Kamfanin "Agusta" ya bincika ra'ayoyin da aka saba da su game da sinadarai masu guba - kayayyakin kariya na shuka da aka ba da izinin amfani da su wajen haɓaka samfuran kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta.
Kasuwancin duniya don biopesticides ana ɗauka yana da sauri girma: rabon kayayyakin samfurori a cikin jimlar samfuran kariyar tsire har yanzu ƙanƙane ne kawai, amma, a cewar masana, tallace-tallacersu suna ƙaruwa da kashi 15-20% a kowace shekara - fiye da sau uku cikin sauri fiye da kasuwar duniya ta CPPPs.
A cikin Rasha, yanayin ya bambanta: kasuwanni na biopesticides da CPPPs suna girma a cikin daidaituwa. Girma a cikin magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kusan zuwa matakan duniya, kuma tallace-tallace na magungunan kashe ƙwari na gargajiya sun ƙaru da kusan 10% a kowace shekara a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Daga 2010 zuwa 2019, kashe kuɗaɗe kan kayayyakin kariya na shuka a Rasha a kowace kadada na yanki da aka shuka ya ninka - daga 550 zuwa 2200 rubles. Wannan ya faru duka saboda canzawa a cikin musayar musayar kudi, wanda farashin jigon kayan haɗin kayan kare tsiro ya ɗauka, kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa kayan aikin fasaha na fasaha don kariya daga tsire-tsire har yanzu ba a rufe su da gonaki na gida ba. Kuma yuwuwar bunƙasa a cikin ƙasar har yanzu yana da girma: a cikin Rasha, farashi a kowace kadada a dala ya ninka sau biyu fiye da na Amurka, kuma 3,5 sau ƙasa da na Jamus. Kuma a Japan, kasar da ke da yawan adadin ƙarni a tsakanin jama'a, suna kashe kusan sau 15 fiye da hectare na ƙasar noma fiye da a Rasha (amma ya kamata a ɗauka a zuciya cewa a Japan fiye da amfanin gona ɗaya na hectare a kowace shekara da farashin magungunan kashe ƙwari a shekara. akwai masu girma sosai).
Amma game da sinadarai masu guba, wani muhimmin sashi daga cikinsu yana cikin rukunin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka tsara don sarrafa kwari da ƙwayoyin fungicides waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu don magance cututtukan fungal na tsire-tsire. Hakanan, samfuran halittu suna da matsayi sosai kamar haɓakar haɓakawa da abubuwan haɗin tashin hankali - rashin alheri, ba koyaushe tare da ingantaccen tabbaci da ingantaccen tasiri ba. Biopesticides yana da wuya su iya yin gasa tare da rukunin CPCCs da aka nema - ciyawar gwari. Bincike ya nuna cewa yayin da manyan abubuwan da za su iya shawo kan manomi ya yi amfani da biopesticides shine samar da magani kyauta da kuma shawarwari daga abokan aiki, yayin da babban abin da ke motsa zuciyar yin amfani da CPPD shine amincewa da sakamakon, dangane da kwarewar tasu. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da biopesticides sau da yawa yana buƙatar yanayi na musamman waɗanda ba koyaushe dogara ga manoma ba.
Kasashe daban-daban suna tunanin daban wanda kwayoyi ne ke da hakkin a kira su da biopesticides. Don haka, a cikin Rasha, an ba da ma'anar a cikin GOST R 56694-2015: waɗannan "wakilan kare tsire-tsire masu kariya ne waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance kwari na tsirrai masu tsire-tsire, waɗanda abubuwa ne masu rai ko na ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a masu haɓaka sunadarai masu haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta." A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an bayyana biopesticides a matsayin "wani nau'in magungunan kashe qwari wanda ya danganta da ƙwayoyin cuta ko samfuran halitta." Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, ban da shirye-shiryen cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta dangane da ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, har ila yau suna rarraba al'adun da aka sauya asalinsu wanda aka sanya kwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayoyin endotoxin na kwayoyin halittar Bacillus thuringiensis, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman maganin kashe kwari. A sakamakon haka, tsire da kanta tana samar da gubobi waɗanda ke lalata abu mai lahani. Amma a cikin Amurka, magungunan magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke hade da rayayyun halittu sun haɗa da abubuwan kawai waɗanda ke sarrafa kwari gaba ɗaya ta hanyoyin da ba mai guba ba (irin su pheromones na kwari wanda ke hana matattara, haɓaka mai ƙanshi waɗanda ke jan hankalin kwari a cikin tarkuna, mai da ke hana numfashi, da sauransu). da sauransu).
