A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, samar da abinci ga al'ummar duniya da ke karuwa, zai bukaci rubanya noman amfanin gona. Tare da masara, shinkafa da alkama, dankali shine amfanin gona da aka fi nomawa a duniya. Amfaninsa: araha, ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, dacewa don adana dogon lokaci da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Yana aiki a matsayin tushen shirya jita-jita iri-iri a gida da kuma a cikin tsarin dafa abinci na jama'a, kuma ya kasance muhimmin albarkatun ƙasa don sarrafawa.
Amma dankali shine amfanin gona mai wahala a yawancin sigogi na tattalin arziki da ilimin halitta. Amfani da tattalin arzikinta na ruwa da daidaitawa zuwa yanayin sanyi yana haɗuwa tare da manyan buƙatu don ƙarancin ƙasa da rashin duwatsu. Don haka, rarraba wuraren noman dankalin turawa a yankuna daban-daban na duniya yana da matukar rashin daidaituwa (Fig. 1).
Hoto 1. Rarraba yankin dankalin turawa a duniya (FAO 2016)
Babban aikin noma na amfanin gona tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa na 40-50 t / ha yana buƙatar kulawa mai ƙarfi na cututtuka da kwari da yawa, saboda haka ana amfani da samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire masu yawa, waɗanda zasu iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan muhalli. Misali, kusan duk yankin da ke karkashin dankalin turawa a cikin yankunan Amurka tare da dogon lokaci da ƙwarewa mafi girma (Idaho, Washington, North Dakota) lokaci-lokaci yana fuskantar fumigation. Wannan yana nufin ƙara kusan kilogiram 500/ha na magunguna masu ƙarfi, kamar metham sodium ko chloropicrin, zuwa ƙasa. Idan ba tare da irin wannan haifuwa ba, ba zai yuwu a sami samfur mai inganci a can ba, tunda ƙasa tana da cutar sosai. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yawan amfanin ƙasa a kowace hectare yana da ƙasa (15-20 t/ha) saboda amfani da ƙananan kayan tushe da hanyoyin noman ƙasa. A kan taswirar duniya, Rasha kuma tana cikin irin waɗannan yankuna (Fig. 2).
Hoto 2. Rarraba amfanin dankalin turawa a duniya (t/ha), FAOSTAT, 2014-2016
Duk da haka, kada mu manta cewa bayanan kididdiga na Tarayyar Rasha har yanzu suna la'akari da yawan amfanin gona na dankalin turawa a kan filaye na gida na yawan jama'a, wanda a kowane hali ba zai iya zama kamar yadda a cikin masana'antun noma na musamman, wanda ya dade ya kai matakin. 30-40 t/ha. Wadancan. Yankin Rasha yana nunawa daidai akan wannan taswira ba a cikin orange ba, amma a cikin haske kore ko, a cikin matsanancin yanayi, rawaya.
A cewar hasashen FAO, yankin da ake noman dankalin turawa a nan gaba zai karu sosai a Afirka, Latin Amurka, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya (Fig. 3).
Hoto 3. Gaban samar da dankalin turawa. Blue mashaya - bayanai don 2015, orange - hasashen 2030, rawaya - hasashen 2050
Yankunan Arewacin Amurka da China za su kasance a matsayi ɗaya, yayin da a Turai za su ragu. Babu shakka, wannan hasashen gabaɗaya ne. Manyan ƙasashen Turai masu noman dankalin turawa NWEC-05 (Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, Belgium da Ingila) ba za su ragu ba, amma za su ƙara yawan noman dankalin turawa. An buga cikakken nazarin harkokin kasuwanci na jiha, yanayi da dama don ci gaban masana'antar noman dankalin turawa a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe kwanan nan (Table 1).
Tebur 1. Binciken SWOT na samar da dankalin turawa a cikin kasashen NWEC-05
Ƙarfi: ƙasa mai kyau sosai da yanayin yanayi don shuka dankali, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman amfanin dankalin turawa akan sikelin duniya; ƙwararrun ƙwararru da/ko ƙwararrun masu noman dankalin turawa; ɓullo da hadedde wadata sarƙoƙi daga kiwo da iri iri zuwa karshe kasuwa; masana'antar sarrafa kayayyaki, galibi don samar da daskararrun abinci; samuwa da samun dama ga sabbin fasahohi don samar da dankalin turawa, kariyar amfanin gona da adanawa; babban matakin ilimi da bincike na al'umma don magance matsaloli a fannin dankalin turawa; samuwan tallafin dankalin turawa/sabis na rarraba a cikin NWEC-05; kasancewar kungiyoyin dankalin turawa na duniya irin su Europatat (ciniki), EUPPA (masu sarrafawa) da NEPG (masu samarwa); ingantaccen hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci don fitar da sabbin kayan dankalin turawa da sarrafa su.
