Masana kimiyyar Italiyanci sun yi nazarin fa'idar artichoke ta Urushalima. Ya juya cewa wannan wani nau'i ne na al'adun da ba dole ba ne don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa.
A cikin aikinsa na kimiyya, wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Italiya daga Kwalejin Aikin Noma da gandun daji (DAFNE), Jami'ar Tushia, ta yi bayanin dalilin da ya sa Urushalima artichoke ke da kyau da mahimmanci.
Kwanan nan, man shuke-shuken ya zama jagora mai mahimmanci don rage hayaƙi daga motocin. Amma a lokaci guda, ana ƙara ambata samar da man tsirrai a cikin mahallin mummunan sakamakonsa, tunda manyan albarkatu na waɗannan manufofi, misali, rapeseed, alkama ko waken soya, suna buƙatar haɓakar aikin gona mai ƙarfi da ƙasa mai laushi, marubutan sun lura. (Biofuels sune tushen tushen makamashin carbon wanda aka samo daga kayan halitta).
Duk da yake kwanan nan Hukumar EU ta ware tsiren albarkatun ƙasa a matsayin samfuri mai ƙarancin canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa, wanda aka samo daga amfanin gona da aka shuka a kan ƙananan wurare ba tare da amfani da albarkatu ba.
A saboda wannan dalili, kawai 'yan albarkatu na Turai zasu iya samun babban amfanin tare da waɗannan abubuwan.
Kudin artichoke shine ciyar da dabbobin da ke noma, kiba da ma giyan 'ya'yan itace.
Daga wannan ra'ayi, Urushalima artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), hakika, wani nau'in halitta ne wanda ya cancanci kulawa, tunda yana da dukkanin halayen da suka wajaba don cimma manufofin Sabunta Makamashi na makamashi na EU (RED II).
Kudin artichoke an saba da shi sosai ga yanayin bambancin kuma galibi mai saurin samar da amfanin gona ga wasu albarkatu, kuma yana da karbuwa sosai.
Gurare ne mai dumbin yawa wanda aka yi amfani da shi don amfanin ɗan adam (kai tsaye a cikin tubers ko don mai daɗin ɗanɗano), don dalilai na magunguna, don samar da abubuwan ƙira da tsirrai (bioethanol da biogas).
Bugu da kari, kama da sauran tsire-tsire asteraceae, kamar chicory da safflower, Kudin artichoke yana da yuwuwar matsayin amfanin gona.
Abin ban sha'awa, godiya ga sababbin abubuwa a masana'antar shayarwa, ana amfani da tubers don samar da giya mai zaki da 'ya'yan itace.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da tumatir na artichoke na Urushalima suna da ma'anar babban inulin tare da yuwuwar samar da ethanol don amfani dashi azaman biofuel.
Musamman, ƙwayoyin halitta (kamar inulin da cellulose) da sugars ana sarrafa su don samar da ethanol ta fermentation da distillation.
A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, an gudanar da babban aiki don inganta canzawar halittar halittar dabbobi zuwa mai. Kodayake, tsararren bishiyar halittar farko (bioethanol da man gas da aka samo daga kayan abinci) ana samarwa ne daga cropsan albarkatu da ke da haɓaka daban-daban wajen sauya hasken rana zuwa kuzarin sunadarai (ƙasa).
Musamman, wuraren sayar da sinadarin biofiel sune rapeseed, dabino na mai da waken soya na man gas; da sukari, masara, beets na sukari, da masara mai zaki ga bioethanol.
Bugu da ƙari, ba duk biomass ɗin ya dace da tattara ba (i.e., biomass na ciyayi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa yawanci ya kasance a cikin ƙasa), saboda haka ana rage tsarin carbon carbon, kuma yawan haɓaka aiki yana ƙaruwa.
Saboda waɗannan dalilai, ana sa ran nau'in tsire-tsire don tsarin samar da biofuel na gaba don shawo wasu daga waɗannan iyakokin, musamman idan suna da ingantaccen ƙasa mai ba da izini (watau tushen ko tubers).
