Sergey Banadysev, Doctor na Sciences na aikin gona, Shugaban shirin kiwo na Doka-Gene Technologies LLC
Rashin lafiyar cututtukan cututtukan dankalin turawa yana ƙaruwa koyaushe. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, lalacewar daga gare su ba ta bayyana kawai a cikin rage yawan amfanin ƙasa ba, har ma a cikin lalacewar ingancin kasuwanci na tubers. Necrotic damuwa na YBK, WLRK, mop-top, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna sa dankali ba daidaito ba, yayin da alamun sababbin damuwa akan ganyayyaki ke ƙasa da ƙasa da bayyana. Kwayar Y ta zama mai matsala musamman (Hoto na 1-4). Babu ƙwayoyin halittar juriya ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta; ba shi yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri iri tare da babban juriya ta amfani da hanyoyin zaɓi na gargajiya. La'akari da ilmin halitta da halaye na masu haifar da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ba batun wannan labarin bane (akwai isassun bayanai a kan wannan batun), za a ba da babbar kulawa ga nazarin hanyoyin da ake da su don samun ingantaccen kayan iri don ƙwayoyin cuta.
Da farko dai, kuna buƙatar bayyana ainihin ma'anar inganci. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ƙa'idodin suna ba da ƙuntatawa mai ƙarfi game da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, gami da Tarayyar Rasha, cutar cikin ciki, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen tubers yana da iyakancewa. A lokaci guda, akwai nuances da yawa na daidaita haƙuri don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna da mahimmanci (Table 1). Bari mu gano cikakken bayani.
A kallon farko, matsayin Dutch na kamuwa da cuta ya zama da wuya: kawai jurewar 1,4% a cikin mashahuri. Amma littafin bincike na ciki na NAK ya bayyana wannan kuma ya bayyana a sarari. M shine kula da kamuwa da cuta na latti daga cikin ɓangaren superelite da sama. Ana gudanar da wannan bincike ne ta hanyar PCR kuma kawai a kan Y-virus. An haɗa nauyin 50 a cikin samfurin PCR guda. Ana ɗaukar nauyin baturi a matsayin daidaitacce idan sama da samfuran guda ɗaya cikin huɗu, ko sama da samfura biyu daga takwas, ko samfuran uku daga cikin 12 suna nuna sakamako mai kyau, gwargwadon yawan adadin samfurin a cikin samfurin da aka bincika. Ana samun haƙuri na 0,6% daga zato cewa a cikin samfurin 50 tubers akwai guda ɗaya kawai da suka kamu da cutar. Amma wannan yana cikin yanayin da ya dace, a ka'idoji, duk tubers 50 a haɗe samfurori na 50 ana iya cutar. Kuma sannan adadi na ainihin kamuwa da cutar ta ƙungiyar ya kamata ya zama 25%, ba 0,6%.
Masu hakikanin kimantawa game da kamuwa da cuta su ne 'yan Scots da Amurkawa. Scotland tana gida ɗaya daga cikin manyan Yankunan Yankunan Turawa da aka Kare Hankali guda biyar (HG) EU. Wato, wannan yanki ne na samar da mafi kyawun kayan aiki. Koyaya, ƙa'idar takaddun shaida a can baya buƙatar tabbataccen tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta ta latti. Ee, an bada shawarar yin shi, amma matakin kamuwa da latti baya shafar sakamakon takaddar. A cikin Amurka, ana tantance cututtukan cututtukan tarin fuka ta amfani da hanyar ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa. A lokacin bazara, ana karɓar samfurori daga dukkan batutuwan da ke ƙarƙashin takardar shaida da jigilar su zuwa Hawaii ko Florida. Babu wani hunturu, ana dasa shuki a cikin nan da nan a cikin ƙasa kuma an kimanta shi ta hanyar bayyanar cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Kuma daidai ne don haka, ba kowane ɓoyayyen kamuwa da cuta ke bayyana a cikin ganyayyaki da amfanin gona ba, wani lokacin yakan kasance latti tsawon shekaru ba tare da haifar da wata lahani ba. A watan Fabrairu, ana samun sakamako tare da takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka na cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin plantsan tsirrai. Masu siyan tsaba zasu sami hoto iri ɗaya, amma daga baya. Wannan bayanin yana ƙaddara sakamako na ƙarshe na takardar shaida na shekara-shekara, kuma an aiwatar da babban aikin bazara cikin la'akari da wannan bayanin.
