Sergey Banadysev, Doctor na Sciences na aikin gona, Shugaban shirin zaɓi na SSC "Doka - Kimiyyar Kasuwanci"
Yiwuwar amfani da ingancin sarrafa ƙwayayar iri a lokacin dasa shuki yanzu suna ƙaruwa sosai. Idan a baya babban aikin ɗan tsana shi ne don sarrafa rhizoctonia, wireworm da ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado akan tsire-tsire, yanzu kwararru suna da ikonsu a duk lokacin da ake amfani da kayan aikin don sarrafa cututtukan kwasfa na yau da kullun, cututtukan ƙasa na ƙarshen blight, anthracnose da pitium, aphids a lokacin farkon ciyayi, kara nematode, da haɓaka ƙasa microbiota. Baya ga babban takin, yana da kyau a gabatar da abubuwan gano abubuwa da sauran abubuwan ci gaban da ake samu daga tushen tsirrai da tsirrai a lokacin shuka tare da etching.
A cikin Rasha, an ba da izinin hukuma ta yi amfani da abubuwa 18 masu amfani da kayan gwari, abubuwan aiki 10 na magungunan kwari da shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin cuta 15 tare da aikin fungicidal don maganin iri. Abubuwan da suke aiki (d.v.-va) suna da tasiri kan cututtukan dankalin turawa: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalapyroda. Daga cikin magungunan kasuwanci 30, galibi duka analogues na Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 8 da Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Akwai samfu da yawa tare da dvs biyu. kayan gwari: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), a haɗe tare da maganin kwari - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, roungiyar Kwararrun Agro + Dyentafiodeloxaminoxamol ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Agusta). Mafi kyawun abun da aka saka na Degic Degic (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) shine fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Duk sauran magungunan suna da haɗuwa guda ɗaya ko kuma suna haɗuwa da maganin kashe kwari. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) kuma a hade tare da mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) an ba da shawarar don noman ƙasa a cikin furrow, sauran abubuwan - don tubers.
Jerin magungunan rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyi a lokacin dasa shuki shima yalwata. An ba shi damar yin amfani da kwayoyi tare da a.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifentrin, fipronil, clothiadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprol, oxamil. A wannan yanayin, teflutrin (Force, Syngenta) da oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) suna da nau'i na shirye-shiryen granules kuma an gabatar da su cikin ƙasa. Sauran kwayoyi an fi amfani dasu don miya, a cikin mafita guda ɗaya tare da fungicides. Aikin kwari na kwari kwari ne ƙasa-haifa, Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro da aphids a kan seedlings. Nematode dannewa - nadin Vidat ne na kashe kansa. Ba a ba da bambancin shigar da kara zana kuzari a cikin ƙa'idodin, kodayake aikin da aka yi a 'yan shekarun nan ya nuna cewa tasiri na abubuwa daban-daban na aiki da wannan kwaro mai haɗari ya yi daidai. Yawancin shirye-shiryen kasuwanci sun dogara da imidacloprid, clothiadinine, da thiamethoxam. Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan abubuwa guda biyu: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Agusta), imidacloprid + bifentrin (Imidalit, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprol (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
Assortment na fungicides nazarin halittu a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ya hada da al'adun rayuwa da metabolites na mutum kwayar cuta daga kwayoyin HALITTAR Bacillus, Pseudomonas da carnivorous fungiides daga halittar Trichoderma. A cikin duka, a cikin jerin 2020, an yi shirye-shiryen kasuwanci 15 a kan dankali. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani dasu wajen samarwa shine Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), wanda saboda wasu dalilai sun ƙaddamar a cikin rajista azaman takin zamani. Mu a cikin 2017-2019 An tantance amfanin duk biofungicides na zamani akan dankali. An samo bayanai masu ban sha'awa da amfani sosai wadanda suka cancanci rarrabe dabam kuma za'a buga su.
