“Yayin da Turai ta rage dogaro da sinadarai a bangaren noma a shekaru 10 masu zuwa da ma bayanta, babbar tambayar ita ce: Me zai maye gurbinsu? Kimiyyar kere-kere na aikin gona na iya bayar da amsa, ”in ji Farhan Mitha a cikin labarin da Labiotech Insider ya wallafa.
website Labaran Dankali a Yau yana kawo bayanai daga wannan littafin. Ana iya karanta cikakken labarin a shafin yanar gizon. labiotech.
Yin amfani da agrochemicals - magungunan kashe qwari, takin zamani da abubuwan haɓaka shuka - ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga ɗan adam a cikin ƙarni na baya. Sun ba da damar haɓaka aikin gona bisa ga bukatun jama'a (wanda adadinsu ya ƙaru sosai) kuma ya ceci miliyoyin mutane daga yunwar. Kodayake, raunin muhalli na agrochemicals ya zama ba a sananne ba kuma ba'a kula da shi ba, kuma ana ƙara ganin sinadarai azaman kayan aikin ƙarni na ƙarshe waɗanda ba su dace ba don magance matsalolin ƙarni na 21.
Gane wannan, EU ta sanya kwanannan ta zira yawancin manufofi don rage yawan sinadaran da ake amfani da su a gonakin Turai nan da 2030. Muna magana ne game da rage 50% na amfani da magungunan kashe guba da masu haɗari, kazalika da rage kashi 20% na amfani da takin zamani.
Haka kuma, a bayyane yake cewa yunkuri zuwa ga wadannan manufofin bai kamata ya kasance tare da raguwar yawan aiki ba. Hanya mafi kyawun yanayin ita ce juya zuwa sabbin dabarun ilimin aikin gona.
Tarihi, haɓaka ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere a cikin EU ba koyaushe yake tafiya daidai ba. Hukumar Turai ta hana shigo da amfanin gona da aka inganta, wanda ya ba da takaici ga kamfanonin bincike da yawa a duk fadin Nahiyar wadanda suke daukar hanyoyin aikin injiniya a matsayin muhimman kayan aikin samar da ingantaccen tsari, ingantaccen kuma ingantaccen tsarin aikin gona.
Koyaya, ilimin kimiyyar kere kere ba wai kawai ƙirƙirar albarkatun GM bane: masana kimiyya suna amfani da su don ƙirƙirar ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga inganta hanyoyin bunkasa albarkatun gona (ba tare da gyaran ƙwayoyin halittar tsire-tsire kansu ba).
Pheromones don kula da kwaro
Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta sune kayan aiki masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka tsara don magance kwari, shi ne "manyan bindigogi", wanda ake amfani dashi don kisan jama'a. Amma wannan hanyar "dunƙulewar ƙasa", wanda aka yi amfani da shi shekaru da yawa, yana haifar da mummunar matsalolin muhalli.
BioPhero, wata jami'ar fasaha ce ta Danish, ta fara yin amfani da maganin kwari a matsayin wata hanyar da za ta iya zama cizon kwari. Kayayyakin kamfanin suna da niyyar magance asu na shuka, wanda yawancin su kwari ne masu haɗari ga amfanin gona.
Tsirarar Pheromone tana rikitar da maza na asu ta hanyar rufe ainihin matsayin mace a cikin siginar siginar da ta dace. Sakamakon haka, ƙarancin ƙwai ne ke kwanciya, kuma adadin lardin da zai iya lalata amfanin gona ana sa su a ƙananan, mafi yawan sarrafawa.
BioPhero ya haɓaka tsarin aiki - wanda yake daidai da tsarin samar da giya - inda injin injiniyan ke haifar da ƙwayoyin asu. Wannan yana ba da izinin samar da pheromones akan sikelin masana'antu, wanda ke sa wannan hanyar wadatar da amfanin gona mai dorewa ta tattalin arziƙi.
Maganin kare lafiyar
Kamar yadda kuka sani, kwari da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna zuwa cikin kowane fasali da girma, kuma wakilai ne na masarautu daban-daban: dabbobi (kwari), fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan yana haifar da babban kalubale ga ci gaban hanyoyin samar da kwayoyin da suke da niyya da kuma daidaitawa ga yawancin halittu daban-daban.
Biotalys (wanda a baya Agrosavfe), wani sashin Kwalejin Flemish na Kwayoyin halitta, ya ba da shawarar cewa mafita ga wannan matsalar tana cikin ɗayan abubuwan da ake amfani dasu na duniya.
Kamfanin ilmin halitta na Beljiyam, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2013, yana haɓaka "agrobels" - ƙananan sunadarai waɗanda aka tsara don magance takamaiman kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta. Tushen wahayi ga halittar "agrobel" sune sunadaran llama, wadanda kyawawan halaye na kwarai suka bambanta su.
Kamfanin nan da nan zai iya samarda mafi ingancin kwayar halittar kwayar halitta a kan kowane irin kwaro ko kwayar cuta, samar da su da isasshen adadi ta hanyar gurbataccen yanayi kuma juya su cikin kayayyakin kariya na shuka masu amfani.
Amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙasa
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, filin binciken microbiome ya bazu sosai, yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar manyan ci gaba a cikin nazarin tasirin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta mazaunin ƙungiyoyin masu watsa shiri. Wannan batun shine ma ya zama mai zurfafa bincike a kan aikin gona, saboda tsirrai ma suna da kananan kwayoyin halittu.
Wataƙila sananniyar sananniyar kamfanin haɗin gwiwar agrobiotechtey da ke aiki don ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa tsakanin symbiotic tsakanin tsirrai da ƙwayoyin cuta shine Pivot Bio na California. Samfurin flagship na kamfanin yana gabatar da kwayar halitta ta asali ta asali a cikin ƙasa, wanda zai iya ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska kuma ya kawo shi kai tsaye ga tsire-tsire. Samfurin yana rage ko ma sauƙaƙe buƙatar takin nitrogen masu haɓaka, aikace-aikacen da EU ke buƙatar ragewa da kashi 20%.
Yawancin kamfanonin kimiyyar kere-kere na Turai (ciki har da Xtrem Biotech a Spain da ApheaBio a Belgium) suma suna binciken yiwuwar amfani da microbes a matsayin madadin agrochemicals. Koyaya, nasarar gabatar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani zuwa cikin ƙasa a cikin ainihin yanayin filin ya tabbatar da ƙalubale, saboda abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli galibi suna hana tasirinsu da kwanciyar hankalinsu.
Don shawo kan wannan iyakance, Kamfanin Faransa na Kapsera ya haɓaka ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na alginate (kayan da aka samo daga algae) wanda zai iya haɓaka bayarwa da aikin takin-ƙasa da takin gargajiya.
A ƙarshe
Challengealubalen da ke gaban manoman Turai dangane da sabbin manufofin EU yana da matuƙar wahala: don ci gaba da haɓaka samar da kayayyaki yayin rage ƙwayoyi masu guba. Yana iya ɗauka cewa ba za a iya jurewa ba, amma ƙaruwa da yawa na hanyoyin nazarin halittu yana tabbatar da cewa wannan ba haka bane. Kuma ba da gaskiyar cewa masana'antar ilimin kimiyyar kere kere ta EU a cikin 2019 sun karɓi Euro miliyan 245 don ci gaba (21% fiye da 2018), sabon juyin juya halin noma na iya kasancewa kusa da yadda muke zato.