Hauhawar farashin takin ma'adinai ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar shaharar kwatankwacinsu. Da farko, muna da isassun taki na dabbobi da zubar kaji. Ɗauki shi kuma ku yi takin! Amma ba tare da bin algorithm na ayyuka na musamman ba, amfani da shi yana barazanar tara tara mai tsanani. Hakan na iya canzawa da zaran wannan bazarar, lokacin da dokar samfuran dabbobi ta tarayya ta fara aiki.
Sabbin kayan aiki
Dangane da dokokin Rasha, an rarraba taki da zubar da ruwa a matsayin sharar masana'antu na azuzuwan haɗari 3-5. An ba da izinin amfani da su azaman taki, amma a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa kawai. Wajibi ne don haɓaka fasfo ɗin sharar gida, yana nuna nau'in haɗari a cikin takaddar, gudanar da kimar muhalli, da samun lasisi na musamman. Duk waɗannan ayyuka masu tsada suna sa farashin kwayoyin halitta mai lafiya ya yi girma mara ma'ana.
Doctor na Kimiyyar Halittu, Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Rasha ta Duk-Russian Takin gargajiya da Peat, reshe na Cibiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Luka Ina da yakinin cewa canje-canje masu zuwa za su kawar da rashin tabbas na doka a fannin sarrafa taki da sharar gida. Dokar Tarayya No. 14-FZ na Yuli 2022, 248 "A kan dabbobi ta-kayayyakin da kuma a kan gyare-gyare ga wasu dokoki na Tarayyar Rasha" ya zo a aiki a kan Maris 1. Dokokinta sun amince da taki da zubar da ruwa a matsayin samfuran ayyukan dabba waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don inganta haɓakar ƙasa.
Kamar yadda ya bayyana Sergey Luka, Sabuwar dokar ba ta soke ka'idojin da ake da su ba a fagen kare muhalli, tsaftar muhalli da kyautata muhalli na yawan jama'a da magungunan dabbobi. Duk da haka, yanzu ya isa ga ƙungiyoyin doka, daidaikun 'yan kasuwa da masana'antun manoma (gona) su kawo tsare-tsarensu ga ƙungiyar zartarwa ta tarayya da ke gudanar da ayyukan sarrafawa a fannin likitancin dabbobi da dokokin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar rubutaccen sanarwar don sanar da rabe-rabe na taki da faduwa a matsayin samfuran noman dabbobi, nuna juzu'i, kwanan watan samu, sharuɗɗan amfani ko canjawa wuri zuwa sauran masu noma.
Dole ne a la'akari da cewa amfani da siyar da samfuran dabbobi dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun fasaha da masana'anta suka amince da su. Suna bayyana mahimman halaye, hanyoyin sarrafawa da sarrafawa, yanayin amfani, hanyoyin sarrafawa da buƙatun aminci. Ba abin yarda ba ne a yi amfani da samfuran dabbobi da ba a sarrafa su ba.
Dangane da kamfanonin da ke canjawa ko sayar da taki da faduwa ga mazauna bazara da kuma buƙatun filaye na sirri, irin waɗannan ayyukan har yanzu suna yiwuwa. Amma kawai idan waɗannan nau'ikan takin mai magani, daidai da Dokar Tarayya ta Yuli 19, 1997 No. 109-FZ "A kan Safe Handling na magungunan kashe qwari da Agrochemicals," sami jihar rajista a matsayin agrochemicals.
Sergey Luka ya yi imanin cewa an tsara dokokin kasarmu don samar da tsari ga amfani da takin zamani. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙa'idodin gwamnati yana da alaƙa da tsayi da tsadar mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka wajaba. Amma ba zai iya zama in ba haka ba, saboda muna magana ne game da aminci ga muhalli, lafiya da rayuwar mutane.
Daga taki zuwa phosphogypsum
Dangane da asalinsu, abun da ke ciki da kaddarorinsu, ana iya raba takin gargajiya zuwa rukuni da yawa: takin gargajiya na asalin dabba da shuka, ma'adinan Organic, sharar masana'antu da na birni, takin zamani ko takin zamani.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Shugaban Laboratory of Agrochemistry na Organic, Lemun tsami taki da kuma Chemical Reclamation na Duk-Rasha Research Institute of Agrochemistry mai suna bayan D. N. Pryanishnikov. Natalia Akanov lura cewa, da farko, takin shanu, doki da takin alade, da zubar da tsuntsaye ana iya daukar su azaman taki.
Hakanan ana amfani da samfuran masana'antu don waɗannan dalilai. Misali, fulawa na farar ƙasa da aka samu a sakamakon haɗakar sinadarai, phosphogypsum da sauran ragowar phosphate.
Takin gargajiya sun hada da peat da abin da ake kira koren takin zamani, gami da gaurayawan hatsi da legumes iri-iri, ragowar hatsi da sauran amfanin gona. Irin wannan nau'in kuma ya haɗa da wasu nau'ikan sludge na najasa waɗanda aka yi musu magani na musamman.