Kamfanin "Agusta" ya bayyana cewa amfani da abubuwa masu rai na hoto ko kwaro, ƙwayar cuta ko yanayin fungal a matsayin wakilai na kariya daga tsirrai, idan aka kwatanta da samfuran sinadarai, an iyakance shi da manyan abubuwan guda uku. Na farko, suna buƙatar yanayi na ajiya na musamman, saboda sau da yawa suna "lalata" a yanayin zafi ko mara kyau. Abu na biyu, rayuwar rayuwar su sau da yawa, kuma wani lokacin tsari mai girma, ƙasa da na CPSP. Pheromones, alal misali, ana adana su a cikin injin daskarewa, kuma al'adun namomin trichoderma, wanda ke da tasirin daɗewar rai, koda masanin da ya cancanci yawo a cikin firiji. Amma mafi mahimmancin mahimmanci shine na uku: tasiri na samfuran "rayayye" ya dogara sosai akan yanayin muhalli. Idan basu da inganci, kuma gasa tare da dabi'ar halitta ta girma, magungunan "raye" na iya zama marasa inganci.
"Biopesticides a matsayin samfuran microbiological ko tsarin tsiro ba su da bambanci da samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire masu kariya, ban da hanyar samar da abu mai aiki. Masu siyan samfuran a wasu lokuta ba su ma san cewa ba asalinsu ba ne, - in ji Mikhail Danilov. - Misali, ingantaccen maganin kashe kwari wanda yake kashe kwari da kwari masu cutarwa, kayan kwata ne na kwayar cutar fungi Streptomyces avermitilis. Kuma kodayake yana da alama cewa "halitta" ba shi da hadari, abamectin ga dabbobi masu shayarwa umarni ne kawai na ƙasa mai guba fiye da sinadarin potassium cyanide. "
A lokaci guda, ingantaccen amfani da CPSP yana tabbatar da cewa babu cutar lahani ga yanayi da ɗan adam. Magungunan da kansu yanzu suna fuskantar gwajin lafiyar aminci. Yana ɗaukar sama da shekara ɗaya daga lokacin da aka gwada ingantaccen kayan aiki zuwa siyarwar samfuri dangane da shi. Baya ga gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da bincika ayyukan abu a kan abu mai cutarwa, ana gudanar da dukkan gwaje-gwaje na toxicological. A lokaci guda, magungunan da ba a gama aiki sun bar kasuwa ba. Da farko dai, waɗannan abubuwa ne tare da dorewa mai ƙarfi, waɗanda aka adana su a cikin abubuwan muhalli na dogon lokaci, kazalika da waɗanda ke da haɗarin ruɓaɓɓen ƙwayar cuta - tarawa a cikin jiki a cikin taro mafi girma fiye da yadda suke kasancewa a cikin yanayin waje. Abu na biyu, waɗannan abubuwa ne waɗanda halayen toxicological suna da damuwa.
“Dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane (DDT), mai saurin-sa mai guba amma an haramta shi a yau a duk ƙasashe na duniya, amfani da sauro da kwari na shuka, ya tabbatar da matuƙar tsaurin lalacewar. A cikin ƙasa, rabin rayuwarsa na iya zama sama da shekaru 15. Bugu da kari, yana da matukar darajar iskar gas. A cikin sarkar abinci, silt - algae - crustaceans - kifi - kifayen da aka yanke, maida hankali ya ninka sau dubu goma. A lokaci guda, dole ne mu manta cewa a cikin shekaru ukun da DDT ya taimaka don ceton sama da rabin biliyan wanda ba su mutu daga zazzabin cizon sauro ba, ”Mikhail Danilov ya buga misali.
Shirye-shirye masu haɗari na kariyar tsire-tsire sun zama lokacin da akayi amfani da shi ba daidai ba - da farko, lokacin da aka keta ƙa'idar aikace-aikacen. Wannan kuma ya shafi halaye da sharuɗɗan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da kuma amfanin su akan amfanin gona wanda ba sa niyya - alal misali, saboda halayen maye.
“Yayin amfani da kwari da kwayoyin kashe kwari ko maganin kashe kwari na benzimidazole akan alkama, babu sauran ragowar alkama, amma amfani dasu don kare letas daga ciyawar da ke tattare da rikici shine babban laifi. Abin takaici, ya zuwa yanzu ba duk samfuran da ke cikin Tarayyar Rasha ba an bincika don bin ka'idodi don matsakaicin ƙarancin halayen da ke akwai na magungunan kashe ƙwari biyu da gubobi marasa haɗari na asalin kwayoyin, ”in ji Mikhail Danilov.
Abubuwan da aka bayar ta sabis na latsa kamfanin "Agusta"