Maria Erokhova, ƙaramin ɗan'uwan bincike Duk-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Maria Kuznetsova, Shugaban Ma'aikatar Dankali da Cututtukan Kayan lambu na Cibiyar Nazarin Rasha ta Duk-Rasha ta Ilimin Halittu, Dan takarar Kimiyyar Halittu.
Dangane da karuwar ayyukan noma da cinikayyar kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin WTO, toshe nematodes na jinsin halittu. Ditylenchus (D. mai hallakarwa, D. dipsacci) an gane su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kwari mafi haɗari ga amfanin gona. A kasashe da dama D. mai hallakarwa и D. dipsacci sun sami matsayi na ƙayyadaddun kwari: a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da EU, suna da matsayi na ƙayyadaddun kwari marasa keɓe (RNQPs) akan dankali iri [19, 18]. Dangane da dokokin kasa da kasa, kasancewar matsayin RNQP yana ba da damar ma'auni na matakan daban-daban don kafa juriya (iyaka a sama wanda ba a yarda da kasancewar kwaro da aka ba a cikin dankalin iri da yawa). Misali, bisa ga buƙatun ƙa'idar ƙasar Scotland, an saita juriyar abun cikin sifili D. mai hallakarwa a cikin dukkan nau'ikan dankalin turawa na asali da na asali daidai da kwari masu yawa [11] saboda gaskiyar cewa yankin yana da matsayi na Yankin Babban Matsayi don noma da sayar da dankalin iri na asali da na asali kuma yana aiki. zuwa tsauraran matakai fiye da yadda EU ta tsara.
Ma'auni na rarraba phytopathogenic nematodes na jinsin Ditylenchus a cikin ƙasashe masu matakan haɓaka daban-daban na girma dankalin turawa, ba shakka, sun bambanta. A wasu ƙasashe, tushen nematodes yana faruwa a ƙananan lambobi, a wasu, wani ɓangare saboda monoculture, amfani da gurbataccen iri da kayan shuka, suna da babbar matsala. Don haka, daidai da bayanan EPPO Global Database da aka samu daga wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na marubutan Soviet [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] da Cibiyar Noma da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Duniya na Membobin Tarayyar Burtaniya ( CABI), a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet a kan ƙasa na Tarayyar Rasha D. mai hallakarwa yana da matsayin kwaro mai yaduwa [18]. Kuma har yau lamarin bai canza ba [7]. A Burtaniya, bisa ga NPPO, matsayi D. mai lalata - "yanzu, a cikin ƙananan yawa (ƙadan ganowa)" [5]. Game da D. dipsacci, to, bisa ga bayanai daga tushe guda, yana faruwa a Rasha, amma akwai ƙananan bayanai game da shi, a cikin Birtaniya, akasin haka, yana da yawa [18].
A cewar EPPO Global Database D. mai lalata babban polyphage ne: babban shuka shuka shine dankalin turawa (Solanum tuberosum)Bugu da kari, kwarin yana haifar da babbar illa ga tafarnuwa (Allium sativum), beetroot (beta vulgaris), irin karas (Davidcus carota kari sativus), codonopsis ƙananan masu gashi (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlia (Dahlia, gladiolus (gladiolus), hyacinth (Hyacinthus, Yaren mutanen Holland iris (Iris × hollandica), dawasa tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), clover (trifolium), tulip (Tulipa [goma sha takwas]. A cewar CABI, kewayon shuke-shuke da abin ya shafa D. mai lalata ma fi fadi: albasa (Allium cepa), gyada ta karkashin kasa (Arachis hypogaea), sugar gwoza (beta vulgaris Akwai. saccharifara), shayi (Camellia sinensis), barkono mai dadi (Capsicum shekara), lambu chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), kankana na kowa (Citrullis), lemu (Citrus sinensis, kankana (melon kokwamba), kokwamba na kowa (Cucumis sativus, kabewa nutmeg (Cucurbita moschata), lambu strawberry (Fragaria anassa), wake (Glycina maxhop na kowa (humulus lupulus), dankalin turawa (Batutuwan Ipomoea), mint (mintginseng (Panax ginsengginseng pentaphyllum (Panax quinquefolius), tumatir (Solanum yana da girmaeggplant (Solanum melongenaalkama mai laushi (Maganin Triticum, noma inabi (Vitis vinifera), masara (Zeyi mays) [sha hudu]. Bayan haka, D. mai lalata yana cutar da weeds: farin gauze (Kundin Chenopodium), cikakken zagaye (Cypress zagayeDope talakawa (Datura stramonium), ciyawa (Eleusine nuna alama), ciyawa kujera (Elymus amsa, hayakin magani (fumaria officinalis), Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), filin iska (Sonchus arvensiskananan marigolds (Tagetes minti)Dandelion officinalisTaraxacum officinalecocklebur gama gari (Xanthium strumarium) [14]. An lura cewa ana iya faɗaɗa kewayon tsire-tsire masu masaukin baki yayin da ƙarin bayani ya samu [18].