Bugu da kari, tunda an riga an gabatar da amfanin gona mai zurfi a mafi yawan yankuna na duniya, amfanin gona dole ne a kasance mai dorewa a yanayin rayuwa don kauce wa karin nauyi kan rabe-raben aikin gona, kasar gona da albarkatun ruwa.
Masana kimiyya suna neman amfanin gona na zamani a nan gaba
Ana gudanar da bincike a cikin jagorancin tsarin samar da makamashi daga sabon ƙarni na biofuels tare da ƙarancin muhalli, ingantaccen samarwa da kuma dawowa da yawa kan zuba jari, tare da yin la'akari da rage gasa don amfani da ƙasa tare da abinci da ciyar da albarkatu.
Lignocellulosic biomass daga keɓaɓɓen albarkatun biomat da sharar gona ana ɗaukar albarkatu mai dorewa don samar da takin zamani, amma matattarar ruwa ta amfani da enzymes cellulolytic itace hanya mafi wahala da tsada fiye da amfani da sitaci ko gilashin molasses.
A wannan batun, daga cikin mafi kyawun tsarin tsirrai na zamani masu zuwa sune algae mai ban sha'awa da kuma artichoke na Urushalima, wanda ke samar da tarin fuka, wanda kuma za'a iya girma kuma girbe ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake amfani dasu da kuma kayan aikin da ake amfani dasu ga irin amfanin gona (tsire-tsire masu ban ruwa).
Dalilin da yasa Kudin artichoke yana buƙatar Turai sosai
Halin da ke sa Urushalima artichoke ya zama tushen ƙwayar makamashi mai dacewa sun haɗa da: haɓakar haɓaka, abun da ke da ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin ƙasa, daidaitaccen ƙarancin bushewa da yanki ɗaya, ikon yin amfani da ruwan sha mai ƙoshin abinci, juriya na haƙuri / haƙuri, ikon haɓaka cikin sauƙi tare da ƙaramar ƙarancin samarwa na waje da a kan ƙananan ƙasashe.
Wannan bangare na karshe yayi alkawarin zama mabuɗin makomar biofuels a Turai.
Kamar yadda aka gindaya ta Batun Ritawable Energy Directive (RED), wanda majalisar Turai da Majalisar suka amince dashi (Direkt 2018/2001), EU EU kwanan nan ta amince da aikin da aka tura wanda ya tsara sharudda don tantance mahimman canje-canje a cikin ƙasa.
ILUC abinci ne mai hatsari tare da fadada fadada sararin samarwa a doron kasa tare da wadataccen tanadin carbon, da kuma takaddun shaida game da ƙananan makamashi na ILUC, biofluids da biomass.
Ana iya ba da takardar shaida idan man fetur ɗin ya cika waɗannan sharuɗan tarawa:
(i) saduwa da ka’idoji na dorewa, wanda ke nufin cewa za a iya shuka albarkatun ƙasa ne kawai a ƙasar da ba a amfani da ita ba wadda ba ta da wadataccen carbon;
. girma ta ƙarami;
(iii) gamsassun shaidu cewa sharuɗɗa biyun da suka gabata sun cika.
Babu shakka, a cikin buƙatu na Jagorar, waɗannan ƙarin albarkatun ƙasa dole ne su dace da abubuwan da ake buƙata don samar da matatun mai ƙananan haɗari ne kawai idan an samo su ta hanya mai dorewa.
A saboda wannan, Kudin artichoke ɗan takara ne mai ba da fata wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe amfanin gona kamar masara da beets na sukari.
Halittu masu saurin girma a biofuels
Kinarancin abubuwan da ke tattare da sassan tsire-tsire yana nuna iyawarsa na samar da ingantaccen albarkatu a Turai.
Kashi uku zuwa uku bisa uku na busassun kwayoyin halitta suna wakiltar mai tushe da rassa, yayin da ganyayyaki da furanni suna ɗauke da ƙananan kashi. Matsakaicin rarraba nauyin bushe ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: iri-iri, lokacin shuka, yanayi da yanayin haɓaka.