UNECE, Jamus, Faransa S-1 kuma suna ba da amfani da kimanta ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin zuriya kai tsaye. Bayan mun girbe, wajibi ne don ɗaukar samfuran 100 na tubers, girma a cikin greenhouse kuma kimanta bayyanuwar cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da ganye. Ainihin, wannan shine kula da ƙasa, kawai a cikin rufaffiyar ƙasa, zaɓi mafi tsada. Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje ne kawai a lokuta masu rikitarwa. Amma akwai sabani a cikin daidaitattun S-1 guda ɗaya, tun da yiwuwar amfani ba kawai gani ba, har ma an ambaci hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje a ɓangaren akan tsarin kimantawa. Kwararru sun fahimci cewa ta ELISA ko PCR sau da yawa ana gano tsire-tsire ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri fiye da gani.
Amma game da lamunin kamuwa da latti wanda GOST 33996-2016 a cikin 2018 a cikin Federationungiyar Rasha, suna ba da izinin gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ba tare da ƙididdigar gani na zuriyar ba, kuma sun sha bamban ta fuskar bayani. Dangane da sabon ma'auni, kawai kimantawa na gurguwar gurɓatar da haɓakar ƙwayar asali ta asali wajibi ne: SSE kuma mafi girma. Amma bayanin ya bujiro da babbar dama ga rashin nasara da hangen nesa: “Lura. Ga yawancin superelite, mashahuri da iri iri mai dankali da ke shigowa cikin ƙasashe waɗanda suka ɗauki matsayin, ana yin gwajin gwaji a buƙatun mai samarwa ko mai ba da dankali iri. Matsakaicin halayen da aka yarda da su na iyakance cutar ta kwayar cuta ko / kamuwa da kwayar cuta bisa ga sakamakon gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na tarin kwayoyin cutar ana iya kafawa a cikin yarjejeniyoyi (kwangila) don samar da dankali iri ta hanyar yarjejeniya da bangarorin. Ga kowane ɓangare na rukuni na ES, matsakaicin matakin ƙuntatawa na UVK bisa ga sakamakon gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba zai wuce 10% ba. ” Wadannan ba da shawarwari ukun sun canza ma'aunin daga takaddar takamaiman mai rikitarwa zuwa aikin banza na doka, tushe don bayyana dangantakar masu samarwa da abokan ciniki, kayan aiki na gunaguni. Ta yaya mutum zai ba da damar (da gaske maye gurbin ƙa'idar) da kuma dogaro da yarjejeniyar ɓangarorin biyu game da batun inganci, saboda bukatun mai siyarwa da mai siye ba zai iya daidaitawa ba a nan. Ta yaya za a iya kafa ɗaya ka'idoji iri ɗaya don nau'ikan daban-daban, saboda ƙarancin inganci yayin da yake sake haifuwa babu makawa. Kuma wani tanadi na daidaitaccen 33996-2016 - kimantawa na kamuwa da cututtukan latent tare da cututtukan hoto - ELISA da PCR sun yarda da su. Duk da cewa hankali na waɗannan hanyoyin ya bambanta ta hanyar umarni mai girma. Amma an amince da matsayin kuma an aiwatar dashi, bin ka'idojinsa da abubuwan da yake buƙata na wajibi ga dukkanin masana'antar zuriya.
A halin yanzu ana gudanar da noman dankalin turawa a duk kasashe tare da bunkasa dankalin turawa akan abin da ake kira ba shi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Al'adar sel da kyallen takarda a hade tare da thermo-chemotherapy da yaduwar microclonal suna ba da damar samun asalin kayan asalin tare da sifirin ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa. Amma kuna buƙatar fahimtar maki biyu: sifili ba ma'anar cikakken rashi ba, amma yiwuwar kasancewa a cikin adadin da ke ƙasa da ƙofar fahimtar ƙarancin hanyoyin binciken kwayar halitta. Kuma kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta ba yana nufin sanya dankali ya zama mai jure ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Ba tare da amintacciyar kariya daga sake kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ba, ƙwayar dankalin turawa mai lafiya ta zama nau'in F-1, wanda ƙarni na farko kawai ke ba da kyakkyawan sakamako, kuma tare da haifuwa mai zuwa, raguwar aiki ke faruwa. Siyan dankali dankali na shekara guda na noman a yankuna tare da yanayi mai wahala da kuma babban yaduwar cutar ana yadu da shi, gami da kudancin Tarayyar Rasha. Amma tare da irin wannan makirci na samar da kayan iri, tsaba ya kamata su isa sosai kuma a farashi mai sauki, mai sauki. Dukan batun filin noman dankalin turawa shine a kara adadin kwaya mai araha yayin da yake dauke da sake kamuwa da cutar. Kusan dukkanin tilas da ƙungiyoyi na musamman, matakan methodological da matakan fasaha da ayyuka ana nufin wannan. Ba za a iya warkar da tsire-tsire da tubers da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta ba, kuma ana nuna yaƙar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rigakafin kamuwa da tsire-tsire ta hanyar aphids da inji. Yi la'akari da abubuwa da yawa masu mahimmanci game da kula da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a matakin mafi girma.