Tsarin iri yakamata ya ba da kariya mai inganci daga cututtuka da kwari, ya haɓaka ci gaban tsire-tsire da ci gaba kuma ya wadatar da fasaha sosai, wanda aka gina shi cikin tsari na yau da kullun. Iswarewa yana ƙayyadewa ta hanyar zaɓin daidai na magunguna da ƙimar aiki. Zaɓin magunguna ya kamata ya dogara da fahimtar nufin amfani da takamaiman kayan gwari da la'akari da matsalolin ilimin halittar jiki na takamaiman rukuni na kayan shuka da takamaiman filin. Littafin hukuma na hukuma game da magungunan ƙwari na Tarayyar Rasha ya ƙunshi iyakantaccen bayani. An yi rijistar abubuwan gwari don tubers na ado a matsayin wakilai masu kula da rhizoctonia, scab na yau da kullun da azabar azurfa. Babu wani bayani game da tasirin kwayoyi game da anthracnose, raunin ruwa mai rauni, ƙarshen kamuwa da cutar ƙasa, waɗanda suka yaɗu a cikin recentan shekarun nan. Akwai wasu misalai na aiki mai faɗi sosai. Don haka, tsohon TMTD an sanya shi a matsayin magani don magance ƙarshen cutar, rhizoctonia, scab, rigar ƙwayoyin rigar da fusarium. Wannan yana haifar da shakku mai ma'ana, tunda kawai mafi yawan kayan aikin gwari uku na zamani Idicum yana da nau'ikan aikin kamala - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia.
Talla na masana'antun magungunan kwari suna ba da wasu jagororin, amma ba a tabbatar da haƙiƙa a wannan yanayin ba. Yakamata a kimanta kayan tallatawa da taka tsantsan da lura, la'akari da bukatun kasuwanci na masana'antun kayayyakin kariya ta tsire-tsire. Haka ne, suna ba da cikakkiyar shaida game da fa'idodi na takamaiman magunguna akan masu fafatawa a cikin yanayin samar da gaske. Akwai irin wannan dokar ta baƙin ƙarfe: magungunan ku koyaushe suna cin nasara, mai gasa koyaushe ya rasa. A cikin kayan kamfanin kamfani, tabbas, komai ya zama akasi ne. Misali na kwatancen kayan kwatankwacin bambance-bambancen kayan masarufi daban-daban an nuna a cikin Table 1.
Yana da mahimmanci a san ainihin manufa da tasirin duk samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire. Irin wannan bayanin a cikin ƙasashe masu haɓaka dankalin turawa ana sabunta su kowace shekara ta cibiyoyin ƙwararru masu zaman kansu kuma ana kawo su ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masanan. A hukumance, kyauta kuma a gaba. Tun da har yanzu jihar ba ta samar da irin wannan sabis ɗin ga masu kera aikin gona a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ba, ya kamata a ɗauki bayanan da aka samo daga jami'in ƙasashen waje da kuma buɗaɗɗun tushe a matsayin tushe, gyara don wadatar kuɗin. Tebur 2. takaita hanyoyin fasaha don sarrafa cututtukan dankalin turawa da aka ci karo da su, sun nuna magungunan kashe kwari tare da tabbatar da tasirin danniya na wasu kwayoyin cuta. Wannan bayani ne mai dacewa, tunda yawancin kwayoyin aiki masu aiki an hada su tsawon lokaci. Amma wasu kwayoyi masu aiki an halicce su kwanan nan: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, wanda ya bude wasu sabbin hanyoyi na kula da cututtukan cuta yayin dasa su.
