Matsalar bayyanar dankali a cikin albarkatu na wasu albarkatu da kuma buƙatar sarrafa shi a matsayin ciyawa na yau da kullun ne ga yankuna da ke da ruwan sanyi, alal misali, Ingila ko Holland. Koyaya, yayin da canjin yanayi ke faruwa, dankalin dankalin turawa ya fara zuwa hunturu a cikin filayen Rasha a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Sergey Banadysev, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma, Doka - Genetic Technologies LLC,
SGC "Doka - Kimiyyar Halittu"
Zai yi kamar ba 'yan kwanaki sanyi ba tare da murfin dusar ƙanƙara ya isa ya rusa tubers ɗin da ke kwance a ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa da tubers ɗin ta daskare zazzabi a ƙasa -2оC. Zai yi wuya a yi tunanin cewa a cikin lokacin hunturu da damuna na Rasha ba za a iya daskarewa ƙasa don zafin jiki ba. Koyaya, hujjoji sun tabbatar da yawan ƙwayar tumatir wanda ke fitowa a shekara mai zuwa kuma ya zama ciyawar kayan amfanin gona da aka shuka bayan dankali (hoto 1).
Nazarin da aka gudanar a ƙarshen 70s ya nuna cewa bayan girbi dankali, har zuwa digiri dubu 450 / ha ya kasance kan filin, wanda 10-20% na iya zuwa bayan lokacin sanyi, kuma wannan ya fi lokacin dasa dankali. Dankalin dankalin turawa (Solanum tuberosum) a matsayin sako yake cutarwa kuma yana rage yawan amfanin gona da kashi 20-60%. A cikin Jamus, an gano cewa a gaban tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa biyar a cikin 1 m2 sukari gwoza yawan amfanin ƙasa rage ta 16 t / ha.
Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don amfani da jerin matakan don sarrafawa, sarrafawa (a wata ma'anar, sarrafawa) matsalar gurɓatar dankalin turawa na amfanin gona. Ba a gano ɗan itacen da yake girma dankali, ciyawar Solanum tuberosum ta kowace hanya a cikin kimiyyar cikin gida. Babu ma wani lokaci mai dacewa, ƙirƙirar jigon hatsi - "scum" - bai dace da asalin abin da ake tunani ba, sabanin kalmar musamman ta Ingilishi Volunteer Potato ko Jamusanci Kartoffeldurchwuchst, Starkekartoffel. Dankalin ciyawa ba kawai rage yawan amfanin gona na wasu albarkatu ba, amma albarkatu irin su karas, albasa da sukari beets na iya danniya gaba ɗaya. Hakan yana rage darajar juyawar amfanin gona don dankalin da aka noma, tunda tana iya dagewa tsawon shekaru kuma tana haifar da babbar illa yayin sake zagayowar ta gaba a wani fanni, saboda:
- Tushen ne kuma mai tara cututtuka da kwari. A cikin dankalin ciyawa, yawancin cututtukan cuta, musamman, cututtukan azurfa, cututtukan rhizoctonia, verticillosis, rigar ruɓa, nematodes da wireworms suna haɓaka sosai kuma ta haka ne suka ƙara ƙwayar cuta a cikin filin kafin noman dankalin na gaba. Hakanan, tsire-tsire masu sa kai sune ingantattun masu tara kayan marmari da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Abu mai mahimmanci, yawancin kayan gwari a cikin amfanin gona na gaba ba su da ƙarfi ko kaɗan don kawar da cututtukan ganyen dankalin turawa.
- Yana kaiwa zuwa ga cakuda iri lokacin girkin dankalin turawa na gaba. Wannan mummunan abu ne ga duk wuraren da ake amfani da al'adu, musamman idan sifar, girman tubers da launin fata kusan iri ɗaya ne, sabili da haka jagora ko optoelectronic rabuwa da ƙarancin ciyawar dankali ba zai yiwu ba. A cikin samar da dankali iri, sakamakon ya zama mafi muni kuma yana iya haifar da kin amincewa da yawa idan ba a cire tsire-tsire na kasashen waje gaba ɗaya ba (hoto 2).