1. Lissafin kudi da kuma martani ga kuzari da nau'ikan kwayar cutar aphids. Canjawar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar aphids daga tsire-tsire masu cuta zuwa waɗanda ke da lafiya, tare da kamuwa da cuta ta farko na kayan shuka da canja wurin inji, shine babban dalilin sake kamuwa da potatoesan dankali. Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna zama masu rauni kuma suna kasancewa akan bakin aphids har tsawon awanni. A wannan lokacin, aphids na iya tashi sama da kilomita kilomita daga gonar, wurin dasa shara, shuka mai ƙarancin inganci kuma ya ƙare a wuraren noman. Wajibi ne a kiyaye wannan tsari a cikin filayen shuka iri kusan ci gaba - daga dasa shuki don kammala bushewar saman. Ya kamata a sani cewa a cikin duk ƙasashe masu haɓaka dankalin turawa, ana yin sa ido kan aphid tare da halartar manyan kuɗaɗe na kasafin kuɗi da sa hannun manyan cibiyoyin bincike. Sakamakon saka idanu da martanin da kamfanonin masana'antu ke ba su dole ne a yi la'akari da su yayin aiwatar da takardar shaida. Hukumar kiyaye tsire-tsire ta jihar ta kasance tana aiki haka a cikin ƙasarmu. A halin yanzu, saboda wasu dalilai, sanya idanu a cikin Tarayyar Rasha don dankali ana gudanar da shi ne kawai don ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado, wanda ba matsala a cikin haɓakar dankalin turawa na kasuwanci. Sabili da haka, duk kasuwancin ƙwararrun masarufi dole ne ya mallaki kayan kwalliyar aphid ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun fasahohi. Kuma ya zama bayyananne kuma hade yake, kawai kuna buƙatar sanin mahimman bayanai. Tushen tsarin lura da aphid shine tarkunan rawaya na Merike (hoto 5). Dole ne a girka su sama da tsayin shuke-shuke, a wani yanki da aka cire dukkan tsire-tsire a cikin kusancin filin dankalin turawa. (Kwararrun masu kula da amfanin gona na iya samun kyakkyawan adadin adadin aphids ta hanyar kallon sama, tsakiya, da kuma kasa 100 ganye tare da zancen filin.)
Ya kamata a tattara allunan fuka-fukai da za a tattara mako-mako kuma an ƙaddara nau'in sifofin. Arfin ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin nau'ikan aphids daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. Mafi cutarwa - kore peach aphid (hoto 6,7) yana da inganci daidai da ɗaya, duk wasu suna da ƙananan maganganu masu yawa (Tebur 2,3). Masana kimiyyar Ingilishi (Felton B. et al., 2013) sun gabatar da dalilan cutarwa na nau'in aphid kuma ana amfani dasu ko'ina. Sun banbanta ga Y-virus da VLK, wato, don hanyoyin daban-daban na yada kwayar cutar. Musamman jinsunan masu haɗari masu sarrafa launin dankali, i.e. wadanda suke zaune a dankali suna samar da siffofin marasa kayu wadanda kuma suke dauke da kwayoyin cuta. Waɗannan sun haɗa da peach, dankalin turawa, babban dankalin turawa, buckthorn, aphids buckthorn. Sauran nau'in da aka yi la’akari da su ba sa sarrafa dankalin turawa, amma suna ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta a jigilar kayayyaki, a kan aiwatar da allura ta gwaji a bincika kayan amfanin gona na gama gari. Dayyade nau'ikan nau'ikan aphids mai fuka-fuki yana buƙatar cancantar cancanta da gaban microscope. An buga mahimman bayanan gano magunguna na aphids shekaru 40-50 da suka gabata kuma yanzu ikon mallakar littafi ne. Ana iya siyan sabbin launuka masu cikakken launi na Jamus (2000) da Netherlands (2008) a cikin shagunan kan layi na masu talla. Akwai shafuka na musamman akan aphids, alal misali, aphid.aphidnet.org, amma a kansu kawai ana gabatar da nau'in dankalin turawa ne a takaice. Lokacin nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da tarkuna, bai kamata mutum ya manta da yiwuwar shiga cikin su ba cicadas da psyllids (hoto 8,9), waɗanda ke ɗauke da shafi da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta Zebra wacce tuni ta shiga Turai.