Fiye da 50% na yawan tsire-tsire suna cikin tushe.
Akwai matakai biyu don ci gaban girma. A cikin farkon watanni biyar na farko, ana lura da karuwar layi a cikin tsayi da nauyin kara. Bayan wannan lokacin, tsayin dutsen yana karawa har ya zama ba ya canzawa, kuma nauyinsa yana raguwa.
Matsakaicin tsayi da nauyi na shuka ya bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli da nau'in halitta. A farkon nau'ikan, tsayin ƙarshe ya kai 140 cm, yayin da a cikin nau'ikan da suka gabata, tsayin ƙarshe ya kai kusan 280 cm.
Sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen lokacin girma, adadin busasshen kwayoyin halitta a cikin mai tushe na marigayi iri ya kusan sau biyu sama da na farkon nau'in. Saboda haka, jimlar biomass na marigayi ripening iri ya fi yadda na farkon ripening iri. Modeling nuna cewa a baya iri da ya fi tsayi tsare mafi kyau yankin yankin damar mafi sha na bushe kwayoyin halitta.
Hassle-kyauta Jerusalem artichoke
Sakamakon juriyarsa ga fari da salati, ana iya horar da artichoke na Kudus a cikin kasa wanda bai dace da sauran amfanin gona da tsiro ba. Yana girma sosai cikin ƙasa tare da pH na 4,4 zuwa 8,6.
Idan yumɓu masu nauyi da ƙasa mai narkewa zasu iya wahalar girbin tubers, a irin waɗannan yanayi ana iya horar da artichoke Urushalima don samar da mai tushe.
Gabaɗaya, yawan amfanin ƙasa, girmansa da siffar tubers sun dogara da nau'in ƙasa. Duk da yake nauyin ƙasa mara nauyi na loamy yana samar da manyan ƙwayoyi, ƙasa mai nauyi yana samar da wadataccen fari saboda mafi kyawun danshi mai riƙe da danshi na ƙasa.
Amma game da yawan zafin jiki na namo, saboda yawancin nau'ikan artichoke na Urushalima, ana buƙatar lokacin ciyayi na akalla kwanaki 125 na sanyi ba tare da izini ba.
Gabaɗaya, yanayin zafi na namo a cikin kewayon 6-26 ° C ana buƙatar don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Dankin yana da tsayayyar juriya ga sanyi. Yayin farkon girma, amfanin gona yana jure yanayin zafi har zuwa -6 ° C, kodayake yanayin zafi yana haifar da chlorosis na ganye. Amma game da girbi na kaka, sanyi daga -2,8 ° C zuwa -8,4 ° C yakan haifar da sinadarin karin girma na sanyi zuwa lokacin sanyi. Wannan yana inganta dandanorsu saboda canji na inulin zuwa fructose.
A cikin yanayin halitta, wasu kwayoyin (microorganisms, kwari da dabbobi masu shayarwa) suna hulɗa tare da tsire-tsire na artichoke na Urushalima, gami da iyalai daban-daban na ƙudan zuma guda shida.
Anyi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na phytophages da microorganism akan artichoke na Urushalima, amma yawancinsu zasu iya cutar da al'ada.
Gabaɗaya, ɓangaren sashi na shuka shine mai saukin kamuwa da cuta, yayin da ake amfani da shi a lokacin ƙarshen tsiro da ajiyar ajiya. Mafi kyawun cututtukan cuta sune Sclerotinia sclerotiorum da Sclerotinia rolfsii, wanda ke haifar da juyawa.
Tsohon yana inganta ta hanyar wuce gona da iri na nitrogen, ƙarancin ƙasa pH ko ƙasan hydromorphic, kuma ƙarshen ta danshi hade da yanayin zafi.
Har ila yau tsatsawa ya haifar Pucciniada mildew powdery ne ya haifar da hakan Erisyphe chicoracearum, yana shafan artichoke na Urushalima, amma basu iya iyakance yawan amfanin ƙasa ba, kamar ganyen ganye saboda Alternaria helianthi.