Karancin rauni: Ban ruwa na dankali yana haifar da hayaƙin CO2 dangane da busasshen amfanin gona; yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari masu yawa don magance cututtuka / kwari / ciyawa; tushen tsarin tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin N, yana haifar da babban farashin N da haɗari daga leaching N; buƙatun don babban matakin fasahar da ake amfani da shi; Ƙunƙarar ƙasa tana haifar da zubar ruwa da na gina jiki da kuma yashwar ƙasa a cikin filayen da ke kwance; babban rashin daidaituwa a farashin dankalin turawa idan aka kwatanta da karuwar farashin samarwa; rashin babban matakin haɗin gwiwar jama'a tsakanin ƙasashe don warware matsalolin samar da kayayyaki tare; kalubalen tattalin arziki tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin sarkar darajar dankalin turawa; mummunan hoton fannin dankalin turawa a kafafen yada labarai.
Ayyukan: sabbin fasahohin kiwo don hanzarta samar da iri; haɓaka aikin noma na gaskiya da fahimtar nesa; haɓaka samfuran sarrafa halittu don magance cututtukan dankalin turawa, kwari, da ciyawa; haɓaka hanyoyin injiniyoyi zuwa magungunan kashe qwari don cutar / kwari / ciyawa; yuwuwar fadada haɗin gwiwa a cikin samar da nau'ikan dankali iri-iri a cikin tsarin NWEC-05; girma bukatar samar da dankalin turawa; sauyin yanayi yana haifar da tsawon lokacin girma da haɓaka yawan amfanin gona da amfanin gona; haɓaka tashoshin tallace-tallace na ɗan gajeren lokaci; girma bukatar ilimi, iri tubers, dankalin turawa kayayyakin a kasashe masu tasowa.
Barazana: rage yawan amfani da dankalin turawa a Turai; sababbin cututtuka da matsalolin kwari; matsalolin amfanin gona da kariyar tuber saboda haramcin abubuwa masu aiki; sauyin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi; tasirin haɓakar noman dankalin turawa akan haifuwar ƙasa ta duniya da lafiyar ƙasa (cuta/juyin kwaro, zubar da ruwa, zaizayar ƙasa, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa); a wasu yankuna (F, D, Ingila) ana buƙatar ban ruwa don kiyayewa ko cimma yawan amfanin ƙasa; wuraren harabar marasa ma'ana ko matsayin tallace-tallace game da ayyukan haɓaka (misali yaƙin neman zaɓe na gaba da iyakar ƙayyadaddun iyaka); wuce kima ci gaban dankalin turawa.
Rasha tana da kowane yanayi da damar da za ta zama jagorar masu samar da dankalin turawa masu inganci da kayan dankalin turawa a duniya. Sai kawai mafi yawan ƙaƙƙarfan siffofi na musamman na noman dankalin turawa na Turai har yanzu halaye ne na raunin Rasha. An kafa masana'antar noman dankalin turawa ta kasuwanci a cikin Tarayyar Rasha kuma ta kai wani yanki na hectare dubu 300 da kuma samar da adadin kusan ton miliyan 8 (ana samar da adadin dankalin kasuwanci iri ɗaya a cikin Netherlands). Ba shi da kwanciyar hankali da yawancin cibiyoyi masu aiki da tallafi da aka jera a Table 1. Amma akwai abũbuwan amfãni da ba za a iya musantawa ba dangane da samar da manyan sikelin, ƙananan nauyin nauyin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da shi (fumigation na ƙasa, alal misali, ba a yi amfani da shi ba kwata-kwata), nazarin halittu, yanayin hunturu mai tsanani yana taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin phytosanitary. Irin wannan yanayin tashin yanayin zafi da ƙazamar yanayi, haɓaka yanayin kamuwa da cuta, daga abin da manoman dankalin turawa na Yammacin Turai suka fi shan wahala, waɗanda aka tilasta musu don canja wurin, alal misali, samar da dankalin iri zuwa wasu yankuna, yakamata a kimanta gabaɗaya azaman canjin yanayi mai kyau. dankalin turawa girma a ko'ina cikin Rasha. A bayyane yake cewa yana da wuya a noman dankali don kasuwa na yanayi a yankunan kudancin, amma yana yiwuwa a ci gaba da matsar da dankali zuwa wasu yankuna na arewa.
A lokaci guda, kawai irin wannan matakin noman dankalin turawa na Rasha yana da alƙawarin da za a ci gaba da yin gasa idan aka kwatanta da na Yammacin Turai da Amurka, da kuma tushen samar da sauran manyan kayan amfanin gona (alkama, shinkafa, masara). , kuma zai ba da damar samun yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa daban-daban da yanayin yanayi. Babban ƙalubalen nan gaba shi ne samar da ƙarin samfura tare da albarkatu iri ɗaya ko kaɗan kuma tare da ƙarancin sharar gida. Ajiyewa da abubuwan da Tarayyar Rasha ke da shi a wannan batun suna da yawa. Da zaran an fara amfani da albarkatun kasa wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikinta, noman dankalin turawa a Rasha zai kasance mai fa'ida sosai, da riba da riba fiye da sauran yankuna na duniya. Amma don haka ya zama dole a samar da man fetur, wutar lantarki, iskar gas, karafa da takin gargajiya a kasuwannin cikin gida a kan isassun farashin cikin gida wanda ba zai kawo cikas ga ci gaban sauran sassan tattalin arziki ba. Man fetur na Iran a Iran yana biyan 10 rubles / lita (a cikin yanayin canzawa, ba shakka), kuma farashin chloride na Belarusian 60% a Jamhuriyar Belarus a cikin bazara na wannan shekara ya kasance 6 rubles / t, yayin da Rasha a Rasha. Tarayyar ta kasance 000 rubles / t.
An ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin noman dankalin turawa na duniya musamman saboda sakamakon samar da dankalin turawa (P) yana ƙayyade ta samfurin: P = G × E × M × S, inda G shine genotype ko iri-iri, E shine ƙasa kuma yanayin yanayi, M shine gudanarwa ko matakin fasaha da S - yanayin tattalin arziki. Kyakkyawan ƙasa da yanayin yanayi suna da mahimmanci don amfani da yuwuwar iri, sabbin sabbin fasahohi da ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ɓangaren dankalin turawa na gida. Haɓaka ayyukan kuɗi da na kuɗi (kudin lamuni, haya, inshora, tallafin kasafin kuɗi don samarwa da ababen more rayuwa, da dai sauransu) su ma mahimman abubuwan da ke tabbatar da ingancin masana'antu (Fig. 4).
Zane 4. Sakamako (P) na yankunan karkara da masana'antu dankalin turawa agri-abinci tsarin dangane da bambancin tasiri na genotype (G), yanayi (E), management dalilai (M) da kuma al'umma bukatun da ayyuka (S)
Kiwo ko ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa - wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin ingantaccen samar da dankali, wanda kawai zai kara mahimmancinsa a nan gaba. Godiya ga rarrabuwar kwayoyin halittar dankalin turawa da kuma damar sabbin fasahohin kiwo, da alama shine wuri na farko don ci gaba da haɓakar dankalin turawa. Tasirin sakamakon manyan hanyoyin zaɓi akan haɓaka ingantaccen shuka dankalin turawa an gabatar dashi a takaice a cikin Tebura 2.
Tebura 2. Tasirin kwatancen kiwo akan haɓaka ingantaccen samar da dankalin turawa
Zaɓuɓɓukan bincike masu mahimmanci don inganta ingantaccen tsarin samar da dankalin turawa | Abubuwan da suka shafi amincin abinci | ||||||
Gudunmawar don haɓaka samarwa | Kudin shiga na manomi | Ingancin kalori da samar da abinci mai gina jiki | Rage tasirin muhalli | ||||
Amfanin ruwa | Ingantacciyar amfani da ƙasa | Nitrogen da phosphorus suna amfani da inganci | Ingantacciyar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari | ||||
Zaɓi da kiwo iri-iri (G - genotype) | |||||||
Babban yawan amfanin ƙasa | ** | *** | *** | Neutral/Bari | *** | ** | - |
Juriya na cuta | - | *** | * | *** | ** | ** | *** |
Juriya ga fari/zafi/salinity | *** | *** | * | - | ** | ** | * |
Precocity | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** |
Biofortification (misali baƙin ƙarfe da zinc) | - | - | - | - | * | ** | - |
Gaskiya nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan F1 da TPS, gyaran kwayoyin halitta | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
Samar da irin dankalin turawa (M - Gudanarwa) | |||||||
samarwa da rarraba iri masu inganci | - | ** | * | * | *** | * | Neutral/mara kyau. |
Kiwon dankalin turawa yana da nufin cimma hadaddun da wuyar hada manufa. Haɗa jurewar damuwa da ingantaccen sha na gina jiki yana zama fifiko don mafi kyawun amsa ga canjin yanayi. Genotypes tare da juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, nematodes, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa kamar zafi, fari da yanayin salinity na iya haɓaka yawan aiki da faɗaɗa samar da dankalin turawa zuwa sabbin yankuna. Haɓaka da wuri da iri-iri masu girma tare da juriya ga P. infestans ya kasance burin da aka daɗe na kiwo dankalin turawa. Ƙunƙarar cututtuka ta zama babbar manufa ta shirye-shiryen kiwo na EU ba da jimawa ba, lokacin da zauren muhalli ya cimma hani kan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da takin ma'adinai, da kuma haramcin yin amfani da yawancin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na gama gari da wahala. . Kwayoyin halitta biofortification (ƙaramar darajar abinci mai gina jiki) na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin abincin ɗan adam da kuma kula da yawan amfani da tubers masu gina jiki.