Hoto 8. Cicadas Hoto 9. Psillida
Yawan aphids da aka kama suna canzawa zuwa ma'aunin ƙirar vector (IVD). Anyi la'akari da peach aphids a cikin raka'a na ainihi, duk sauran nau'ikan an ninka su ta hanyar mai haɗari. A zahiri, an canza su zuwa yanki ɗaya na ma'auni, tsarin cutarwa na apachids peach aphids. Don haka, idan an kama aphid dankalin turawa guda 20, sannan a ƙididdige ƙididdigar, adadinsu zai zama 20x0,2 = raka'a 4. Jimlar a cikin sharuddan peach aphid shine pressureashin matsi na vector. Zai fi dacewa idan aka yi la’akari da IVD ga nau’in aphid mai taurin kai azaman matsala mafi matsala. Alamar kasa da raka'a biyu ta aminta gaba daya, kore. Daga 2 zuwa 10 - launin rawaya, yanayin shiri, ɗaukar matakan kariya a cikin tunanin kamfanin. An IED sama da 10 yana buƙatar yin amfani da kayan kariya daga aphids. Wannan an tabbatar dashi ta izinin takardar shaidar. Rashin ɗaukar matakan kariya shine tushe don rage darajar tsaba ko fitar da umarni don lalata fi. Resarfin ƙarshen haɗarin aphid (raka'a 10 na peach aphid) an kafa shi yayin karatun musamman na karatun kamuwa da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a matsin lamba na vector daban-daban. Kamuwa da cuta tare da ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙaruwa sosai idan adadin aphids ya wuce ƙofar, tare da adadi kaɗan bambanci tsakanin matakan kamuwa da cuta ba mahimmanci. Dangane da haka, tare da matakin kore da rawaya na IVD, matakan kariya ba su bayar da tasiri ba, kada su shafi matakin kamuwa da cuta kuma babu ma'ana a cikin gudanar da su.
A wasu ƙasashen Turai, don duk wuraren kulawa, lissafin jimillar (tara) IRA daga farkon lokacin girma yake gudana (Fig. 1). An ƙayyade ƙididdigar ƙimar jimlar IWD, bayan haka sabis na takaddar takaddun yana ba da umarni don yanka da lalata saman a filayen iri. Menene wannan darajar iyaka? A cikin Netherlands, IWD a halin yanzu - raka'a 80 na peach aphid (Haverkort A., 2018). Ba a bayyana waɗannan alamun a cikin dokokin takaddun shaida na ƙasa ba. Amma an nanata cewa yayin bayar da umarni don yanka saman, ba wai kawai ana tattara layin matattarar vector ba, har ma da juriya na nau'ikan kamuwa da kwayar cuta (akwai aikin hukuma na nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka horar bisa ga wannan halayyar), adadin tsire-tsire tare da alamun ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka gano yayin binciken filin, aiwatar da kariya matakan kan aphids. An ba manoma daga kwana biyu (Netherlands) zuwa kwana uku (Scotland) don cika takardar sayan magani. Rashin bin umarnin likitanci yana haifar da ƙin yarda da takaddun shaida ko rage darajar ajin.
Ingantaccen kulawa na yau da kullun na aphids-vectors na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta yana ba da fahimtar aiki na matakin asalin cutar kuma yana ba ku damar ɗaukar matakan kariya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, amma kamar yadda ake buƙata, don haka adana mahimman kuɗi a kan kayayyakin kariya na tsire-tsire. Kari akan haka, ana bayar da aphid na gargaɗin farkon bazara ga masu shuka iri na EU. A cikin tsarin cibiyoyin bincike na kasafin kudi, tarkunan tsotsa da yawa suna aiki (hoto 10), wanda ke gano masu jigilar kayayyaki a cikin iska a tsayi. Trapaya daga cikin tarkon tsotsa yana ba da cikakken haske a cikin radius na kilomita 100. Kuna iya mafarkin irin wannan sabis ɗin kawai, amma bayanin da aka bayar yana ba ku damar gudanar da aikin daidai a matakin ƙirar kowane mutum, canza bayanin da aka karɓa cikin matakan aiki don sarrafa cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, la'akari da halin da ya ɓullo a cikin wani shekara kuma a takamaiman fannoni. Jerin wadannan matakan ya hada da dabaru daban-daban don kebewa da kare makircin iri.