Tebur 2. Hanyoyin fasaha na sarrafa cututtukan dankalin turawa (a cewar M.Fiers et al., 2011)
Pathogen / cuta | Juyin juyawa | Taki | Juyin | Saukowa, kulawa, tsaftacewa | Magungunan kwari |
Cikakkun cocyoum / Anthracnose | Juyawa sama da shekaru 5 tare da alkama, ja, Clover, alfalfa, masara, ganye, tururi, sha'ir. Baya ga mustard rawaya, soya, fyade | - | 30 cm zubar da ruwa | Guji matsewar ruwa, Tsabtace Farko. Tazara tazara tsakanin topping da girbi | Bayar da isasshen oxamyl. Yana rage imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpichonil da propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium bushe rot | Imumarancin shekaru uku juyawa tare da ja Clover | Humus | Processingarancin aiki | Tsabtacewa da wuri. Matsakaiciyar tazara tsakanin topping da girbi, warkarwa mai rauni | Chlorine dioxide, fenpichonil, da cakuda thiabendazole, imazalil da mancozeb |
Helmintosporium solani / scab na azurfa | Imumarancin shekaru uku juyawa tare da ja Clover | - | Processingarancin aiki | Landarancin saukowa mai yawa, ƙarshen saukowa da farkon girbi | Mankoceb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomyl |
Phoma ssp./ Fomose bushe rot | - | - | - | Zuwa farkon, digging a yanayin zafi sama da 8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptica / Pink Rot | Shekaru uku da sha'ir da ja Clover | - | - | Filayen da ke da kyau, tsaftacewa a cikin yanayin sanyi, rage raunin raunin da ya faru | Mephenoxam, metalaxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, bututu mai narkewa | - | - | - | Tsabtacewa da wuri | Imazalil, prochlorase (maniyyi), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium Ultimate / Rauni na ruwa rot | - | Humus | - | Filayen da ke da kyau, tsaftacewa a cikin yanayin sanyi, rage raunin raunin da ya faru | Mephenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, black scab | Minaramin juyawa na shekaru uku, sai dai alkama, alfalfa, hatsin rai | Humus, bambaro | Processingarancin aiki, yankan crest kaka | M dasa (5 cm), high zazzabi, low dasa yawa. Lokacin kankanin tsakanin topping da digging. | Yana tsokani 1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb da epoprofos Yana rage pencicuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / farin fata | Shekaru 4-5 tare da hatsi, hatsi na hatsi | - | - | Gudanar da ruwa | Fluazinam, iprodion, methyl na thiophanate, boscalide |
Gowallo na cikin karkashin kasa / Порошистая парша | Yearsarancin shekaru 10, babu makiyaya | Karka yi amfani da juji | Kada ku yi noma a bazara | Late saukowa a kan filayen da aka yi ruwa sosai | Fluzulfamide, Fluazinam, Mancocheb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / Dankali ta Cancer | Yayi matukar juyawa (shekaru 30) | Urea | - | Filayen da aka kwashe sosai | Urea = urea |
Verticillium dahliae / Vilt, verticillez | Shekaru uku na juyawa tare da ja Clover, ciyawar Sudan, hatsi. Ban da tururi, ƙwa, oat, shinkafa, Mint, ciyawa | Ammonium lingosulfate | Processingarancin aiki | - | Mancozeb, captan, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Zobe rot | Tare da albasa | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Ban da na monoculture, madadin tare da alkama, ja Clover, sha'ir ko ciyawa | Kada ku ɗauki nauyin nitrogen | - | Filin da aka cika sosai, Cire tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta, hana lalacewar fata | Chlorine dioxide, aluminium da gishiri mai gishiri, casugamycin, streptomycin, soda benzoate, benzoic acid, copper oxychloride + metalaxyl ko cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Ptarfafa ɓarnawain scabies / Na gama gari da kuma net scab | Tare da lupine, hatsin hunturu ko seradella. Bugu da ƙari ga beets na sukari, karas, makiyaya | Potassium, phosphorus, lingosulfate ammonium, takin, ciyawar alade | Jin zurfi | - | Bayar da isasshen oxamyl. Ya ƙunshi boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
Mai hallakarwa Ditylenchus | - | - | - | - | Oxamyl |
Globodera rostochiensis / Cyst-form nematode | Dogon juyawa tare da peas, flax, hatsin rai, oats da hatsin rai | Phosphorus | - | Yana hana yaduwar kamuwa da cuta tare da hanyar | Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, foxime, A.C. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gallic nematode | Saƙar fata / ƙari ga albarkatu masu yawa - karas, beets, jan Clover, hatsi, akuya | - | - | - | Duk tsirrai na kasar gona |
A cikin ƙasashen EU, akwai daidaitaccen tsari na aiki, har ma da tashin hankali da wuce gona da iri na aikin gona. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da abubuwa tuni an janye su ko an cire su daga wurare dabam dabam ta hanyar doka, an hana amfani da su kwata-kwata. Sabili da haka, kewayon kayayyakin kariya na shuke-shuke don kariyar iri ya zama mai iyakancewa, kamar yadda ake iya gani a misalin ƙasar Jamus (Table 3). Masana na ganin cewa idan aka ci gaba da haka, to samar da amfanin gona mai karfi, wanda tabbas ya hada da dankali, dole ne ya tsaya a Yammacin Turai, tun da yana da matukar wahala a samu yawan amfanin gona da ingancin kayan. A lokaci guda, bangarori biyu na tsarin kariyar da aka yi amfani da su a cikin EU sun cancanci kulawa sosai: 1) kayan gwari dangane da jan hydroxide (Ci gaban Funguran, ci gaban Kuprozin, akwai irinsu a Rasha, Koside 2000, misali) ana ba da shawarar a yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa kwayoyin cuta; 2) ana amfani da shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin cuta. Da kwayoyin cuta Pectobacterium da nau'in Dickeya, shirye-shiryen jan ƙarfe da aka amince da su ana iya haɗasu da sauran kayan gwari. Tagulla abu ne mai alama kuma lokacin da ake sarrafa tubers ga shuke-shuke a farkon matakin ci gaba. An samarda shuke-shuken dankalin turawa da jan ƙarfe mai saurin sanyi. Samun jan ƙarfe da wuri yana taimakawa ga samuwar lignin, ma'ana, saurin samuwar abu mai ƙarfi.