Dangane da EPPO Global Database, adadin tsire-tsire masu masaukin baki donD. dipsaci yana da girma sosai [18]. Saboda wannan dalili, jujjuya kayan lambu bazai yi tasiri ba wajen rage yawan nematode.
Dangane da ilimin halittar jiki, biochemical, kwayoyin halitta da sauran karatu D. dipsaci sl ya kasu kashi da dama [6]: masu muhimmancin tattalin arziki daga cikinsu D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (ana samun na ƙarshe akan bobs gama gari (vicia wake) a kasashen Turai da dama) [17]. An lura cewa a cikin yanayin kasancewar jinsin musamman na musamman D. dipsaci Juyawan amfanin gona na shekaru uku tare da amfanin gona masu juriya na iya rage adadinsa, muddin aka ɗauki matakan da suka dace don yaƙar ciyawa waɗanda ke madadin tsire-tsire [10].
Shuka nematodes na jinsi Ditylenchus kwayoyin halitta ne masu cutarwa ga tsire-tsire, ana yada su tare da tubers iri da kwararan fitila na amfanin gona [14]. Tushen kamuwa da cuta shine gurbataccen ƙasa, kwantena na katako, da kayan marufi [14]. Don ɗan nisa, kwaro na iya yaduwa tare da ruwan ban ruwa ko ɗigon ruwan sama da iska ke ɗauka zuwa filayen da ke makwabtaka da cutar [14].
Nematodes masu tushe sune endoparasites da ke zaune a cikin kyallen jikin shuka (tushen, tubers, rhizomes, kwararan fitila) [10, 14]. Dukansu maza da mata suna lalata bangon tantanin halitta yayin ciyar da su [10]. A cewar masana kimiyya na Burtaniya, haihuwa D. dipsacci zai iya kai kwai 500 kowace mace [10]. Tushen nematode na iya dawwama a matsayin tsutsa ta huɗu na instar shekaru da yawa [10]. Manya da ƙwai suna iya wuce gona da iri a cikin ƙasa ko cikin kyallen ciyayi [14]. A cikin bazara, larvae suna ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, wanda nan da nan ya mamaye tsire-tsire masu dacewa, kwari suna shiga cikin tubers dankalin turawa ta hanyar lentil [14]. An lura cewa nematode na iya ciyar da mycelium na fungi da yawa, ciki har da Alternari a canzawa и A. solani [goma sha hudu]. Larvae na taurari na huɗu D. dipsacci (Ba kamar D. mai hallakarwa) don tsira a cikin mummunan yanayi suna samar da gungu a saman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (wanda ake kira "nematode ulu") [10]. Nematodes ya sake yin aiki bayan “ulu” ya jike [10]. A cikin ƙasa mai ɗanɗano, za su iya dagewa idan babu tsire-tsire masu masauki fiye da shekara guda [10].
Alamun lalacewar kwaro sun bambanta sosai.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, kusan ba zai yiwu ba a tantance cewa nematode yana shafar shuka daga sassan sararin samaniya na dankalin turawa (sai dai cewa tsire-tsire masu rauni suna samuwa daga tubers masu rauni, waɗanda daga baya zasu mutu) [14]. Ana iya gano harin nematode na farko ta hanyar cire fata daga tuber, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa yana da sauƙin ganin ƙananan fararen fata a cikin nama mai lafiya. Daga baya, waɗannan tabo suna karuwa, suyi duhu, kuma nama yana samun sako-sako da rubutu [14]. Idan an adana tubers a cikin yanayi mai laushi, sun lalace kuma ana kamuwa da cutar nematode zuwa wasu tubers.
A kan bututun da abin ya shafa, ana samun wuraren da suka tauye ƴan baƙin ciki, a kan su tsage, kuma bawon yana murƙushe, kusa da ɓangaren litattafan almara [14]. Nama ya zama bushe, canza launi: daga launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa ko ma baki. Canjin launi ya fi girma saboda ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu (fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da nematodes masu rai) [14].
Lokacin da aka ci nasara D. dipsaci tsaga ba ya samuwa a kan tubers, amma masu launin duhu suna yaduwa ta cikin naman da ke ciki. Ana taqaitar da saman kuma sun lalace.
nematode kuma yana haifar da mummunar illa ga sauran amfanin gona.