Don cimma nasarar sarrafa dankalin sako, yana da muhimmanci a san manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da shi game da ilimin halitta. A bisa ga al'ada, potatoanyen dankalin Turawa suna mutu bayan sun sami kimanin sanyi 50 na sa'a a ko a ƙasa -2 ° C. A wannan yanayin zafin, mutuwa tana faruwa bayan awanni 25, a -10оC bayan awa 5. Kwarewa ya nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan dankali suna da tsayayyen juriya zuwa yanayin zafi kuma suna mutuwa kawai -3-4оC, amma ba a buga wannan bayanin game da iri ba a hukumance. Harbe daga dankali sako bayyana shimfiɗa, dangane da zurfin jeri na tubers da ƙasa zazzabi. Tubers sun tsiro daga zurfin 20 cm 10 kwanaki daga baya daga zurfin 10 cm. Dankali ta yi hanyar zuwa farfajiya kuma daga zurfin 30 cm, don haka ana iya nazarin yanayin sosai bayan watanni 2-3 (hoto 3).
A kan albarkatu tare da ci gaba mai mahimmanci na farfajiyar ganye, tsire-tsire na ciyawar dankali sun bayyana daga baya saboda ƙarancin yanayin ƙasa yayin shading. A cikin albarkatun gona masu tsada irin su hatsi, gicciye, kowane tsiron dankalin turawa yana samar da ɗiyar ɗiyar tubers uku, da wuya fiye da diamita 1 zuwa 3. A cikin ƙarancin amfanin gona kamar kabeji da albasa, tubers suna girma kuma suna da girma.
Digiri na Childan yara suna girma a daidai zurfin kamar ƙwayar uwa. Farkon tushen clogging na iya zama tsaba tsiron dankalin turawa.
Wasu nau'ikan, alal misali, Gala, ana kamanta su da haɓakar Berry kuma suna barin yawancin miliyoyi a kowace kadada (hoto 4,5).
Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ba tsaba iri bane, kamar yadda aka fi yarda da shi a cikin yanayin son mai, amma sakamakon giciye-ƙenji da sake haifar da kwayar halitta. Kowace iri sabuwa ce ta musamman wacce babu irinta; yawancin tsaba babu makawa ana rarrabe su ta yadda suke dacewa da yanayin yanayin daji. Seedsan dankalin turawa suna cigaba da aiki har tsawon shekaru 3-9.
Shuke-shuke daga tsaba suna da rauni kuma suna mutuwa da kashi 99%. Amma tare da wadataccen danshi mai danshi da kuma gaban haske, zasu iya samar da karamin fitsari guda ɗaya, zuriyarsu kuma za su zama kamar hankula (hoto 6,7,8).
Kuma wata alama - babban wadataccen carbohydrates a cikin uwar tuber yana ba shuke-shuke damar yin regrow kuma su ba da offspringa pa bayan pruning, sanyi, lalacewar ƙanƙara, potarfin dankalin turawa na Colorado, ƙarshen buguwa, ciyawar ciyawa, da dai sauransu.
Ingancin kula da matsalar tumatirin sako ya haɗa da yin amfani da yanayin, hanawa, ilimin halitta, hanyoyin aikin gona da na sinadarai. Hakanan ana amfani da albarkatun gudanarwa a cikin Netherlands: sanya takunkumi akan manoma tare da fiye da 2 inji / m2 dankali a cikin albarkatu na wasu albarkatu bayan 1 ga Yuli.
Hanyar Climatic iko yana nufin ba a daidaitawa ba. Dangane da alamun ƙididdiga na dogon lokaci, yanayin da theasar Rasha ke bayar da tabbacin halakar tubersan tubers da ke saura a cikin hunturu, zurfin daskarewa ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin yau da kullun na hunturu sun fi isa su lalata ƙwayoyin tarin ƙwayar cuta. Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an bayyana su ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo a kan ƙasa ba ta bushe ba, saboda wannan, tubersa'idodin da ke kasancewa a cikin zurfin zurfafa cikin nasara a lokacin hunturu, kasancewa cikin tarkacewar tsire-tsire ko duwatsu, a cikin ƙasa mai bushe. Dabbobin ruwa da tarkace na shuka, daskararren dusar ƙanƙara da daskararren daskararren inshora ne mai tasiri kuma an rage zurfin yanayin shigar dusar ƙanƙara. Babban ƙasa danshi na hanzarta mutuwar tubers, kamar yadda lentils na buɗe yake buɗewa, yayin da yawancin wakilan putrefactive ba su daskarar da ƙarancin oxygen. Lalacewar kayan masarufi ga dankalin turawa dankalin turawa ya saura a gona bayan an girbe shima yana kara lalacewar tubers a ƙarancin yanayin zafi da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Matakan hanyoyin kariya da nufin rage asarar dankalin turawa bayan girbi.