Tebur 3. Adadin nau'in kayan kariya na dankalin turawa a lokacin shuka, Jamus, 2020
A cikin 2020, Jamusawa dankalin turawa suna da damar amfani da shirye-shirye 10 don aikace-aikacen tubers da ƙasa lokacin shuka. Abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu na waɗannan kayan gwari da haɓaka masu haɓaka, kunnawa da daidaita ƙarancin microbiota ya bambanta da na Rasha. Kayayyakin kasuwanci sun bayyana tare da wasu nau'ikan halittar Bacillus, ba Subtilis ba, amma Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Baya ga abin da ake hada shi, an fara amfani da hadin gwiwar kwayoyin cutar. Don haka, samfurin SOLANOVA® ya ƙunshi daidaitaccen cakuda nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta 5: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. ANa'idar aiki ta SOLANOVA - tana ƙaruwa da ƙara ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, samar da abinci mai ƙaranci, inganta haɓakar tushe, cire ragowar ƙwayoyin ƙasa da suka mutu, inganta haɓakar homonin tsire-tsire da enzymes, ƙara haɓaka haƙuri kamar gishiri, zafi, fari, sanyi, dss. sakamako: yana girma cikin ƙasa da tushe kuma yana gasa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta don tushen exudates azaman abinci na farko, yana haifar da shinge na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tushen yankin don wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana ƙarfafa juriya na shuke-shuke, samuwar magungunan rigakafi mallakar na shuke-shuke, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban haɓakar samari.
Mafi cikakken saitin hanyoyin kare kayan shuka dankalin turawa a Amurka (Tebur 4,5). Har zuwa yanzu, akwai samfuran da aka yi amfani dasu ko'ina cikin sifar foda (ƙura) don maganin iri yayin yankan. Halin kwanciyar hankali game da haɗarin ƙarshen ɓarna, bushewar bushewa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke yaɗuwa yayin yankan kuma gaskiyar gaskiyar jimillar kayan gargajiya na manyan abubuwa a cikin Amurka an bayyana ta da ingancin ingancin kayayyakin foda na kasuwanci bisa ga mancozeb da pencycuron. Af, an sarrafa 30% na dukkanin irin dankalin turawa a Ingila tare da pencycuron foda (Monceren, Bayer) har zuwa shekarar da ta gabata. Don ƙwanƙwasa ruwa, ban da abubuwan da aka sani a Tarayyar Rasha, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, da ƙwayoyin Chenopodium quinoa saponins an yarda da amfani. Sedaxan yana cikin cututtukan cuta guda hudu na farko da Syngenta ke kashewa, wanda a Amurka ana kiransa Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra tare da hadewar d.v. fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Tarayyar Rasha ta ba da sanarwar farkon aikin don haɗawa da irin wannan magani a cikin rajistar dankali; a kan ƙwayoyin sukari, Vibrans da irin wannan abun an riga an amince da su (Table 4).
Tebur 4. Shirye-shirye na sarrafa iri dankali (dokokin ƙasar Amurka na 2020)
1 - sashi = adadin abin da aka gama don amfani, inda oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (jaka) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - kayan da aka halatta don al'ada da cuta; blank = samfurin da ba'a yi nufin takamaiman cuta ba.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani da Helminthosporium solani. Wadannan fungi suna haifar da bushewar ruba, rhizoctonia da silib din azurfa.