Duk nasarorin da aka tabbatar da kuma neman bayan noman dankalin turawa sun dogara ne akan haɓakawa, watau. ketare zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan iyaye. Nasarar haɗin kai da haɗin halayen mahaifa na iyaye a cikin zuriya ana samun su da wuya sosai saboda ƙwayoyin tetraploid na dankali da aka noma. Bugu da ƙari, duk nau'ikan chromosomes guda huɗu sun bambanta a cikin tsarin halitta. A saboda wannan dalili, shirye-shiryen kiwon dankalin turawa masu nasara sun dogara ne akan manyan nau'ikan kayan tushe (aƙalla nau'ikan genotypes dubu 100) da tsarin dogon lokaci (aƙalla shekaru 10) na zaɓi da kimanta mafi kyawun iri. Ingancin zaɓi na gargajiya baya wuce 0,01%. Akwai fatan da yawa don haɓaka ƙima da ingancin kiwo ta hanyar amfani da haɓaka mai nisa, mutagenesis, zaɓin tantanin halitta, haɓakar somatic, alamar alama, da sauransu, amma duk waɗannan hanyoyin ba su haifar da ƙirƙirar nau'ikan dankalin turawa mai nasara ba. A halin yanzu, ana gwada fasahar gyare-gyaren genome sosai, kuma masana kimiyyar Dutch sun ƙaddamar da dabarun kiwo dankalin turawa don samarwa da amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire (Table 3).
Tebur 3. Fasaha don ƙirƙirar nau'in dankalin turawa
Fasaha don ƙirƙirar nau'in dankalin turawa
Yaya ta yi aiki? | Inganta ingancin dankalin turawa | Siyar da iri | Kare haƙƙin Turai | Haƙƙin ciniki | |||
Digiri | aiwatar | ||||||
Zaɓin na gargajiya | Sabbin nau'ikan ana haɓaka su ta hanyar ketare nau'ikan da ake da su, sannan kuma ana yin binciken shekaru na kiwo. | Gabatar da sabbin halaye yana ɗaukar aƙalla shekaru 10. | Bai dace da siyarwa ba saboda kowane tuber yana da halaye na mutum. | Masu shayarwa sun yi daidai, farashin ga masu haɓakawa: dubun dubunnan Yuro. Masu kiwo za su iya neman haƙƙin mallaka don sabbin halayen shuka. | Ketare nau'ikan tsari ne na halitta kuma baya ƙarƙashin dokar ikon mallakar GMO na EU. | Babban Inspectorate na Yaren mutanen Holland yana rarraba irin dankalin turawa azaman aji mai inganci. Kowace ƙasa tana da buƙatunta don lafiyar shuka dankalin turawa. | |
Matakan zaɓi | Sabbin nau'ikan suna haɓaka da sauri ta hanyar ketare layin iyaye masu tsafta waɗanda ke da bambance-bambancen nau'in jinsin halittu guda ɗaya kawai, sannan kuma shekaru na bincike. | Sun yi alkawarin cewa za a iya bullo da sabbin abubuwa cikin kasa da shekaru biyar. Duk da haka, da farko zai zama dole don samo layin da suka dace tare da siffofi masu dacewa. | Ee, tsaba dankalin turawa daga layukan iyaye masu tsabta suna da halaye iri ɗaya kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman kayan shuka. | Masu shayarwa sun yi daidai, farashin ga masu haɓakawa: dubun dubunnan Yuro. Masu kiwo za su iya neman haƙƙin mallaka don sabbin halayen shuka. | Ketare nau'ikan tsari ne na halitta kuma baya ƙarƙashin dokar ikon mallakar GMO na EU. | Har yanzu ana ci gaba da haɓaka ƙa'idoji don ingantaccen iri dankalin turawa. Kasashe da yawa har yanzu ba su da wasu ka'idoji. | |
Canjin kwayoyin halitta gami da CRISPR-cas9 | Gyara nau'ikan da ke akwai ta hanyar shiga tsakani a cikin kayan halitta, sannan kuma shekaru na bincike kan halaye da kwanciyar hankali. | Ko da tambarin DNA yana ɗaukar ƴan kwanaki kawai, gabaɗayan tsari daga gano kwayoyin halitta zuwa binciken filin yana ɗaukar tsayi. Aikin DuRPH, wanda a cikinsa aka ba nau'ikan da ke akwai da yawa juriya ga cututtukan dankalin turawa, ya ɗauki jimlar shekaru 10. | Bai dace da siyarwa ba saboda kowane tuber yana da halaye na mutum. | Karkashin ka'idojin GMO na EU. Domin a yarda da iri-iri don amfani, mai haɓakawa dole ne ya nuna amincin samfurin. Farashin: Yuro miliyan. Masu kiwo na iya neman haƙƙin mallaka akan sabbin halayen shuka. | Gyara kwayoyin halitta ba tsari bane na halitta kuma yana iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. | Babban Inspectorate na Yaren mutanen Holland yana rarraba irin dankalin turawa azaman aji mai inganci. Kowace ƙasa tana da buƙatunta don lafiyar shuka dankalin turawa. |
* Ana iya da'awar haƙƙin masu kiwo idan nau'in sabo ne, daban, iri ɗaya kuma barga. Tare da haƙƙin mai kiwo, masanin kimiyya yana da keɓantaccen haƙƙin siyar da dankalin iri da (na gaske) iri (Louwaars et al., 2009)
Samun tsaba daga ƙetare shine mataki na farko a cikin kiwo na gargajiya. Daga baya, ana samun tubers daga tsaba, kuma ana kiyaye nau'ikan dankalin turawa kuma ana yada su kawai a cikin nau'in tubers. Amma masu shayarwa na Holland sun yi niyyar tura dankalin turawa zuwa nau'in shuka iri domin a iya shuka dankali kamar yadda sauran kayan lambu masu yaduwa (karas, kabeji, albasa, beets), watau. daga tsaba na Botanical, kuma cewa tsaba suna da duk halayen F1. Game da wannan, akwai wasu shubuha a cikin kalmar "dankalin dankalin turawa". Duk nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in iri. An tsara wannan babban ra'ayin kasuwanci don tabbatar da cewa Netherlands ta ci gaba da riƙe matsayinta da samun kudin shiga a matsayin jagorar duniya a samar da irin dankalin turawa a yayin da ƙarin ɗumamar yanayi ba ta ba da damar noman kayan iri na tuber masu inganci ba.