A cikin tsire-tsire da abin ya shafa da ƙananan tsire-tsire na albasa, gindin tushe ya kumbura, ganyen suna lanƙwasa su juya [10]. Naman da nematode ya shafa yana da sako-sako da rubutu [10]. Tsire-tsire suna ruɓe a matakin ƙasa. Rashin lalacewar shuke-shuke ta hanyar nematode na iya zuwa ba a gane shi ba, amma irin waɗannan kwararan fitila a hankali suna ruɓe a cikin ajiya.
Tsuntsayen tsire-tsire na gwoza da abin ya shafa suna kumbura kuma suna samun nau'in spongy [10]. Galls na iya tasowa, a wuraren girma, nama ya lalace ko ya mutu, yana haifar da lanƙwasa na koli da samuwar ƙananan ganye. A cikin kaka, gall yana rube saboda cututtukan cututtuka na biyu.
Lalacewar wake yawanci tana bayyana kanta azaman launin tushe [10].
A cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tushen tushe yana kumbura, ganyen ya zama kodadde, murɗa kuma ya gajarta.
Ƙaddara cewa D. mai hallakarwa yana haifar da babban lahani a zafin jiki na 15-20 ° C da dangi zafi sama da 90% [14].
An tabbatar da cewa stolons da tushen tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa sun fi tasiri sosai lokacin da tushen nematode ya lalace. rhizoctonia solani [14] Har ila yau, bisa ga bayanan farko daga binciken da ake gudanarwa, an gano cewa kasancewar nematodes a cikin ƙasa yana haifar da karuwa sau goma a yawan kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da baƙar fata na dankalin turawa, ta haka ne ya kara yiwuwar bunkasa ƙwayar cuta. cuta. Kwayoyin cuta suna shiga shuka ta raunukan nematodes [9].
Don rage cutar da tushen nematodes, yana da mahimmanci a aiwatar da tsarin fasaha a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun kariyar tsire-tsire, dogara da farko akan amfani da lafiya (ba tare da kwaro) iri da kayan shuka ba da kuma amfani da jujjuyawar amfanin gona mai tsayi. .
Don rigakafin ƙasa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, phytonematodes da weeds, ana ba da shawarar shuka, niƙa da haɗa amfanin gona na biofumigating a cikin ƙasa (sarepta mustard (brassica jucearadish na kowa (raphanus sativus), arugula (Eruca sativa) [1]. Isothiocyanates, wanda aka kafa a lokacin lalata ƙwayoyin waɗannan tsire-tsire, yana hana numfashin salula da sauran ayyuka, da farko a cikin dankalin turawa cyst nematodes. Suna haifar da sakin larvae daga ƙwai, cysts a cikin rashin tsire-tsire masu dacewa. Larvae, rashin samun tsire-tsire masu dacewa, ya mutu. An kwatanta fasaha don girma da amfani da amfanin gona na biofumigating a cikin wallafe-wallafen harshen Rasha [5, 1].
Dangane da amfani da hanyar sinadarai, a yawancin ƙasashen EU, izinin Vidat (a.i. oxamil) a matsayin nematicide da maganin kwari yana aiki har zuwa 31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Dangane da bayanan EU, ana ba da shawarar shuka granules na miyagun ƙwayoyi zuwa zurfin 5,0 cm a kashi 20-0,01 kg/ha, dangane da nau'in ƙasa [20]. Dangane da bayanan Turai, matsakaicin izinin abun ciki na ragowar oxamyl a cikin dankali shine XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX].
Masana kimiyya na Ingilishi sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da Nematorin 10 G (wato phosphiazat) da Velum Prime (a.i. fluopyram) azaman madadin nematicides [1]. An ba da rahoton cewa ana amfani da Nematorin 10 G a kan nematodes cyst na dankalin turawa da nematodes masu rai masu 'yanci na pp. Trichodorus и Paratrichodorus, wadanda suke dauke da kwayar cutar tabar sigari [1]. A cikin bayanan magungunan kashe qwari na EU, an riga an yi rajistar phosphiasate a cikin ƙasashen EU da yawa (daga 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 zuwa 3/20/0,02) azaman nematicide akan cyst nematodes da gall nematodes [20]. Dangane da shawarwarin EU, ƙaramin adadin aikace-aikacen phosphiazat shine XNUMX kg/ha lokacin dasa shuki a cikin bazara [XNUMX]. Dangane da bayanan Turai, matsakaicin izinin abun ciki na ragowar adadin phosphiasate a cikin dankali shine XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX]. A Rasha, wannan abu mai aiki ba a yi rajista ba tukuna.
