i fiye da 80% zuwa kwai kaza. furotin. Narkar da furotin dankalin turawa a cikin sashin gastrointestinal na ɗan adam ya wuce 90%. Daga cikin sunadaran shuka daga tsire-tsire da aka noma, furotin dankalin turawa yana da mafi girman darajar nazarin halittu; ƙimar sinadin sa shine na biyu kawai bayan sunadaran dabbobi (nama, madara, qwai kaza). A yau mun san cewa furotin dankalin turawa yana da wadata a cikin lysine da sulfur mai dauke da muhimman amino acid.
A zahiri, an ƙaddara tun da daɗewa cewa yawan fashewa a Turai a cikin ƙarni na 400th-XNUMXth. ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun abincin Turai ya haɗa har zuwa kilogiram XNUMX na dankali (kowane babba a kowace shekara) da isasshen madara da kayan kiwo. Haɗin waɗannan samfuran guda biyu sun tabbatar da cikakken abinci mai gina jiki na yawan jama'a.
Fats. Abin da ke cikin mai a cikin dankali ba shi da mahimmanci, wanda a cikin kanta yana da mahimmanci a cikin sharuddan abinci lokacin shirya jita-jita daban-daban da shirya abinci. Duk da haka, abun da ke ciki na fatty acid yana da daraja sosai - da farko saboda irin waɗannan mahimman abubuwan kamar su linoleic unsaturated (kimanin 50% na fatty acids) da acid linolenic unsaturated sau uku (kimanin 20%).
A cikin 1902, Masanin ilimin lissafi na Jamus kuma masanin tsafta M. Rubner ya tabbatar da cewa sunadarin dankalin turawa yana da inganci, gami da abun ciki na mahimman amino acid. Daga baya, an tabbatar da waɗannan ƙarshe akai-akai. Shaidu mafi ban sha'awa a cikin ni'imarsu an bayar da su a cikin 1965 daga masana ilimin lissafi na Jamus E. Cofrani da F. Jackat, waɗanda suka gano hakan. dankali da kwai gaba daya daidai yake da ingancin furotin, kuma a cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka yi na ma'auni a kan ɗan adam, an nuna matsakaicin ƙimar ƙwayoyin furotin ta hanyar amfani da cakuda dankalin turawa da ƙwayar kwai a cikin abinci (rabo 65: 35, watau cakuda 500 g dankali tare da kwai daya. Wani masanin Ingilishi A. Jones ya lura cewa abubuwan da ke cikin furotin a cikin jita-jita na dankalin turawa sun bambanta sosai dangane da hanyar shirye-shiryen su: a cikin dankalin da aka dafa na yau da kullun - 1,5%, a cikin soyayyen dankali - 2,8, a cikin soyayyen dankali - 3,8, kuma a cikin soyayyen dankalin turawa - sama. zuwa 6%.
Abubuwan ballast. Na dogon lokaci, abin da ake kira filayen tsire-tsire masu gina jiki sun yi la'akari da su. Ta hanyar abubuwan ballast muna nufin, da farko, abubuwan da ba za a iya narkewa ba na ganuwar sel shuka irin su carbohydrates (cellulose, pectin, hemicelluloses, lignin), waɗanda ke aiwatar da mahimman ayyuka daban-daban a cikin tsarin narkewa, suna tasiri metabolism. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cin abinci mai kyau. An tabbatar da cewa waɗannan abubuwa sune tushen abinci mai gina jiki don microbiota na babban hanjin ɗan adam. Wannan ainihin "ciki na biyu" ne; Organic acid da aka samu a sakamakon tsarin microbiological yana tasiri rayayye metabolism na ɗan adam. Filayen tsire-tsire marasa narkewa suna aiki azaman adsorbent don ruwa, gas da sauran abubuwan da ba dole ba, suna taimakawa cire su daga jiki. Kodayake yawan waɗannan abubuwan a cikin tubers ba su da ƙasa (2,5%), 200 g na dankalin turawa yana gamsar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abubuwan yau da kullun na mutum don waɗannan abubuwan.