Abubuwan al'ajabi ga matasan F1 (TPS) kiwon dankalin turawa har yanzu ba su da tabbas. Amincewar farko na farawa na 2015-2016 don samar da haɗin kan tebur na kasuwanci a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku a hankali ya rikide zuwa alƙawarin ƙirƙirar matasan sitaci na farko nan da 2028. Ƙayyadaddun makasudin ƙirƙirar hybrids na sitaci ba haɗari ba - don irin wannan dankali babu buƙatun don daidaiton siffar, zurfin idanu, halayyar kwasfa, farkon girma da sauran halaye da kaddarorin da dankalin tebur na zamani ya kamata ya kasance. Yana da matukar wahala a cimma daidaiton nau'in nau'in tsirrai na tetraploid da aka noma dankali a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta, kuma, bisa ga haka, cikin halaye da kaddarorin, amma har yanzu wannan bai yiwu ba. Ba tare da dalili ba cewa a cikin kiwo na gargajiya iri ɗaya daga berry dankalin turawa wani nau'in genotype ne na musamman kuma mai yuwuwa iri-iri daban-daban na gaba, yayin da wani iri daga berry iri ɗaya na iya zama iri-iri daban-daban, gaba ɗaya daban da na farko. Kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani, farkon wanda ya sami nasara ta gaske wajen ƙirƙirar dankalin tebur na matasan ba dankalin turawa ba ne, amma kamfanonin kiwo kayan lambu waɗanda ke da manyan cancantar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a cikin kiwo. Masu kiwon Bejo sun kwashe sama da shekaru 15 suna samar da nau'in dankalin turawa na tetraploid na farko, Oliver F1, wanda aka kera kuma ana samunsa a kasuwannin duniya tun 2020.
A halin yanzu, aiki kan tallace-tallacen iri-iri na kayan lambu yana buɗewa sosai, tare da saka hannun jari mai yawa na kuɗi a ciki. Tushen dankalin turawa ya sami matsayi na alamar ƙasa a cikin Netherlands, kuma hanyar kiwo ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar haƙƙin mallaka na EU. Duk kasuwannin gargajiya na dankalin iri na Dutch sun fara yin amfani da irin shuka da wuri. Da farko, a cikin ƙasashen Afirka, Tsakiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya - tarurrukan tarurruka, gabatarwa, dasa shuki. An bayyana cewa tuber iri wani abu ne na baya, kuma irin nau'in shuka shine makomar masana'antar dankalin turawa ta duniya. Kuma a maimakon 2-3 t / ha na kayan shuka, zai yiwu a samu ta hanyar kawai 30 g / ha (ba kalma ɗaya ba game da gaskiyar cewa za a shuka tsaba ta amfani da fasahar seedling, ta amfani da aikin hannu). Wannan dabara ce ta jiha da tsari mai tsari, tsari wanda duk tsarin kasuwanci da na gwamnati ke da alaƙa.
Kamar yadda ya fito, an riga an gwada nau'in dankalin turawa a cikin Rasha ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kwayoyin heterosis na Botanical samfuri ne amma mai tsada sosai. Manyan masu siyan ta, kamar yadda aka yi hasashe, ya kamata su kasance ƙananan gonaki a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, masu yawan jama'a waɗanda suke shuka dankali da hannu kuma waɗanda, tare da mutuntawa, ba tare da dalili ba, ana ɗaukar su masu arziki da sabbin abubuwa. Yana da matukar mahimmanci ga masu haɓaka wannan fasahar kiwo su haɗa da masu noman dankalin turawa na Rasha, waɗanda ke da karimci kuma a halin yanzu suna biyan kuɗi sau biyu fiye da na Turawa da kansu, don dankalin iri na Turai, a cikin masu amfani da tsaba na F1.
Gabatar da fasahar gyara genomic dankalin turawa - wata hanya mai ban sha'awa don cimma amfanin dankalin turawa na gaba. Gyaran kwayoyin halitta shine ƙari, gogewa, mayewa da kuma jujjuya sassan DNA na halitta. Wannan hanya ta dogara ne akan ilimi da fahimtar matsayi da ayyukan takamaiman kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da irin wannan ilimin ya kasance kuma ana iya samun abin da ake so ta hanyar gyara da aka yi niyya, gyaran kwayoyin halitta ya zama hanya mafi inganci ta yin waɗannan canje-canje idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahar kiwo. Matsayin da aka tara na ilimin kwayoyin halitta yana ba ka damar gyara nau'in dankalin turawa.
An haɓaka hanyoyin gyare-gyare kuma an ƙara amfani da su a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata don yin daidaitattun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire ba tare da ƙara DNA na waje ba. Dabarar CRISPR / Cas9 ta tabbatar da mafi inganci fiye da sauran tsarin enzyme (zinc yatsa nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), da meganucleases (MNs). gyare-gyare kuma an karbe shi a cikin binciken kiwo da ci gaba a duniya, gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya inganta rashin aiki ko matsala iri-iri ba tare da gabatar da kasashen waje ko ƙarin bayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i na DNA ba, yana ba da damar yin gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare kai tsaye a cikin kwayoyin halittar da aka riga aka halicce su. iri-Wannan shine babban bambanci tsakanin gyaran kwayoyin halittar shukar amfanin gona da transgenosis, watau abin da aka yi niyya na tara kwayoyin halittar kasashen waje a cikin kwayoyin halittar.
Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da aka yi ta amfani da fasahar CRISPR-Cas ba su da bambanci da canje-canjen da zasu iya faruwa ta halitta ko kuma sakamakon kiwo na al'ada. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba tare da ilimin farko ba, ba zai yiwu ba a tantance ko canjin kwayoyin halitta sakamakon gyaran kwayoyin halitta ne. Da zarar samfuran genome-edita sun bar dakin gwaje-gwaje, zai zama da wahala a sarrafa ƙarin yaduwar su. Wannan fasalin ne a halin yanzu yana kawo cikas ga tallan tallace-tallacen nau'ikan da aka gyara - hanyoyin kwayoyin suna da tsada kuma suna buƙatar a biya su yayin amfani da tasirin da ya haifar;
An yi amfani da gyaran gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta zuwa nau'o'in amfanin gona da halaye, kuma an riga an shigar da irin wannan nau'in na farko a cikin ainihin aikin noma a Amurka da Japan. Rahotanni na canje-canje a cikin nau'in tsire-tsire fiye da 60 an buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Misalai na musamman na genomes da aka gyara sun haɗa da: ayaba - kawar da kwayar cutar jijiya ta ayaba; farkon shinkafa shinkafa tare da gyaran mai; shinkafa mai wadataccen carotenoid; innabi resistant zuwa fungal cututtuka; waken soya mai yawan mai da furotin; strawberries da ke fure sau da yawa; masara tare da karuwar yawan amfanin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin damuwa na fari; mustard tare da ingantaccen dandano tare da babban abun ciki na lycopene na tumatir amylopectin; dankali mai girma a GABA; dankali ba tare da glycoalkaloids da sauran su ba.
A halin yanzu, ana kayyade noman amfanin gona daban-daban a duniya. A cikin kasashen Amurka, da Sin, Australia, Indiya da Japan, noman nau'in da aka gyara na kwayoyin halitta ba ya ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin kwayoyin halitta (GMO). A cikin EU, an amince da gyaran genome a matsayin nau'in GMO kuma don haka an dakatar da shi a cikin 2016, amma amfani da wannan fasaha bai tsaya ba har kwana guda, dakunan gwaje-gwaje sun koma wasu ƙasashe. Nasarar aiwatar da hanyar a duk duniya da tattaunawa kan wannan batu da kasuwancin kiwo da iri suka shirya ya haifar da dage takunkumin EU kan gyaran kwayoyin halitta a shekarar 2023.
Dangane da koma bayan gagarumin ci gaba a fasahar kiwo da ke faruwa a duniya, halin da muke ciki shi ne kamar haka:
- Gyaran kwayoyin halitta a cikin Tarayyar Rasha an rarraba shi azaman GMO; an hana amfani da wannan fasaha tun 2016. Kuma babu wata tattaunawa game da wannan a cikin kasuwancin kiwo da iri da kuma masana kimiyya. Koyaya, duniya da sauri (hankali a cikin EU) ta kimanta sabbin damar kuma ta ɗaga hane-hane. Kin sabbin fasahohin kiwo kawai zai haifar da koma baya a ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha.