Mataki na farko shine zaɓi wuraren da suka dace don tsiro dankali wanda ke ba da mafi yawan ci gaban shuka. Gudanar da ƙasa cikakke yana rage yawan ,an itace, buƙatar rabuwa wanda ke haifar da amfani da conveyors tare da ƙarin gibba a kan girbi yana haɗuwa, saboda haka, ƙara yawan asarar dankali. Yana da kyau a yi amfani da kayan tsirar dabbobin domin duk tsirrai a fage su bunkasa daidai. A lokaci guda, adadin ƙananan dankali da asarar da ke ƙasa an rage shi. Game da dasa kayan da ba a iya sarrafa su ba, wani bangare na tsirrai a bayyane yake a girma kuma ya samar da kananan tubers, wanda babu makawa ya kasance a filin. Yana da mahimmanci a sami nasarar rufe fiɗa a cikin hanyoyin da wuri-wuri, murfin kariya wanda, musamman a lokutan bushewa, yana rage ƙwanƙwasawa daga ruwa kuma yana magance yawan zafi da kwarkwata a lokacin zafi. Yawancin kwanaki tare da yanayin ƙasa sama da 27 ° C yana haifar da sake zagayowar sakandare na samuwar tuber ko ci gaban su. Tubersa'idodin da aka girka ba su isa girman kasuwa ba saboda ƙarancin ɗan gajeren lokacin girma kuma ya samar da ƙaramar asarar lokacin girbi.
Hakanan ana tabbatar da aikin tabbatar da haɓaka ƙwayoyin tarin ƙwayar cutar kwayar cutar ta hanyar kariya daga shuka. Kamuwa da cuta da wuri tare da marigayi Blight ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar amfanin gona ba, har ma ba ya ƙyale tubers ɗin ya sami yawa, kuma ƙananan tubers yawancin lokaci ana yin asara a lokacin girbi. Inganci aiki na dasa kayan rage girman haɓakar rhizoctonia, ɗayan sakamakon wanda shima ya karu a cikin girman ƙananan ƙwayoyi.
Yawancin lokaci, domin bushe m ɓangare na dankalin turawa, tsirrai da hanzarta ripening na tubers, Ya isa a aiwatar da yanke hukunci, musamman sau biyu. Don iri tare da fi da kuma abin da aka makala na amintacce na tubers zuwa stolons, yana da kyau a hada desiccation da niƙa na injin ɗin. Idan ba a yi wannan ba, to babban adadin mai tushe zai hana rabuwa da ƙasa; wasu daga manyan filayen, tare da fiɗa, za su kasance a filin.
Amma babban "tushe" na fitowar asarar tubers (kuma, daga baya, bayyanar dankalin turawa) ya kamata a gane shi azaman dankalin turawa. Ingancin ayyukanta a wannan batun ya dogara, a ɗaya hannun, kan yanayin amfani, waɗanda al'adun aikin gona da sifofin fasahar da aka yi amfani da su ke shafar su - daga noman ƙasa zuwa matakin ciyawa kafin girbi da ingancin yanke abinci. A gefe guda, daidaitawa mafi kyau da daidaitawar inji zuwa yanayin girbi da ke gudana a cikin wani fanni yana da mahimmanci. Abubuwan da zasu rage asarar tubers suma suna da mahimmanci:
- da zurfin aiki na coulters ya kamata ya zama ɗan ƙaramin ƙasa fiye da zurfin tubers;
- fadin faifan tashar karba ya kamata yayi daidai da fadin jeren jere;
- asarar tubers a yayin canja wuri na ƙasa daga coulters zuwa masu aikawa ta allo na farko ya kamata a cire shi, musamman a cikin yankin tsakanin kwashe tsintsiya da kuma diski na diski;
- ya kamata a zartar da zaɓi tsakanin rataye tsakanin jigilar kayan rubutu yayin yin la'akari da girman da aka yanke da ƙyar.