A cikin Amurka, an ba da rahoton rajista na miyagun ƙwayoyi Velum Prime, wanda aka yi niyya don kashe phytoparasitic nematodes, da cututtuka da yawa: farin tsatsa, alternaria, powdery mildew da verticillium. Fluopyram FRAC rukuni 7 maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta. A cikin bayanan EU, an yi rajistar fluopyram azaman maganin fungicide [20].
Dangane da bayanan magungunan kashe qwari na EU azaman nematicide akan kokwamba da karas daga 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX zuwa XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. rajista na kwayan cuta shiri Bacillus tsayayye I-1582 [20]. A kan kokwamba da karas Bacillus firmus I-1582 ba ya kafa matsakaicin halatta abun ciki na sharan gona da kuma lokacin jira [20], wanda ya ba mu damar la'akari da shi a matsayin prophylactic amfani a cikin namo da kayan lambu amfanin gona a cikin karewa ƙasa da kuma, yiwu, domin samar da Organic kayayyakin samar da abinci na jarirai. A Rasha, wannan magani ba a yi rajista ba tukuna.
An kuma yi rajistar naman kaza a cikin EU Purpureocillium licacinum shafi na 251 [20]. An ba da izinin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi daga 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 zuwa XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. a cikin ƙasashen EU da yawa akan yawan amfanin gona a cikin karewa da buɗe ƙasa [XNUMX]. A kan dankali, ana bada shawarar yin gwagwarmaya Pratylenchus spp., tare da CCN (balloon shafi) [20]. Fasahar shigar da maganin a cikin ƙasa yana da rikitarwa, kuma tasirin aikin naman gwari ya dogara da yanayin muhalli [20].
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa babu nau'in dankalin turawa da ke da tsayayya ga karan nematodes na jinsin Ditylenchus.
Taƙaice abin da ke sama, ana iya ƙarasa da cewa manyan hanyoyin sarrafa tushen nematode akan dankali a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun kariyar hadedde sune:
- amfani da lafiya iri dankali;
- zaɓin tsayin juyi na juyawa amfanin gona, wanda ke ba da damar rage kamuwa da cuta a cikin filin tare da tushe nematode. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da cewa wasu al'adu na iya yin tasiri sosai ta nau'in nematodes daban-daban na jinsin Ditylenchus, misali: ja da fari, tafarnuwa da albasa [13];
- sarrafa ciyawa da "tsiran sa kai" na dankali: yawancin nau'in weeds suna zama madadin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire don nematode;
- kawar da kwantena, kayan aiki da kantin sayar da dankalin turawa tare da magungunan kashe qwari. Ana ba da kewayon da ƙa'idodi don amfani da waɗannan wakilai a cikin wallafe-wallafen yaren Rasha [2], da kuma a cikin ma'auni na Ƙungiyar Kare Shuka ta Turai da Bahar Rum (EPPO) a cikin fassarar fassarar [3].
- biofumigation na ƙasa tare da biofumigating amfanin gona daga dangin cruciferous (mustard sareptskaya.Brassica juncea), arugula (Eruca sativaradish na kowa (Radish sativa) [1].
- aikace-aikacen takin mai magani a lokacin dasa shuki da kuma lokacin lokacin taro na tuber, tunda isassun wadatar calcium na amfanin gona na ba da gudummawa ga samuwar bangon tantanin shuka mai yawa, wanda ke wahalar da nematode shiga cikin shuka, kuma yana ƙara haɓakar shuka. juriya na dankali ga rauni da baƙar fata [4].
- kula da matakin gurɓataccen ƙasa tare da tushe nematode (kafin shuka da shuka amfanin gona, ana bada shawarar yin nazarin ƙasa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje). A cikin yanayi mai tsanani, ba za a iya amfani da irin wannan filin don shuka amfanin gona mai saukin kamuwa da tushen nematode ba. Don rage gurɓatarsa, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da nematicides - a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariyar haɗin gwiwa, tare da bin ka'idodin aminci na maganin kashe qwari. Bugu da ƙari, wajibi ne don zubar da ragowar nematicides da kwantena a karkashin su yadda ya kamata kuma a kan lokaci, hana gurɓatar ruwa da ruwa mai zurfi. Yin amfani da nematicides daidai zai rage mummunan tasiri akan ƙasa da ruwa micro- da macrobiota.
Hoton Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Hotunan da Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Ƙasashen Duniya na Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Ƙasar Ingila (CABI) ta tabbatar kuma an buga su a cikin CABI Compendium na Nau'in Cin Zarafi (14)
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