Ma'adanai. Tuber dankalin turawa sun ƙunshi babban adadin macro- da microelements, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin metabolism. Tare da cin abinci na yau da kullun na 200 g na dankali, ana biyan bukatun yau da kullun: potassium - 30, magnesium - 15-20, phosphorus - 17, jan karfe - 15, baƙin ƙarfe - 14, manganese - 13, aidin - 6 da fluorine - 3% .
Vitamin. Dankali ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bitamin da ke da amfani ga ɗan adam, musamman masu narkewar ruwa, amma adadinsu a cikin tubers ya bambanta sosai. Musamman mahimmanci shine babban abun ciki na bitamin C (10-20 mg / 100g sabo ne nauyi), wanda ya dan kadan sama da apples (10 mg / 100g sabo ne nauyi). Lokacin dafa abinci, 10-20% na wannan bitamin ya ɓace. Tare da cin abinci na yau da kullun na 300 g dankali, zaku iya gamsar da buƙatun yau da kullun: bitamin C - 70, B6 - 36, B1 - 20, pantothenic acid - 16, B2 - 8%.
Anthocyanins da carotenoids. Dangane da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da rawar da abinci mai gina jiki ke bayarwa wajen inganta rayuwar mutane, ana ɗaukar dankali a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman amfanin gona waɗanda ke da babbar fa'ida ta ƙunshi antioxidants, musamman anthocyanins da carotenoids, waɗanda ke ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi na ɗan adam. Anisimov 2006, Simakov 2012).
A cikin dankali, waɗannan flavonoids suna da alhakin launin shuɗi, shuɗi, ja, orange, da launin rawaya mai haske na fata da ɓangaren litattafan almara na tubers. Wadannan pigments ne masu kima a matsayin tushen tushen antioxidants, saboda ikon su na sakin oxygen radicals kyauta a cikin jikin mutum. Yanzu an san cewa abinci mai arziki a cikin antioxidants yana taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin atherosclerosis, wasu nau'in ciwon daji, canje-canje masu alaka da shekaru a launin fata, cataracts, da dai sauransu.
Ƙididdigar kwatancen sun nuna cewa nau'ikan da ke da launin rawaya, orange, ja da nama mai ruwan hoda sun fi naman farin tuber girma sosai dangane da anthocyanin da abun ciki na carotenoid (Table 3).
Matsakaicin canji a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin anthocyanins a cikin dankali mai launi yana cikin kewayon 9,5-37,8 MG a 100 g na nauyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Abubuwan da ake sa ran samun haɓaka na halaye a cikin wannan jagorar sun sa ya yiwu a sanya dankali tare da ɓangaren litattafan almara mai launi a cikin wadataccen kayan lambu irin su broccoli, ja kararrawa barkono da alayyafo, wanda aka san su da ƙirar antioxidant. Dankali da nama mai rawaya ya daɗe yana zama sananne a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya sakamakon yawan abubuwan da ke cikin carotenoids.
Nazarin zamani yana tabbatar da yiwuwar ƙarin ci gaba mai mahimmanci na waɗannan alamomin dangane da ƙirƙirar iri tare da rawaya mai haske, ruwan lemo da ja, saboda babban abun ciki na carotenoids (500-800 MG a 100 g na nauyin rigar). Ko da nasarar mafi ƙarancin zaɓi na zaɓi a cikin wannan shugabanci na iya zama babban mahimmanci a cikin abincin ɗan adam kuma yana ba da sabon ci gaba ga ci gaban samar da dankalin turawa a matsayin amfanin gona na mahimmancin duniya.
A takaice dai, zamu iya tsammanin hakan Rawaya, lemu, ja da shunayya irin naman nama za su ƙara shahara kuma gudunmawarsu ga abincin ɗan adam za ta ƙaru.
Don haka, yin la'akari da rawar dankali a cikin abincin mutum na zamani, za mu iya bayyana ba tare da ƙari ba cewa tubers dankalin turawa ba kawai abinci ba ne, amma har da magani. An narkar da su da kyau kuma suna sha, kusan ba su da allergens, ana iya amfani da su a cikin abinci mai gina jiki na musamman, a cikin abinci inda ya zama dole don rage acidity, da dai sauransu.