- Dole ne a kafa na'urori don raba ciyawa da kayan rashin ganyayyaki;
- Dole ne a kula da rata tsakanin thean tsakan da bel ɗin da za'a iya ɗauka a matakin ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta.
Waɗannan matakan ba koyaushe suke dacewa da sauran burin cimma nasarar girbi ba, kamar su yawan aiki da ƙananan raunin tuber. Misali, zurfin zurfin zurfin dutse a kan dutse ko ƙasa mai nauyi wanda ba daidai ba yana ƙaruwa da ƙazantar ƙazamta, sabili da haka lodi kan na'urorin raba, kuma yana ƙara haɗarin lalacewar tubers. Ana buƙatar daidaito mai ma'ana yayin zaɓar alamomin kan masu jigilar ruwa, tunda ƙaramin tazara tsakanin sanduna a cikin yanayin danshi mai yawa yana haifar da ƙimar bincike mai sauƙi da raguwar yawan aiki. Gabaɗaya, mahimmancin dukkanin matakan rigakafin da aka lissafa a wasu lokuta yakan ragu zuwa sifili idan ƙungiyar ta sanya, saboda wasu dalilai, yanke shawarar barin filin, alal misali, dukkanin amfanin gona na kashi 50-.
Matakan kwayoyin Gudanarwa suna da mahimmanci na biyu a cikin gudanarwar matsalolin sako na Solanum tuberosum.
Sowingaukar amfanin gona da aka ci gaba ana ɗauka shine mafi m, amma lokacin haɓaka haɓaka, ciyawar dankali ma sun sami damar yin shuka kamar yadda aka saba (hoto 9).
Cropsaunar albarkatun gona da yawa ko wuraren kiwo zaɓi ne na matsi na tsattsauran ra'ayi, amma ba a amfani da irin waɗannan albarkatu a cikin juyawar dankalin turawa. Noman amfanin gona da kayan lambu a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa ba sa tsoma baki tare da ci gaban da ci gaban dankali. Yana sarrafawa don ƙirƙirar sabon amfanin gona har ma a cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (hoto na 10). Sabili da haka, zaɓin albarkatu a cikin mahallin warware matsalar datti dankalin turawa yana da muhimmanci kawai a haɗe tare da amfani da magungunan ciyawa masu amfani.
Fatan cewa dankalin, ya bar wa kansa kuma an hana shi tsarin kariya, ba a gaskata shi ba, zai zama sauƙin ganimar halittu don ƙwayoyin cuta - kwari da cututtuka. Tsawancin tsire-tsire mai tsayi da tsayawa shi kaɗai yana taimaka masa ya rayu. A matsayin wani abu mai rikitarwa, ya zama dole a tantance gaskiyar cewa babu lalacewar tsire-tsire dankalin turawa ta ƙarshen ɓarke da ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado a cikin 2019 a cikin noman alkama na hunturu a farkon watan Agusta, bayan makonni uku na ruwan sama (hoto 11).
Hanyoyin agrotechnical sun fi kamanceceniya da na rigakafi dangane da batun rage yawan dankalin turawan sako. Mafi mahimmanci shine nome farfajiyar bayan girbin dankalin turawa. Dangane da asalin cutarwar ciyawar, fahimtar bukatar barin yin noma don barin duk tubers a cikin layin ƙasa na sama, inda sanyi ya lalata su, da sauri ya tabbata. Dangane da matsalar, mafi inganci sune faya-fayan jere biyu da kuma masu noman hakori. Tubers da aka bari a farfajiyar kuma an lalata su suna iya kamuwa da cuta da lalacewa, musamman a yankuna masu dumi. Llowaramin wuri yana ƙarfafa ƙwaƙƙwawar saurin farkon shuka kuma ya sa ya fi dacewa don amfani da ci gaba da ciyawar ciyawa ko masu noma a ƙarƙashin shuke-shuke kafin shuka iri na gaba.
