Dogon rigar ruwa mai sanyi da sanyi, dogon fari na rani da kaka da ba a saba gani ba - wannan shine yadda zamu iya bayyana yanayin yanayin da yakamata muyi girma da girbi dankali a cikin 2022.
Hanyoyin yanayi sun haifar da yanayi mai dadi don yaduwar wasu cututtuka da kwari na amfanin gona, wanda ya shafi yawan girbi.
Cututtukan dankalin Turawa
Bisa ga lura da Nikolai Parashchenko, Dan takarar na Kimiyyar Noma, manajan ci gaba da aikace-aikace na samfurori akan masara da amfanin gona na musamman a BASF, a cikin kakar da ta gabata, dankali a cikin masana'antu ya fi fama da rhizoctonia, marigayi blight, alternaria da kuma kwayoyin cuta. Valeria Ananyeva, manajan samfur a Chance Group of Companies, ya kara fusarium zuwa wannan jerin.
Masana sun lura cewa farkon bayyanar rhizoctoniosis ya kasance saboda wani yanayi mai wahala: Mayu a yawancin yankunan "dankali" na kasar yana da zafi mai zafi da ƙananan yanayin zafi (idan aka kwatanta da yanayin yanayi), dasa dankalin turawa ya jinkirta da matsakaita. sati biyu zuwa uku. Yanayin zafi da ƙarancin danshi a rabi na biyu na lokacin rani ya haifar da yaduwar Alternaria. Kuma adadin rikodi na hazo da ya fado a cikin faɗuwar ya haifar da "fararen fure" na ƙarshen blight da fusarium. Valeria Ananyeva ya ce "Ci gaban wadannan cututtuka ya sami tagomashi da matsanancin zafi a filin (90-100%) a yanayin zafi sama da +10 ° C na makonni biyu zuwa shida daga bushewa zuwa girbi," in ji Valeria Ananyeva.
Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi, an sauƙaƙe yaduwar cututtuka a cikin gonakin Rasha ta hanyar amfani da gurɓataccen kayan iri, rashin yarda da jujjuyawar amfanin gona, zaɓin jahilci na samfuran kariyar shuka (kazalika da rashin bin tsarin jiyya ko rage yawan su). Bugu da ƙari, za a iya fadada wannan jerin idan muka yi la'akari da cewa tsire-tsire masu rauni sun fi dacewa da cututtuka. Kamar yadda Nikolai Parashchenko ya jaddada, raguwar rigakafi na shuka na iya haifar da dalilai da yawa, alal misali, wuce gona da iri a lokacin maganin herbicide ko abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai mara daidaituwa.
Manyan kwari biyar na kakar
A lokacin da ake tattara kimar aikin kwaro na dankalin turawa na 2022, masana sun lura cewa muna magana ne game da matsakaicin zaɓi wanda ya dace da ƙasar gaba ɗaya.
Daga ra'ayi na Nikolai Parashchenko, lokacin da aka kammala ya haifar da mafi kyawun yanayi don yaduwar wireworms, Colorado dankalin turawa beetles, cutworms da kara (tuber) nematodes. A cikin makircin iri, aphids sun haifar da matsaloli.
Da yake tsokaci game da halin da ake ciki tare da nematode, manajan fasaha na BASF ya lura cewa manyan hanyoyin yada kwaro sune gurbataccen kayan iri da kuma ƙasa da ke fadowa daga wannan filin zuwa wani a kan sassan aiki na injinan noma. Kuma mahimman dalilai na yaduwar yawan jama'a sune rashin yarda da jujjuyawar amfanin gona da kuma mafi ƙarancin jerin abubuwan nematicides a kasuwar Rasha.
Valeria Ananyeva ya ba farko wuri a cikin kwaro rating zuwa kara nematode (lat. Ditylenchus destructor). Kwararren ya bayyana shawararta ta gaskiyar cewa ƙara danshi na ƙasa a lokacin kaka ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwa mai karfi a cikin kamuwa da cuta na tubers (an sani cewa tare da karfin danshi na 40% kawai 10% na tubers ya shafi, amma riga tare da 60% iya aiki danshi - 62,8% na tubers, kuma a 80 - kashi - har zuwa 90%).
Matsayi na biyu a cikin ƙimar Valeria Ananyeva an ba shi cicadas. Bari mu tunatar da ku cewa waɗannan kwari suna da haɗari da farko saboda sune masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na columnar wilt, spindle tuber viroid, da cutar L. Kamar yadda masanin ya lura, a cikin rabin na biyu na lokacin rani, leafhoppers sun yi ƙaura sosai kuma suna haɓaka yawan jama'a, godiya ga zafi da bushe yanayi mai kyau a gare su.