Lokacin adana tubers, musamman idan sun lalace a lokacin girbi, cututtukan da ke lalacewa ta hanyar Botrytis cinere, Rhizopus yan nigeria, fusarium и Pennicillum spp.. Koyaya, hanyoyin daskarewa suna sarrafa waɗannan cututtukan yadda ya kamata.
Amma ga kwari, wannan yafi aphids, amma tasirinsa sakaci ne.
Itatuwanta na da ƙarfi kuma suna da ƙarfi, saboda haka Urushalima artichoke na iya zama sako mai saurin cin nasara don kansa. Amma game da sauran ciyayi masu girma da sauri, yaƙar su ya zama dole a lokacin shuka har sai canopy ya rufe. Dukansu sunadarai da na inji (kayan miya, kwance, da sauransu) za a iya amfani da weeding.
Da zarar Urushalima artichoke ta zauna a fagen, yana da wahalar cirewa, tunda tubers ko ɓangarorinsu suna zama a cikin ƙasa, hunturu sosai a cikin ƙasa.
Zaɓin Urushalima artichoke
Propertieswararrun ƙirar halitta da ƙirar halitta na Urushalima artichoke sun yi amfani da ita ta duniya a cikin masana'antu na abinci da masana'antu, waɗanda ke buƙatar haɓakar ƙwayoyin halitta na amfanin gona.
Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a cikin zaɓi shine a kan yawan amfanin ƙasa na tubers da abubuwan inulin don abinci da abinci, kuma kwanan nan, an mayar da hankali kan gina ƙasa don samar da sinadarai.
Ko ta yaya, saboda iyakantaccen amfani da Urushalima artichoke, har zuwa yau, an ɗan sami ci gaba a cikin kiwo. Har ila yau, hannun jarin kamfanoni na inganta kiwo kuma ya dogara da bukatar masana masana'antu a kowace ƙasa.
Sabuwar sha'awa a cikin Urushalima artichoke a cikin 1970s da 1980, hade da rikicin kuzari da karancin abinci, ya kara karfafa matakan daukar hankali da saurin bunkasa sabbin nau'ikan don biyan bukatun masu tasowa.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi ɗimbin yawaitar wuraren da ake nomawa, musamman a shekarun da suka gabata a cikin ƙasashen Asiya.
Ganin yanayin canjin yanayi na yanzu, buƙatar samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai dorewa da kuma rage wuraren da aka yi niyyar samar da abinci, saka jari a zaɓin Urushalima artichoke da alama yana da tabbas sosai.
Amurka na iya zama mai ban sha'awa Urushalima artichoke
Zuwa yau, yawancin amfanin gona da ake amfani da su don samar da ethanol sune masara, sukari, masara mai kyau, da beets na sukari. Koyaya, waɗannan nau'in sun dogara da ƙasar noma mai kyau kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna buƙatar mahimman albarkatun waje (i.e. ruwa, magungunan kashe kwari, takin gargajiya) don samun wadataccen amfanin gona.
Amurka da Brazil sune kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da iskar gas ta bioethanol. Sun lissafta kusan kashi 84% na abubuwan da ake amfani da su a duniya na 2018.
Kayan masara da sukari sune manyan albarkatun kasa don samar da ethanol a cikin wadannan kasashe.
Ana sa ran samar da Ethanol a cikin 2027 zai zama kashi 15 da 18% na masara da duniya ke samarwa.
Kasar Amurka, a matsayin Turai, galibi tana amfani da masara da alkama na alkama don samar da kwayar halitta ta bioethanol, yayin da ake sarrafa rake a kasar Brazil. Gabaɗaya, rake na sukari yana da haɓakar ethanol fiye da masara da sauran albarkatu irin su Urushalima artichoke.
Koyaya, tsarin sukari yayi kyau a wurare masu zafi da kuma marasa ƙarfi, amma ba a cikin yanayin zafi ba. Saboda haka, tominabur na iya ɗaukar matsayin sa kusa da masara a cikin samar da ethanol na Amurka.