- Halittar hybrids F1 dankalin turawa a ka'idar manufa ce mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, amma nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire suna da wuya a yi amfani da su sosai a cikin shuka dankalin turawa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, saboda dawowa daga matakin babban sikelin, samar da cikakken injiniyoyi zuwa girma seedlings tare da rashin makawa amfani da aikin hannu ba shi da ma'ana. da rashin hankali. Don rage girman bambance-bambance a cikin sigogin ilimin halittar jiki da na tattalin arziki na nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ana aiwatar da canji zuwa matakin diploid da maimaita haɓakar nau'ikan mahaifa. Nasara matasan giciye suna buƙatar layukan inbred masu ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, ƙarfi da homozygous. Matsalolin samun yawan amfanin gona na iri iri-iri dole ne a warware su cikin injiniyoyi, ba tare da amfani da pollination na hannu ba, watau. kamar yadda ake yi ga sauran amfanin gona (masara, sunflower, sugar beets, kayan lambu). Wannan yana nufin buƙatar amfani da irin waɗannan kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta kamar cytoplasmic namiji haihuwa haihuwa, dacewa da kai da rashin daidaituwa, da kuma tabbatar da yawan haihuwa. Kuma idan a kan al'amurran da suka shafi inbreeding, shigar da halaye, kima na heterosis na tushen abu, da dai sauransu. A kan hanyoyin dabarun taimako, wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ci gaba ne mai gudana, amma akan fasaha don samar da kundin kasuwanci na TPS - ba guda ɗaya ba. Domin wannan wani fanni ne na sani, wanda zai samar da dawo da kudaden da aka saka a gaba wajen bunkasawa da sarrafa wannan fasaha. Samun yawan amfanin gona mai yawa na tsaba dankalin turawa ko kadan ba iri ɗaya bane da samun yawan amfanin ƙasa na iri tubers. Zuba jarin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙwayar dankalin turawa yana da girma sosai wanda kawai wasu kamfanoni masu kiwo ne kawai za su iya samun shi. Babu irin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha tukuna.
- Kiwon dankalin turawa na gargajiya a cikin Tarayyar Rasha yana cikin wani mataki da za a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin lokaci na yiwuwar farfaɗowa. Kasancewar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Rasha da yawa a cikin rajistar jihar bai kamata ya zama ɓata ba, saboda ana kimanta tasiri da matakin zaɓi ta hanyar ƙarar matakin zaɓi na biyu - samar da iri, wanda sau da yawa ana kiran zaɓin tallafi daidai. Yawan samar da iri yana nufin yanki na noman iri, wanda adadinsu a cikin jimlar samar da su yana nuna tasiri da gasa na aikin kiwo. Saboda rashin samar da iri, ya zama dole a ware yawancin nau'in Rasha da aka kirkiro a baya daga rajista kuma kawai manta game da su. Dokokin da aka karɓa a halin yanzu akan rajista na nau'ikan Tarayyar Rasha sun ba da wannan: idan ba a samar da iri ba a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, ya kamata a cire nau'in daga rajista.
Farfado da kiwo na dankalin turawa na Rasha, da kuma sauran albarkatun gona da yawa, ya yiwu ne a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, bayan shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, Rasha ta zama kasuwa mafi girma ga komai, ciki har da iri daga kamfanonin kiwo na waje da iri. Lalacewar ta dogara ne akan tabbacin abokan hulɗa na kasashen waje da kuma rashin bege na yiwuwar haɗin kai daidai, in ji su, yanzu manoman Rasha za su iya amfani da mafi kyawun nasarorin da aka samu a duniya. An ba da tsarin samar da iri da aka tsara don yin iyo don tsira kuma cikin sauri ya rushe. Cibiyoyin bincike, inda ake gudanar da ayyukan zaɓe, kuma ana gudanar da su, sun gaggauta 'yantar da kansu daga tsarin kiwo da masana'antun samar da iri - daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke gudanar da aikin samar da iri na gaske. A farkon shekara ta 2000, adadin yawan samar da irin dankalin turawa a cikin gida ya zama kadan. Kuma zaɓi na ƙasashen waje da gaske ya zo, kuma nan da nan a cikin nau'i na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri, waɗanda manyan kamfanoni masu samar da dankalin turawa suka buƙaci sabon tsari. Rabon nau'in kasashen waje a cikin filayen Rasha ya karu sosai, ba don nau'in Rasha ba ne, amma saboda kamfanonin kiwo na Turai sun sami damar samar da iri marasa iyaka. Na dogon lokaci komai ya yi kyau - an ba da kayan iri da aka shigo da su cikin adadi marasa iyaka, a farashi mai araha kuma mai inganci, kamfanonin kiwo na kasashen waje sun rarraba lasisi tare da kaddamar da samar da iri iri iri a cikin kasar.
Kuma "daidaituwa" a fagen zaɓe da sauri ya ɓace yayin da abin da Rasha ke samarwa ya raunana. Farashin dankalin iri da aka shigo da shi ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, kuma ingancinsu ya fara raguwa sosai. Sai dai bayan kaso na farko na takunkumin hana Rashawa a shekarar 2014 a matakin jaha aka fahimci babban hadarin da ke tattare da cikakken dogaro ga zabin kasashen waje. A shekara ta 2016, Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha ya ba da umarnin samar da wani shiri don tallafawa zaɓin Rasha da samar da dankali (FNTP) don haɓaka adadin noma da haɓaka ingancin dankalin iri don kawar da dogaro kan shigo da kaya. Don haka me yasa muke amfani da kalmar "lokacin farkawa" maimakon lokacin sake haifuwa? Amma saboda a aikace ana ba da tallafi cikin shubuhohi.
A ra'ayinmu, zai zama ma'ana don jagorantar manyan matakan da adadin kuɗi (aƙalla 50%) na FSTP don haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayar dankalin turawa kai tsaye da haɓaka ingancinsa. Irin waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da:
- tallafin farashin kayan iri da aka siyar na sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri na Rasha;
- ba da tallafi ga saye da kamfanonin da ke da hannu da kuma haɓaka yawan samar da iri tare da fifikon sabbin nau'ikan iri na Rasha, hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na musamman, haɓakawa da gina wuraren ajiya;
- tsari da samar da abubuwan more rayuwa don yanki na musamman na nau'in "High Grade" a cikin yankuna arewacin Tarayyar Rasha don samar da dankali mai inganci mai inganci don kasuwar gida da fitarwa;
- haɓaka samar da kayan aikin kariya na sinadarai a cikin gida;
- ƙarfafa samar da kayan aiki na musamman don samar da irin dankalin turawa.
Halin tsari da haɗin kai na dukkanin sojojin kasar da albarkatun kasa don magance waɗannan matsalolin da suka shafi masana'antu da kuma samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan samar da iri da noman nau'in zaɓi na Rasha ba a bayyana ba tukuna. Kamfanonin kiwo na ƙasashen waje suna da sha'awar tabbatar da cewa lokaci da kuɗi sun ɓace, amma babu wani gagarumin ci gaba a zaɓi na Rasha. Ba sa son rasa irin wannan kasuwar tallace-tallace mai ƙarfi da rashin buƙata.
Shin zai yiwu a tabbatar da gwagwarmayar kiwo na dankalin turawa na Rasha a cikin halin da ake ciki na macroeconomic halin yanzu? Ee, akwai, amma kawai a kan tushen da data kasance damar na mutum Enterprises. Don yin wannan, dole ne a yi amfani da lokaci guda da sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na babban gasa:
Farko: ƙirƙirar nau'ikan matakin mafi girma (duniya), an yi sa'a akwai wani abu da wanda za a kwatanta da kuma gasa. Zaɓin zaɓin dankali mai inganci, gami da masu tallafi, don kuma a cikin yanayin gida koyaushe yana samun nasara, idan kawai saboda dalilin dankalin samfur ne mai nauyi da wahala don jigilar kaya.
Na biyun: ta yin amfani da tsarin masana'antar kiwo da samar da iri shine mafi mahimmancin al'amari da yanayin tabbatar da gasa ta kiwo a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, kamfanonin kiwo suna tsunduma cikin samar da iri, suna sarrafa iri ta kowace hanya kuma suna la'akari da shi a matsayin sakamakon zaɓi. Zaɓin dabam da samar da iri daban zaɓi ne mara bege.
Na uku: aiki a zamani, matakin duniya, cikakken amfani da duk abubuwan da suka shafi gasa a wannan yanki: ƙwarewa; mafi kyawun ƙasa da yanayin yanayi; kayan aiki tare da mafi zamani na musamman kayan aiki da fasaha tushe; ƙwararrun kwararru; bin ka'idoji da ƙa'idodi na wajibi na ƙungiya, hanya da fasaha.
Na hudu: sarrafawa da kuma guje wa haɗari a cikin aiki ( gajeren lokacin girma; yawan iska da yanayin ƙasa; rashin danshi; ban ruwa; shigo da kayan tuber; hade da samar da iri da girma dankalin turawa).
Na biyar: tabbatar da mafi girman matakin ingancin kayan iri da aka samar (ma'ana varietal, alamun shuka da kaddarorin amfanin ƙasa). Halin shuka da kaddarorin amfanin gona sune mafi mahimmancin tanadin ci gaba ga kamfanonin kiwo na Rasha.
A ƙarshe, muna jaddada cewa za mu iya yin magana game da gasa a cikin kasuwannin cikin gida na Tarayyar Rasha da kuma aiwatar da ainihin aiwatarwa ta hanyar tsarin matakan da suka dace don bunkasa da tallafawa tattalin arzikin cikin gida.
Sergey Banadysev, likita na aikin gona. Kimiyya, LLC "DGT",
Elena Shanina, likitar aikin gona. Kimiyya, Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ural