Cutworm yana cikin matsayi na uku: a cikin bazara, saboda ƙarshen dasa shuki da tsayin lokaci na germination, cutworm caterpillars sun lalata babban kaso na dankalin turawa mai tushe a cikin yankuna na tsakiya da kudancin kasar.
Matsayi na gaba dangane da tsananin cutarwa an ɗauke shi ta hanyar ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado. Zafin bazara na bana ya ba da gudummawa ga yawan yaduwarsa. A cewar masanin, a cikin gonaki da suka rage yawan maganin kwari, an rubuta wuraren kiwon wannan kwaro.
Peach aphid yana rufe martaba: saboda yanayin zafi mai zafi, a yawancin yankuna na ƙasar an lura da raƙuman ruwa biyu na haifuwa na kwari masu cutarwa - a ƙarshen Yuni da farkon Agusta.
Shiri don saukowa
Takaita sakamakon kakar 2022, muna kuma tunanin irin matsalolin da ke jiran masu noman dankalin turawa a na gaba. Wasu matsalolin sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari. Don haka, a cewar Valeria Ananyeva, manajan samfur na Kamfanin Chance Group of Companies, bayan yanayi mai wahala na kaka, wani muhimmin sashi na gonakin Rasha zai fuskanci babban matakin yaduwar cututtukan fungal da kuma yawan ciyawa.
Gabaɗaya, masana sun ba da shawarar, kamar ko da yaushe, hanyar da ta dace don haɓaka dabarun kare shuka daga cututtuka da kwari da farawa tare da ingantaccen sarrafa kayan iri.
"Idan muka lissafta ingantaccen tattalin arziki na kowane mataki na fasaha na dankalin turawa, to, sarrafa kayan iri zai zo na farko lokacin da ake ƙididdige kuɗin da aka kashe a kowace naúrar riba," Nikolai Parashchenko, manajan ci gaba da aikace-aikacen samfuran masara da masara. amfanin gona na musamman a BASF, ya tabbata. – Kuma akasin haka, idan ba ka dauki iri magani da muhimmanci, to, asara a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa da kuma ingancin ba za a iya rama domin a wasu lokuta na girma kakar. Musamman lokacin da muke magana game da filayen iri. "
Kwararren ya bukaci masu samar da noma da kada su yi watsi da maganin iri, don zaɓar masu kare lafiyar fungicidal da ke aiki yadda ya kamata a kan rhizoctonia, suna da tasiri mai dorewa kuma ba su da wani tasiri mai ban tsoro (retardant) akan amfanin gona.
Da yake tsokaci kan matakin dashen dankalin turawa, kwararren ya kuma tunatar da bukatar yin amfani da maganin kashe kwari don tabbatar da ingantaccen kariya ga amfanin gona daga wani hadadden kwari na kasa, ya kuma shawarci kada a manta da noman kasa mai inganci, shuka dabino da muhimmancin karawa. cikakkun allurai na abinci mai gina jiki a cikin rabo N: P: K - 1: 1-1,2: 1,6-2. Bugu da ƙari, Nikolai Parashchenko ya ba da shawarar kula da abun ciki na Ca, Mg da B a cikin ƙasa, da kuma yin taka tsantsan yayin amfani da herbicides (kada ku wuce ka'idoji da lokutan aikace-aikacen).
Ci gaba da tattaunawa game da hadarin sabon kakar, gwani ya ba da shawarwari ga masu shuka dankalin turawa kada su jira bayyanar cututtuka na marigayi, amma suyi aiki da rigakafi tare da fungicides; kuma da sauri aiwatar da maganin kashe kwari a kan Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro, canza kayan aiki masu aiki a cikin makirci.
Kwararrun ya nuna cewa a lokacin kakar, akwai kuma barazanar ci gaba mai girma na Alternaria (lokacin da alamun farko suka bayyana, ya zama dole don fara aiki tare da fungicides), ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, pythium da anthracnose. Lokacin ƙirƙirar dabarun kariya daga waɗannan cututtuka, ban da hanyoyin kariya daga sinadarai, yana da kyau a tabbatar da isasshen adadin calcium a cikin ƙasa. Dankali, wanda aka samar da calcium mai kyau, ba ya da rauni kuma daga baya ba ya cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta.