Dankali cyst nematode shine kwaro mai haɗari. Wadannan tsutsotsin da ba a iya gani ba suna rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, suna shiga tushen tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa kuma suna rage yawan amfanin gona da kashi 70%. Har ila yau, suna da wuya a rabu da su: ana kiyaye ƙwai a cikin jikin mace, wanda ya juya ya zama cyst bayan mutuwa, zai iya dagewa a cikin ƙasa har tsawon shekaru.
Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa jakar takarda mai sauki da aka yi da zaren ayaba na hana cyst nematodes kyankyaso da kuma gano tushen dankalin turawa. Sabuwar hanyar ta kara yawan amfanin gona da sau biyar a gwaji kan kananan gonaki a Kenya.
"Wannan wani muhimmin bangare ne na aikin," in ji Graeme Thiele, darektan bincike a Cibiyar Dankali ta Duniya. Amma "har yanzu akwai sauran aiki da yawa da za a yi don mayar da wannan daga kyakkyawan ganowa zuwa mafita ta hakika ga manoma a Gabashin Afirka," in ji shi.
nematodes ƙasa matsala ce ga nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri. Ga dankali, nematode na zinariya (Globodera rostochiensis) barazana ce ta duniya. Tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta, tushen lalacewa suna da launin rawaya, ganyen wilting. Waɗannan dankalin sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma galibi suna lalacewa sosai, yana sa ba za a iya siyarwa ba. A cikin ƙasashe masu zafi, ana iya sarrafa nematode ta hanyar jujjuya dankali da sauran amfanin gona, fesa ƙasa da magungunan kashe qwari, da dasa nau'ikan da ke jure kamuwa da cutar.
Har yanzu ba a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin ba a ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa, a wani ɓangare saboda magungunan kashe qwari suna da tsada kuma ba a samun nau'in dankalin turawa masu juriya a yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan manoma, waɗanda za su iya samun kuɗi mai kyau don sayar da dankali, sau da yawa ba sa so su canza dankalin dankali tare da amfanin gona marasa amfani.
A Kenya, ƙwayar dankalin turawa, nematode ya faɗaɗa yawansa kuma yana bunƙasa. "Yawan Nematode suna da girma sosai," in ji Danny Coyne, masanin nematode a Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin matsalar hasarar rayayyun halittu, tare da manoman dankalin turawa suna share dazuzzukan don ƙirƙirar sabbin gonaki marasa nematode.
Tunanin cewa takarda ayaba na iya taimaka wa manoma su kawar da ƙasa daga nematodes sun samo asali ne fiye da shekaru 10. Masu bincike a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina suna neman hanyar da za su taimaka wa manoma a kasashe masu tasowa su isar da kananan allurai na maganin kashe kwari. Sun gwada da abubuwa daban-daban kuma sun gano cewa takarda da aka yi daga ayaba ta yi aiki mafi kyau. Tubular sa, zaruruwan zaruruwa a hankali suna sakin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ƙasa na makonni da yawa kafin su lalace. A wannan lokacin, shukar ta girma ta yadda ko da ta kamu da cutar, ta riga ta sami tsarin tushen lafiya.
A cikin gwaje-gwajen filin, masu bincike sun kara abamectin, maganin kashe kwari da ke kashe nematodes, zuwa takarda. Sun kuma dasa dankali a cikin takardar ayaba ba tare da abamectin a matsayin sarrafawa ba. Ga mamakinsu, waɗannan tsire-tsire sun yi kusan da tsire-tsire a cikin takarda da aka yi wa maganin kashe kwari. Coyne ya raba wannan sakamako mai ban mamaki tare da abokin aikinsa, masanin ilimin muhalli mai suna Baldwin Torto, wanda ke nazarin hulɗar tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire a Cibiyar Kula da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.
Tare da Juliet Ochola, wanda yanzu ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, Torto sun gudanar da wasu gwaje-gwaje don gano abin da ke faruwa. Sun gano cewa takardar ayaba ta ƙunshi muhimman sinadarai da aka ɓoye daga tushen tsire-tsire matasa na dankalin turawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna jawo ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa waɗanda ke amfana da shuka. Nematodes kuma sun koyi lura da waɗannan mahadi. Wasu, irin su alpha-chaconin, sune siginar nematode don ƙyanƙyashe. "Idan da yawa daga cikinsu suka ƙyanƙyashe a lokaci guda, za su iya buɗe ƙyanƙyashe," in ji Ochola. Bayan ƙyanƙyashe, matasan nematodes suna jin haɗin gwiwa kuma suna amfani da su don nemo tushen dankalin turawa.
Filayen ayaba suna ɗaukar 94% na mahadi, Ochola da abokan aiki da aka samu. Lokacin da suka fallasa ƙwai na nematode don fitar da takarda, an rage yawan ƙyanƙyashe da kashi 85% idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, ƙungiyar ta yi rahoton a cikin mujallar Nature Sustainability. Wasu gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa nematodes da aka ƙyanƙyashe ba su da yuwuwar samun tushen dankalin da aka lulluɓe da takarda.
A cikin filayen da ke fama da cutar nematode a Kenya, Coyne da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa shuka dankalin da aka nannade cikin takardar ayaba ta bayyana ya rubanya yawan amfanin gonaki idan aka kwatanta da shuka ba tare da takarda ba. Karamin kashi na abamectin a cikin takarda-kashi dubu biyar kacal na abin da aka saba fesa a ƙasa-ya ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kashi 50%. Mai yiwuwa, duk wani nematodes da ya sauka akan dankali abamectin ya kashe shi.
Yanzu masu bincike sun gano yadda ake samun takarda don nade da noma dankali ga manoma a Gabashin Afirka. Kamfanonin ayaba a Kenya da kuma kasashen da ke kusa za su iya samar da fiber, wanda a yanzu ake zubar da shi a matsayin sharar gida. Masu yin takarda zasu iya yin jaka. A cewar Coyne, babban kalubalen da zai fuskanta shi ne shawo kan manoma su sayi takardar da kanta.
Da zarar manoma sun gwada buhunan, masu binciken sun ce za su ga suna da sauƙin amfani. "Kunsa kawai ku shuka," in ji Ochola.
Amma tattara dankali mai yawa har yanzu zai kasance mai wahala, in ji Isabelle Conceicao, ƙwararriyar nematode a Jami'ar Coimbra. Idan aka samar da injin din dankalin turawa, in ji ta, watakila za a iya amfani da hanyar zuwa manyan gonaki ta hanyar amfani da injina.