Koyaya, dole ne mu manta cewa dankali yana cikin dangin Nighthade, waɗanda ke tattare da abubuwan da wasu alkaloids suke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam. Dankali kuma ya ƙunshi nitrates, karafa mai nauyi da acrylamide. Duk wannan dole ne a yi la’akari lokacin amfani da dankalin turawa, don abinci.
Nitrates. Kamar yadda kuka sani, tubers dankalin turawa sun ƙunshi ƙananan adadin nitrates. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kimiyya ta tattara bayanai da yawa da ke tabbatar da cewa matsakaicin amfani da nitrates a abinci yana da amfani ga lafiyar ɗan adam. A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin jikin mutum, nitrates suna rushewa zuwa nitrites, kuma na baya-bayan nan yana lalata kogin baki da kuma gastrointestinal tract.
Koyaya, wannan yana faruwa tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na nitrate. Amma a aikace, ana yin rikodin ƙara yawan nitrates a cikin dankali. Wannan ya dogara da dalilai masu yawa: iri-iri, yanayi da yanayin girma na ƙasa, yawan adadin takin mai magani, yanayin ajiya, da dai sauransu Abubuwan nitrate a cikin dankali yana raguwa a lokacin dafa abinci, peeling, da sarrafa masana'antu (soya, bushewa, kwakwalwan kwamfuta).
An dade da sanin kaddarorin magani na dankali. Mahimmanci, bayan yaduwar dankali, cututtukan scurvy sun bace a Turai. Ana amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen dankalin turawa don magance ciwon ciki da duodenal ulcers. Dankali yana cikin kayan abinci na masu fama da cututtukan koda da na zuciya. An samo wakili mai ƙarfafa capillary a cikin furanni dankalin turawa da tubers.
Tumatir na glycoalkaloid da ke cikin dankali yana da aikin ƙwayoyin cuta akan wasu fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma aikin antihistamine, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin maganin allergies.
A cikin magungunan jama'a, ana amfani da ɗanyen dankalin da aka dasa a wuraren da fata ta shafa don konewa, eczema da sauran cututtukan fata. Shakar tururin dankalin turawa na maganin catarr da ke cikin sashin numfashi na sama.
Solanin. A duk gabobin shuka dankalin turawa, incl. A tubers ƙunshi guba steroidal glycoalkaloid solanine, kunsha a-solanine da a-hacoine. Amma ƙaddamar da wannan alkaloid yana da ƙasa: 2-60 mg / kg na dankalin turawa sabo ne. Matsakaicin adadin solanine na 300-500 MG a kowace kilogiram 1 na nauyin dankalin turawa ana ɗaukar haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Tunda solanine yana da mahimmanci ga shuka kanta a matsayin kariya daga maƙiyan halitta, ya fi mayar da hankali a cikin kwasfa. Matakan maida hankali sun bambanta tsakanin iri. A lokacin ajiya da kuma lokacin da tubers suka lalace, ƙaddamar da solanine yana ƙaruwa kadan. Amma kuna buƙatar zama wary na tubers waɗanda suka juya kore kuma suka tsiro a cikin duhu. Matsalolin solanine a cikinsu ya zama haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Hakanan ya kamata a la'akari da cewa ba a lalata solanine yayin dafa abinci.
Enzyme inhibitors - Kamar solanine, suna zama kariya ga tubers dankalin turawa. Ga 'yan Adam, ba masu haɗari ba ne, tun da zazzabi yakan lalata su cikin sauƙin.
Karafa mai nauyi. Babban haɗarin kiwon lafiya shine cadmium da gubar. Koyaya, abun cikin su a cikin dankali ya fi ƙasa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun adadin kuzari. Lokacin kwasfa, abun ciki na gubar a cikin dankali yana raguwa da 80-90%, cadmium da 20%. Lokacin dafa abinci, matakin cadmium yana raguwa da wani 25-30%; Abin da ke cikin gubar ba ya raguwa yayin dafa abinci.