4 - ya hada da Erwinia, sanadiyyar lalacewar kwayar cuta da Clavibacter, dalilin rubewar zobe.
Bambanci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma amfani da tsarin kariya na Amurka yayin dasa shuki dankali babban tsari ne na shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen ƙasa. Baya ga azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade da shirye-shiryen halitta da aka ba da izini a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, an ba da izinin yin amfani da sauran abubuwa masu aiki daga rukuni na jini na jini (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) da kuma yawanci anti-phytoplastic (cyazofamide, fluazines, flutolanil, oxathiopipron). Dalilin narkar da ƙasa shine kula da rhizoctoniosis, ƙarshen blight, pitium da anthracnose (Table 5).
Tebur 5. Shirya ƙasa don dasa shuki dankali (dokokin ƙasar Amurka na 2020)
inda ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 kilogiram; A - acre, 0,4 ha.
Nazarin bayanan mai zaman kansa yana ba ku damar zaɓar abubuwan da ke daidai yayin aiki da kayan iri na dankalin turawa. Jerin cututtukan cututtukan da ake sarrafawa a cikin tubers an iyakance ga rhizoctonia, na yau da kullun da azurfa, fusarium da phomosis (hoto 1). Furrow ko noman ƙasa gaba ɗaya yana ba da damar rage ƙarancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na rhizoctonia, anthracnose, ɓacin lokaci na ƙarshe, raunin ruwa (rauni) da ruwan hoda. A kan wannan, shirye-shiryen microbiological da jan ƙarfe suna da tasiri kan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Kowane abu mai aiki yana da takamaiman bakan aiki. Misali, penflufen da sedaxan suna da tasiri a kan scab, amma basu da amfani akan fusarium, yayin da mancozeb da difenoconazole, akasin haka, prothioconazole yana kara tasirin danniya na azabar azurfa ta pencycuron, da dai sauransu. Idan ana ba da shawarar amfani da Sercadis daban a cikin ƙasarmu, to a cikin Amurka, lokacin da ake sarrafa burodi, ana haɗa fluxapiroxade tare da pyraclostrobin (magani na Priaxor). Kuma wannan ba saboda komai bane ayi, amma saboda fadada yanayin aikin, daya d.v-va bai isa ba. Akwai wasu ƙuntatawa akan lokacin amfani. Misali, ya fi kyau a magance dormant, dankalin da ba shi narkewa tare da fludioxonil. Ana ba da shawarar Imazalil don amfani da shi kawai don saurin ƙwanƙwasa, amma a lokaci guda yana ɗaya daga cikin thatan kaɗan da ke hana oosporosis. Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin kimantawa na takamaiman magunguna a ƙasashe daban-daban. Don haka, a cikin Turai, an yi imanin cewa azoxystrobin da sauran strobirulins ya kamata a shafa su kawai ga ƙasa, bai kamata ya hau kan tubers ba. A cikin Amurka, babu irin wannan ƙuntatawa, ana amfani da abu don tubers da furrow. Abin lura shine gaskiyar cewa Yammacin Turai, Amurka da Kanada ba zasu watsar da ƙura a gaba ba, watau sauƙi ƙura na tubers ba tare da farashin fasaha ba.
Ga masu noman dankalin Rasha, al'adar yada kura a kan tubers a cikin shukar mai tsire abu ne da aka manta da shi kuma a zamanin yau hanyar da ba za a yarda da ita ba. Yana da matukar wahala a yi tunanin cewa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ana amfani da irin wannan hanyar sarrafawa sosai, kuma wannan yana ƙarƙashin taken taken game da yanayin ƙasa (Gaskiya, an riga an dakatar da foda dangane da penflufen, flutolonil da fludioxonil a cikin EU ta hannu, ta hanyar masu nema). Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka biyu don rigar, ƙoshin ruwa: a gaba a asibiti da kuma lokacin dasa shuki a cikin filin. Yin tsinken wuri yana da fa'idodi da yawa - yanayin da ya fi shuru, mafi daidaitaccen sashi na aikin aiki, da haɓaka yawan shuka dankalin turawa. Amma ya kamata ku sani cewa magani mai inganci a asibiti yana da feshin ƙarami mai ƙanƙanci tare da yawan gudan ruwa mai aiki wanda bai wuce 3 l / t ba. Wannan yana yiwuwa yayin amfani da masu feshin diski (duba hoto na 2,3) a kowane juyi mai jujjuya - rollers na hopper, teburin dubawa ko kayan aikin Mafex na musamman. Ya kamata a san adadin gudan ruwan da yake aiki 10-20 l / t wanda matsayin Rasha a asibiti ya yarda da shi a matsayin kuskure da kuma rashin karbuwa. A cikin yanayin yanayin ilimin halittar zamani, bayyanar danshi na tubers shine gangancin tsokanar ci gaban cututtukan kwayoyin cuta. Bayan jiyya a asibiti, har ma a jajibirin shuka, dole ne a busar da dankalin. Idan maganin yana kan hanyar dasa shuki ne, sai aka loda dankakken dankalin aka kai shi filin, amma ya fara ruwan sama kuma an dasa shuki a kalla kwana daya - nan da nan ya zubo ya bushe tsaba. In ba haka ba, matsaloli tare da germination da rotting na tubers ne makawa.