A cewar Natalia AkanovDuk waɗannan nau'ikan takin zamani da takin da aka yi daga gare su suna da tasiri mai fa'ida akan haɓakar ƙasa, yawan amfanin ta kuma, a ƙarshe, akan inganci da amincin muhalli na samfuran da aka haifar. A matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan noman kwayoyin halitta, ana iya samun nasarar amfani da su duka a fannin samar da noma na masana'antu da kuma cikin filaye na sirri.
Doctor na Kimiyyar Halittu, Shugaban Laboratory of Agrochemistry, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa da Agrochemistry SB RAS Vladimir Yakimenko Har ila yau, yana nuna adadin kyawawan kaddarorin takin gargajiya. Suna taimakawa inganta kayan aikin agrochemical da ruwa-jiki na ƙasa kuma suna samar da tsire-tsire masu gina jiki. Saboda abun ciki na nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium da sauran abubuwa, tsarin abinci mai gina jiki na ƙasa a cikin agrocenoses yana inganta sosai. Kuma manoma na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona.
Amma, a cewar masanin kimiyya, kwayoyin halitta suma suna da illar da ba za a iya musantawa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwa masu amfani a cikin irin wannan takin yana da ƙasa, kuma don samun fa'ida, dole ne a yi amfani da su a cikin manyan allurai: a cikin ton da ton ton a kowace hectare. Bugu da ƙari, akwai haɗarin shigar cikin ƙasa tare da taki da yawa iri iri da dabbobi ke ci tare da abinci. Kuma a wasu lokuta akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cuta tare da helminths.
Vladimir Yakimenko yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da takin ma'adinai. Ana buƙatar su a cikin ƙananan ƙananan allurai, ya fi dacewa don isar da su zuwa filin da kuma amfani da su a cikin ƙasa, kuma ingancin ya fi girma. A wannan yanayin, ana iya ƙara kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in ragowar shuka. Misali, ka shuka gona da ciyawa, ka yi noman biomas ɗin da aka shuka, kuma yanzu takin yana cikin ƙasa.
Al'adu Mai Amsa
Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa takin gargajiya yana da cikakkiyar tasiri mai kyau akan kaddarorin ƙasa masu mahimmancin noma. Suna ba da damar maido da abubuwan da suka rabu tare da kowane sabon girbi a cikin sake zagayowar abubuwan gina jiki a cikin aikin gona.
Sergey Luka lura cewa a sakamakon inji namo filayen dankalin turawa, m mineralization na ƙasa kwayoyin halitta faruwa. Kuma dole ne a biya shi ta hanyar ƙara taki, datti, takin zamani, da sauran tsiro; noman kore taro na kore taki da legumes.
A cikin ton na gadon shanu, rabon NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) yana da kimanin kilogiram 13, taki alade - 8, dattin kaji - 40. Bugu da ƙari, samfurori na dabbobi sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta da calcium, magnesium, sulfur wajibi ne. ga shuke-shuke , microelements.
Idan aka yi amfani da shi daidai, ton na taki yana ba da karuwar yawan dankalin turawa na kilogiram 100-120 a kowace hectare, tare da la'akari da sakamakon, a cikin shekara ta biyu da ta uku, har zuwa kilo 200-250. A cikin yanayin amfani da zubar da tsuntsaye, yawan amfanin tubers yana ƙaruwa da sau 2-2,5.
Cibiyar Nazarin Agrochemistry ta Duk-Russian mai suna D. N. Pryanishnikov tana da sakamakon babban hanyar sadarwa na gwaje-gwaje tare da takin mai magani akan kayan lambu a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha. Kamar yadda na gaya muku Natalya Akanov, a waɗancan wuraren da aka yi amfani da takin gargajiya, an sami matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Idan muka yi magana game da dankali, sun amsa da kyau ga duk takin mai magani, ciki har da kwayoyin halitta. Adadin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin su daidai yayi daidai da halayen ilimin halitta na wannan al'ada. Kyakkyawan amsa dankali ga aikace-aikacen taki ana iya lura da shi akan kowane nau'in ƙasa. Inda ake amfani da kwayoyin halitta, amfanin gona ba shi da tasiri ta scab, girbi yana da inganci mafi girma kuma ana adana shi tsawon lokaci. Koyaya, an sami sakamako mafi kyau a filayen da aka yi amfani da takin gargajiya tare da takin ma'adinai. Wannan hanya ce ta ba da garantin shuke-shuke mafi daidaiton abinci mai gina jiki.
Natalia Akanov ya dage kan dacewa da "dokar hudu" da aka sani da ita, daga abin da ya biyo baya cewa hanyoyin, lokaci, aikace-aikace da nau'in takin mai magani suna da mahimmanci. Idan an bi shi daidai, kyakkyawan sakamako ba zai daɗe ba.