Acrylamide. Acrylamide a cikin kayan dankalin turawa an samo shi daga amino acid kyauta kuma daga sauƙi sugars (glucose, fructose) yayin maganin zazzabi (sama +120).0C) a karancin ruwa. Yayin da zafin jiki ya karu a lokacin sarrafa tubers dankalin turawa, adadin acrylamide yana ƙaruwa.
Masu sarrafawa suna sane da wannan, sabili da haka suna aiwatar da ƙarin blanching da amfani da wasu hanyoyin fasaha don rage abun ciki na acrylamide a cikin samfurin dankalin turawa na ƙarshe (kwakwalwa, fries na Faransa).
Dafuwa iri dankali
Daga cikin mafi muhimmanci tebur halaye da sanin da dafuwa irin dankalin turawa, da mataki na boilability, ɓangaren litattafan almara yawa, mealiness da wateriness na tubers ne musamman muhimmanci (Bukasov, 1975, Anisimov et al, 2012). Bisa ga waɗannan sigogi, an raba nau'in dankalin turawa don nau'ikan kayan abinci 4: daga salatin indigestible (nau'in dafuwa nau'in A) zuwa mafi tafasa da kuma crumbly iri (B, C, D), yi nufi don amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen na musamman dankalin turawa yi jita-jita (Figures 1,2).
Nau'in A - dankalin turawa, kada ku zama mai dahuwa, tubers sun kasance cikakke lokacin dafa shi, naman yana da yawa, ba mai laushi ba, da ruwa.
Nau'in B - ɗan tafasa kaɗan, naman yana da ɗanɗano kaɗan, ɗan ci, ɗan ruwa kaɗan. A tubers ne quite dukan kuma m ga iyawa. Mai dacewa don amfani a cikin dafa abinci na gida don shirya miya da jita-jita na gefe don manyan darussan zafi (dankalin da aka dafa a cikin ruwa ko tururi, dankalin da aka dafa ko gasa a cikin fatun su, dankalin da aka daskare ko fries na gida, da dai sauransu).
Nau'in C - yana tafasa da kyau, ɓangaren litattafan almara yana da tsaka-tsaki, mai laushi (laushi), bushewa, tuber ya fashe, amma ba ya rushewa yayin dafa abinci. An fi amfani dashi a masana'antar abinci.
Nau'in D - dankalin da aka dafa shi sosai, yana da ci sosai, ba ruwa ba kuma ana amfani da shi musamman wajen yin dankalin da aka daka da kuma sarrafa shi zuwa sitaci.
Yawancin nau'ikan dankalin Turawa ya nuna tsaka-tsakin halaye tsakanin nau'in narkar da abinci biyu (AB da BC). A wannan yanayin, harafin farko yana nuna irin nau'in abincin da yake ci.
Shahararren masanin kimiyar Faransa Permentier yayi amfani da hanyar asali ta inganta dankali. Ya dasa dankali a wajen birnin Paris kuma ya sanya masu gadi a gonar. A ƙarshen lokacin rani, lokacin da dankali ya cika, da gangan masu gadi suka fara barin wurarensu da dare. Karkashin duhun, manoman, cikin tsoro suna kallo, suka kwashe gadaje, suka kwashe dankalin. Masanin kimiyya ya yi nasara a kan abin da ya ƙirƙira - wani kwatanci mai rai na wannan magana: "Ya'yan itacen da aka haramta yana da dadi."
Permentier kuma ya rinjayi Sarkin Faransa Louis XVI saka furannin furanni na farko da suka bayyana akan kurmin dankalin turawa a kirjin ku. Wannan ya haifar da jin daɗi a cikin gidan sarauta, kuma sanya furannin dankalin turawa a cikin maɓalli ya zama abin ado. Makiyaya da ke zaune a kusa da birnin Paris sun fara noman dankalin turawa domin yin cinikin furanni.
Sarkin Prussian Friedrich Wilhelm I ya bayar da wata doka ta musamman na yanke hanci da kunnuwa wadanda ba sa shuka dankali.
Rikicin "dankali" a Rasha yana hade da rashin amincewa da dankali a matsayin kayan abinci.