Gudanar da saukowa har yanzu an fi so. Babu buƙatar dumama, bushe bushe, babu matsala na amfani da kayan kariya na shuka a cikin ajiya kuma babu haɗarin jinkirin dasa bayan sarrafawa, ba kawai tubers ba, har ma ana sarrafa ƙasa. Amma tsarin dasawa ya yi saurin lalacewa, yawan kayan aikin da ake haɓaka yana ƙaruwa, akwai matsaloli a cikin lura da yawan kwararar ruwa da sarrafa ingancin sarrafawa. Dukkanin masu shirya dankalin turawa na zamani ana bayar dasu kayan tanki don kariya daga shuka. Zai fi kyau yin amfani da ƙwararrun maɓuɓɓuka na musamman, waɗanda ba su da kusanci da haɗuwa da mafita mai dakatarwa (duba hoto 4,5,6).
Syngenta yana samar da masu siyar da masu aikin sa tare da daskararrun tagulla (hoto 4), waɗanda aka tsara musamman don aikace-aikacen dakatarwa, sun bambanta da ƙasa da 40% a cikin tsinkaye daga daidaitattun abubuwa tare da wutar lamunin wuta, saboda ƙirar ƙirarsu a zahiri a zahiri basa ɗauka kuma basa buƙatar tacewa. An yi su kuma an shigar dasu a cikin nau'i-nau'i. Dukansu nozzles an saita su a wani kusurwa na 45 ° zuwa kwance a kwance, an aika zuwa ga juna: wani bututun ƙarfe tare da kusurwa na 20 ° (tsawo) don lura da faɗuwar tubers an shigar a farkon casing tare da shugabanci na mai shirya; mai sprayer tare da kusurwar 70 ° (gajere) an tsara shi don aiwatar da ƙasan furrow, jera tarin fuka, da ƙasa wanda ke rufe da furrow, an shigar dashi a ginin na biyu.
An nuna shigowar daidai na masu fesawa akan mabudin mai shukar a hoto 7,8. Yin sarrafa tubers kawai (hoto na 7) yana rasa dacewa, tunda da irin wannan tsari na nozzles, rushewar maganin aiki mai yiwuwa ne. Yin amfani da magunguna na lokaci daya zuwa tubers da ƙasa yafi tasiri sosai. A wannan halin, bututun gaban mai kusurwa na gaba (1) na iya fesa 1/3 na ruwan a tsaye zuwa cikin budewar kai tsaye kai tsaye bayan furcin. Tumbin dankalin turawa sai ya fada cikin raunin da aka yiwa ruwa. Na biyu, bututun ƙarfe mai kusurwa (2) na iya yin allurar 2/3 na ruwan da aka fesa a cikin ƙasa mai motsi wadda dutsen faifai ke rufe tubers. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da sigar matasan, don haka ɓangaren aikin aiki yana fuskantar tubers.
Maganin aiki na shirye-shirye don kariya da motsa tubers yayin dasawa na iya ƙunsar abubuwa har zuwa biyar: kayan gwari, maganin kashe kwari, shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin cuta, takin mai gina jiki ko mai kara kuzari, mai talla. Zaɓin na microfertilizer tare da mafi kyawun rabo na abubuwan gina jiki, amino acid, adjuvants don ingantaccen tushe da haɓakar farko yana da yawa. Kayayyakin kasuwanci na zamani suna da ci gaba sosai ta hanyar fasaha kuma an rarraba su sosai, suna haɗuwa cikin hanyar ruwa ba tare da hazo ba. Tare da kowane sabon haɗin ƙwayoyi, dole ne a tabbatar da wannan ta misalin ƙaramin ƙarami. Na dabam, ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙwayoyin ƙwari da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake saka masu neman aiki na musamman a kan mai shukar (hoto 9,10). Mai gabatarwar ya kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen anti-nematode nazarin halittu Nematofagin-Mikopro dangane da fungi mai farauta, tunda bisa ga bayanin masana'antun bai dace da kayan gwari ba.
Kudin suttura da motsa abu mai dasa dankalin turawa ta amfani da magunguna masu inganci ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka wuce ya kai 8-10 dubu rubles / ha. Wannan shi ne kashi na uku na dukkanin tsarin kariya, ee, mai mahimmanci, amma yayi daidai da farashin tan ɗaya na dankali. Inara samun kuɗaɗen shiga daga sarrafawa ya ninka farashin sau da yawa, kuma ba da yawa ba saboda karuwar yawan amfanin ƙasa, amma saboda ƙaruwar ƙimar samfurin. A lokaci guda, sarrafa kayan abu iri dole ne a aiwatar dasu cikin ƙwarewa sosai. Dole ne a cire tubers da suka lalace da rauni a farko kuma a hankali, in ba haka ba sarrafa su zai haifar da ƙaruwa sosai ga ci gaban ruɓaɓɓu, musamman lokacin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ruwa ko ƙarancin ƙasa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar tsiron dankalin. Fiye da yawan amfanin da ake amfani da shi, ba za a yarda da yawan abin da ya wuce na kayayyakin kariya na tsire-tsire ba, waɗannan shirye-shirye ne masu tsauri, tsire-tsire za su ci baya a girma na dogon lokaci.Yin amfani da kayan gwari a lokacin shuka ba zai iya kawar da kamuwa da cuta na ciki a cikin tubers, miya ba za ta iya maye gurbin iri mai inganci ba.
A ƙarshe, ya kamata a lura cewa magani tare da kariya da abubuwa masu motsawa na isa isa shine matakin da ya dace da inganci na tsarin kariya a cikin girma da girma dankalin turawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami ci gaba sosai a wannan yanki kuma sabbin damar suna buɗewa. Nazarin da nazarin bayanan kasashen waje yana ba mu damar haskaka manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin kariya daga kayan dasa dankalin turawa. Wannan shine fadada yawan cututtukan cututtukan da ake sarrafawa, sauyawa daga magunguna daya-biyu zuwa magunguna uku-hudu, sauyawa daga tubers zuwa noman kasa da kirkirar sabbin abubuwa masu amfani da sinadarai da kariya ta ilmin halitta. La'akari da canjin da aka samu a yanayin yanayin halittar, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai ga azabar azurfa, pythium, anthracnose, sauran cututtukan ƙasa da bacteriosis. Matsakaicin kayan gwari da ake samu a Tarayyar Rasha ta zamani ce kuma ta bambanta. Manyan manyan masana'antun masana'antar kayayyakin kare tsire-tsire ba su cikin hanzarin bayar da sabuwar haduwar d.v-v ga Rasha, amma kamfanonin Rasha (Agusta, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) tare da samfuran masu ruwa da tsaki Idikum, Deposit da King Combi suna da matukar dacewa da gasa. Dangane da kula da ƙasa tare da kayan gwari a Turai, gami da Tarayyar Rasha, akwai bayyananniyar matsala a bayan matakin ƙasashen ƙetare, amma akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a koya kuma akwai abin da za a ɗauka a matsayin misali, babban ajiyar don haɓaka tasirin kariya lokacin da ake dasa shi a nan. Dangane da tasirin shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin cuta, jagoranci, tabbas, na kamfanonin Turai ne. Jerin abubuwan da ake kashewa a cikin Rasha yana da girma, amma kunkuntar cikin tsarin nazarin halittu, akwai bukatar a tabbatar da ingancin sa game da cututtuka a aikace. Hanyoyin da aka gabatar na sarrafa cututtukan kwayoyin cuta ta amfani da kayan gwari masu dauke da tagulla da kwayoyin kashe kwayoyin cuta suna da daraja da dacewa.