Ofayan mafi aminci kuma mafi inganci don sarrafa matsalar kayan dankali mai ban tsoro shine weeding manual, amma ana iya bada shawara ga ƙananan yankuna, saboda girman hadaddun tsarin.
Lokacin shuka amfanin gona na jere, za'a iya sarrafa dankalin turawa ta hanyar noma akai-akai (idan bakayi la'akari da shuke-shuke a layuka na amfanin gona ba). Ba shi da wahala a iya kawar da dankalin ciyawa kwata-kwata tare da datsa kayan gona a cikin gonar jeji. Noma huɗu a tsayin 10-15 cm (bai fi ganye 6-8 ba) sun isa su ɓata tsiron gaba ɗaya kuma su hana samuwar sababbin tubers. Koyaya, filin faduwa bayan dankali zaɓi ne mai amfani da ƙasar, ana ba da shawarar ne kawai a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, alal misali, bayan ƙarancin hunturu tare da ɗan gajeren yanayin juyawa a cikin samar da iri.
Kemikal ciyawa na dankalin turawa yana nuna yaduwar amfani da inhibitors na germination, ciyawar ƙasa, ci gaba da herbicides, ƙasa da shirye-shiryen zaɓe na ganye. Abubuwan Taimakawa Shuka Shuka tare da AI Maleic hydrazide (Phazor), lokacin da ake amfani da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire game da makonni biyu zuwa uku bayan cikakkiyar fure, ganyayyaki ya mamaye shi kuma ya canza shi cikin tubers, yana hana yaduwar su ta kashi 70-80%. Fwararrun ƙasa ba su cimma buri guda ba (amma a cikin Tarayyar Rasha babu magunguna da aka amince da su).
Maganin ciyawa na iya lalata dankalin ciyawar gaba daya kawai a hade kuma tare da maimaita amfani dashi. Yawan sinadarai a cikin mahaifar tuber yana bawa shuke-shuke damar murmurewa daga magungunan kashe ciyawar da ke yin lahani ga wasu ciyawar. Bugu da kari, bayyanar marigayi dankali a yawancin albarkatun gona ya sanya ba za a amince da amfani da maganin ciyawar ba saboda gaskiyar cewa amfanin gonar ya riga ya kai matakin da ya dace don magani. Dangane da haka, idan ana amfani da maganin kashe ciyawa zuwa babban amfanin gona a kan kari, to sakamakon magani ba zai shafi wani ɓangare na ciyawar dankalin turawa ba: a wannan lokacin kawai ba sa tsirowa. Sabili da haka, maganin ciyawar ƙasa da aka yi amfani da shi kafin fitowar gabaɗaya bai isa ya sarrafa dankali mai son rai ba. Dankali yana da tsayayyar yawancin maganin ciyawar bayan fage.
Ba shi da ma'anar mahallin yin amfani da AI akan wasu albarkatu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin dankalin turawa (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, da sauransu). A lokaci guda, akwai bayanan ƙasashen waje da yawa cewa wasu abubuwa masu aiki suna da tasiri don sarrafa dankalin sako idan an yi amfani dasu a farkon tuberization (ƙaddamar da tubers). Idan aka yi amfani da maganin kashe kwari a farkon (kafin qaddamarwar tarin fitsarin), mahaifiyar tuber na iya sake yin tsiro. Yin amfani da maganin kashe kwari daga baya fiye da farkon tuberization ba zai iya hana samuwar 'ya mace ba.
Har ila yau ana iya barin ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita takamaiman kayan gona don aiki tare da wasu. Yawancin haƙuri suna nufin “hanawa,” ba jimlolin sarrafa ciyayi ba. Wajibi ne a la'akari da abin da ya shafi tasirin takamaiman AI wasu albarkatun gona na juyawa, musamman noman dankali ko kayan lambu.
A ƙarshe, yakamata a jaddada cewa dankalin turawa kamar ciyawa yake zama babbar matsala ga dankalin da aka shuka da sauran mahalarta juyar da amfanin gona. A yau yana da wuya a hana yaduwar ciyawar dankali a cikin albarkatu; saboda haka, ya zama dole a yi amfani da dumbin tasiri na hanawa da kuma matakan sarrafawa.