2. ware kansa. Rarrabar samar da dankalin Turawa a yankuna tare da karancin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan hoto ana amfani da su a duk kasashen da suka bunkasa dankalin turawa. Don haka, a cikin Netherlands, an samar da ƙwayar iri a kan mashigar tekun arewa (siffa 2).
Abubuwan lura na dogon lokaci sun tabbatar da cewa a cikin wannan yanki da ke haifar da cutar ya zama sau daya da rabi, kuma mummunan yanayin lokaci na cututtukan cututtukan wucin gadi na faruwa a matsakaici a ranar 26 ga Yuli, makonni biyu baya idan aka kwatanta da kudanci na ƙasar. (Haverkort A., 2018). Ana iya ganin wannan a fili a cikin siffa 1: a arewa, IED kore ne, a kudu yana da ja. Ana iya ƙarasa da cewa a kudanci Netherlands, yawan shuka dankali yana da matukar hadari, kuma babu abin da za a ce game da ƙarin ƙasashen kudanci. Amma kar ka manta game da dangantawa. Idan ba ku huta a kan iyakar Netherlands ba, kuma ku fitar da kudu gaba da Belgium, to, a arewacin Faransa, a yankin gabar ruwa na Tashoshin Ingilishi, akwai yanki na samar da dankali na wannan ƙasa. Faransa tana matsayi na biyu a cikin duniya dangane da fitar da dankalin Turawa. Wannan yana ɗaukar samfurin inganci, yayin da yankin samar da ƙasar Faransa yake a nisan mil 700 daga kudu na sandunan Dutch. Masu shuka iri suna samar da samfurin da ya dace saboda girman fasaha da ƙungiyar, kodayake saboda dalilai bayyane hakan ba zai yiwu ba a ga sakamakon aphid saka idanu a cikin jama'a.
Yankin dankalin turawa na Scottish an mai da hankali ne a arewa maso gabas, a bakin teku (siffa 3). Idan ka kalli kulawar Ingilishi game da aphids a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, to a wannan sashin cutar zazzabin ya ninki biyu sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar Ingila. Amma ya juya cewa a cikin Scotland kanta akwai yankuna kaɗan da aphids kaɗan, a kudu maso gabas, iyaka da Arewacin Ireland. Me yasa ake shuka dankali iri a can?
Babu shakka, saboda ƙarancin dacewar ƙasar don tsarin abun ciki da kuma ƙarfin dutse. Idan muka mai da hankali ne kawai akan aphids, to, duk ƙwayoyin iri na dankalin Turawa zai zama ma'ana a sanya a cikin Scandinavia. An ɗauki wasu matakai a cikin wannan shugabanci. A zahiri kilomita 200 zuwa ga Arctic Circle, a kan layi na 64, akwai Finniyanci, ɗayan HG na Turai guda ɗaya, yanki na zuriyar dankalin turawa (hoto 14). Zuwa kusan tan dubu 1000 na dankali iri iri ana shuka su a can duk shekara akan yankin kadada 30. Yanayin yanayin yanayin zafi ya isa kaɗan: lokacin girma yana daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, tsawon sa'o'in hasken rana a farkon lokacin girma, yayi sanyi kuma isasshen ruwan sama ya isa mm 300 (Fig. 4).
Abubuwan da ke yaduwa na aphids sunyi nazari sosai ta hanyar masu bincike masu zaman kansu (Kirchner S. et al., 2013) ta amfani da rawaya da tarkon tsotsa. Daga 20 zuwa 3000 aphids sun fada cikin tarko a kowane mako (Fig. 5). Amma akwai kawai 10-20% na masu dauke da kwayar cutar a cikin su, sauran su ne bishiyar da ba ta da mahimmanci da nau'in shrub. Peach aphids kusan basa faruwa a arewa, ana samun aphids dankalin turawa lokaci-lokaci.
Za a buga cigaban labarin a cikin littafin Dankali Dankin No .. 3, 2020.
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