Tattalin arzikin ya shiga tsakani
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, al'adar amfani da takin zamani ga dankali a cikin kasarmu ya ragu sosai. Darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Rasha ta Duk-Rasha ta Takin gargajiya da Peat, reshe na Cibiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya "Verkhnevolzhsky FATS" Sergey Luka Idan a cikin 1990, a kowace hectare na dankali, kungiyoyin aikin gona sun yi amfani da ton 34 na Organic da kilogiram 265 na kayan aiki na takin ma'adinai, sannan a cikin 2021 - ton 2,3 da kilogiram 472, bi da bi. Wato rabon kwayoyin halitta a cikin jimillar samar da abinci mai gina jiki tare da takin dankalin turawa ya ragu daga kashi 64 zuwa 6.
Daya daga cikin dalilan shine raguwar adadin dabbobi da kuma sakamakon haka, fitar da taki. Ko da la’akari da yadda sana’ar kiwo ke bunkasa sosai, har yanzu ta yi nisa da yawan dabbobin da aka yi a baya.
Hakanan ingancin takin gargajiya ya canza. Yanzu kusan kashi 70 cikin 5 na taki da faduwa ana samar da su ne lokacin da ake ajiye dabbobi ba tare da kwanciya ba kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 14-XNUMX kawai na busassun busassun. Ƙididdigar samfuran masana'antu suna karuwa, kuma ƙaddamar da abubuwa masu amfani a cikin abun da ke ciki ya zama ƙasa. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, bisa ga Sergey Luka, kwayoyin halitta sun fi amfani da magabatan dankalin turawa: ciyawa na shekara-shekara, hatsin hunturu, amfanin gona na taki.
Vladimir Yakimenko Ya tuna cewa ko da a zamanin Soviet, ana ganin amfani da taki a matsayin taki yana da riba idan ya zama dole a yi tafiya ba fiye da kilomita 5-10 daga gona zuwa gona ba. In ba haka ba, farashin sufuri yana rage riba zuwa sifili. A cikin yanayi na zamani, saboda tsadar man dizal, ƙara kwayoyin halitta zuwa filayen sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar tattalin arziki. A sakamakon haka, za ku iya samun girbi wanda zai zama "zinariya" dangane da farashi.
Kamfanonin noma na masana'antu da yawa suna kula da ci gaban ribar da ake samu yayin amfani da kwayoyin halitta, amma babu irin wannan gonakin a cikin kasarmu., sabanin lokacin kafin shekarun 1990, ba haka ba.
Sergey Luka Yana nufin kyawawan misalan ayyukan ayyukan noma a yankunan Belgorod da Nizhny Novgorod. Mallakar gonakin kaji da kuma shiga harkar noman amfanin gona, sun samu nasarar amfani da taki a matsayin taki a gonakinsu. Kuma a yankin Vladimir, inda wata gonar kiwon kaji ta gida ke kai taki ga sauran masu noma kyauta, manoma suna kai ta tsawon kilomita 30-40 zuwa gonakinsu ba tare da wata illa ga kasafin kudin ba.
Duba zuwa nan gaba
Amincewar Dokar Tarayya mai lamba 248 ta tabbatar da cewa kasuwar takin gargajiya na Rasha za ta ci gaba da bunkasa. Amma manyan masu amfani da su na iya kasancewa har yanzu aikin lambu, gidajen rani da wuraren gonaki masu zaman kansu.
Shugaban Laboratory of Agrochemistry, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa da Agrochemistry SB RAS Vladimir Yakimenko ya yi imanin cewa idan nau'ikan takin gargajiya daban-daban da aka shirya, bushe da sanya su cikin ƙananan fakiti sun fara siyarwa a cikin jama'a, buƙatun daga mazauna rani, masu lambu da filaye masu zaman kansu za su kasance barga. Amma idan aka yi la’akari da manyan gonaki da ke noma dubban hectares na gonaki, kusan ba su da makoma. Daga ra'ayi na agrochemistry, don amfanin ƙasa, irin waɗannan takin suna da kyau. Amma a tattalin arzikin kasuwa, amfani da su bai dace da kasuwancin noma ba.
Suna da ra'ayi na daban Natalia Akanov и Sergey Lukawadanda ke fatan sake dawowa cikin gaggawa na Babban Shirin Jiha don Inganta Haɗin Ƙasa a Rasha. Ta hanyar yanke shawara na hukumomi, ba a tsawaita shi fiye da 2020 ba, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga dukkanin masana'antar noman amfanin gona na cikin gida.
A cewar masana kimiyya, idan ba tare da takin zamani ba, ba zai yuwu a dawo da haifuwar miliyoyin hectares na filayen noma a duk fadin kasar da kuma ba da tabbacin yawan amfanin gona na shekaru masu zuwa. Kuma mabuɗin yin aiki mai nasara a cikin wannan shugabanci ya kamata ya zama tsarin aikin noma mafi ƙarfi kuma abin dogara - organomineral.
Irina Berg