Evgeny Simakov, Shugaban Sashen Gwajin Dankali Gene Pool, Likitan Kimiyyar Noma, Farfesa na A.G. Lorcha"
A halin yanzu, saboda karuwar matsalar samar da kayan iri masu ƙwararru, buƙatar nau'ikan gida na sabbin tsararraki, daidai da buƙatun zamani na kasuwar dankalin turawa dangane da saiti na mahimman fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi, ya ƙara tsananta sosai. .
Ingantaccen yanayin yana buƙatar aiwatar da ingantattun matakan tsare-tsare waɗanda ke da nufin haɓakawa da sabunta kayan aikin fasaha na tushe da tushen fasaha na cibiyoyin kimiyyar da ake da su. Idan nasarorin kiwo na Rasha sun dace da mafi kyawun nau'ikan analog na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke buƙatar kasuwa iri da dankalin kasuwanci, zai yuwu a hanzarta haifuwa na sabbin nau'ikan alamu don samun manyan masu inganci.
A cikin tsarin da ake ci gaba da Subprogram "Haɓaka da dankalin turawa kiwo da iri samar a cikin Tarayyar Rasha 2017-2025", Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya na Tarayyar Rasha sun gano mahalarta a hadedde kimiyya da fasaha ayyukan. KSTP) da kuma hadedde shirye-shiryen binciken kimiyya (CPNI) don ƙirƙira da sauri inganta sabbin nau'ikan iri masu inganci a samarwa bisa ingantattun fasahohin zamani don haɓaka kayan iri masu inganci.
Sakamakon gwajin agro-ecological na sabon nau'in dankalin turawa da aka kirkira a yayin aiwatar da shi, lokacin da aka girma a cikin masana'antar noma na yankuna 9 na Tarayyar Rasha (Arewa-Yamma, Tsakiya, Volga, Ural, da sauransu) sun nuna cewa a cikin ƙasa daban-daban. da yanayin yanayi, galibin sabbin nau'ikan suna ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa akai-akai waɗanda ba su ƙasa da analogues na ƙasashen waje. Don ƙirƙirar buƙatun sabbin nau'ikan cikin gida, haɓakawarsu mai fa'ida ya zama dole ba kawai daga gefen masu riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka ba, har ma daga masu asali. A aikace, da rashin alheri, sabbin nau'ikan da masu kiwo na Rasha suka kirkira, bayan shigar da su cikin Rajista na Jiha, sun kasance ba a da'awar su na dogon lokaci saboda rashin ingantaccen kayan iri don masu siye, wanda bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin Tebura 1 ya bayyana a sarari.
Tebur 1. Manyan iri a cikin kasuwar dankalin turawa iri na Tarayyar Rasha (bayanai daga Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya Rosselkhozcenter, 2020)
Sorta | Tushen | Kayan iri da aka shuka | ||
tan | % | |||
Nevsky | FITs dankalin su. A.G. Lorkha | 11120 | 13,75 | |
Sa'a | - // - | 1942 | 2,48 | |
Aurora | - // - | 1556 | 1,99 | |
Zhukovsky da wuri | - // - | 936 | 1,26 | |
Gulliver | - // - | 392 | 0,50 | |
Sansanin soja | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Charoite | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Gingerbread Man | - // - | 289 | 0,37 | |
Meteor | - // - | 242 | 0,31 | |
Fi so | - // - | 194 | 0,25 | |
Pennant | - // - | 173 | 0,22 | |
Singlazka 2016 | - // - | 125 | 0,16 | |
Babban | - // - | 117 | 0,15 | |
M | - // - | 110 | 0,14 | |
Sadon | - // - | 80 | 0,10 | |
Ariel | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Mamaki | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Fritella | - // - | 36 | 0,04 | |
Hussar | - // - | 25 | 0,03 | |
Kyawawan Meshchera | - // - | 21 | 0,02 | |
JAMA'A: | 21802 | 26,8 | ||
Ja mai launin shuɗi | HZPC Holland BV | 15313 | 18,8 | |
Gala | Norika | 13307 | 16,4 | |
Colombo | HZPC Holland BV | 13283 | 16,3 | |
mai kirkire-kirkire | HZPC Holland BV | 12501 | 15,4 | |
Newton | Frito-Lay Arewacin Amurka | 2590 | 3,2 | |
Arizona | Agrico UA | 2475 | 3,1 | |
JAMA'A: | 59469 | 73,2 | ||
A halin da ake ciki yanzu, haɓaka ingantaccen zaɓi na cikin gida da canja shi zuwa sabon matakin inganci ba za a iya cimma shi ba ne kawai ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (Fig. 1). Idan aka yi la’akari da yadda akasarin cibiyoyin kiwo da hukumomin gwamnati da kamfanonin kiwo da iri ba su da wata alaka da ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu na kashin kansu, ya zama dole a hada kai don samar da tsarin zamani na cikin gida na kiwon dankalin turawa da samar da iri bisa ka’idojin hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. .
Don aiwatar da shirin musanya dankalin iri a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, fiye da nau'ikan zaɓin dankalin turawa 20 na FRC mai suna A.I. A.G. Lorkha, daga cikinsu akwai shahararrun nau'ikan farko: Krepysh, Meteor, Gulliver; tsakiyar farkon: Ariel, Krasa Meshchery, Sadon, da kuma sababbin abubuwa: Sprinter, Flagman da Mirage. Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan suna amfani da tebur.
Daya daga cikin mafi yawan farkon maturing iri da aka samu bayan 2010 shine Meteor (an yarda don amfani a yawancin yankuna na Rasha). Ya bambanta ba kawai a farkon farkon tuberization ba, amma kuma, wanda yake da mahimmanci, a farkon samuwar amfanin gona mai kasuwa. Iri-iri ya dace da girma akan kowane nau'in ƙasa, amma yana da sauƙin cimma halayen daidaita yanayin zagaye na tubers akan ƙasa tare da tsari mai kyau. Don samun farkon samarwa, yana da kyawawa don dumi tubers, kuma germination haske ya fi kyau (seedlings har zuwa 1 cm tsayi). Bukatar abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai shine na kowa don farkon iri. Idan an yi niyyar dankali don ajiya, aikace-aikacen nitrogen yakamata ya zama juzu'i: 70% kafin dasa shuki, 30% kafin samuwar tuber. Lokacin girma samfuran farko, ana ba da shawarar aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya. Ana ƙididdige ƙa'idodin phosphorus da takin potash bisa sakamakon gwajin ƙasa. An lura da martani na nau'ikan don ƙarin aikace-aikacen magnesium da manganese. Harbe suna bayyana cikin aminci da sauri, rufe layuka kuma yana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, don haka akan lokaci da kuma jiyya na yau da kullun game da buguwa ya zama dole. Canje-canje a cikin matakan danshi na ƙasa na iya haifar da haɓakar haɓakar ci gaban tuber da bayyanar "fitowa" akan manyan tubers. Iri-iri yana jure wa lalacewar injiniya, amma yana ɗaukar makonni biyu zuwa uku bayan cire saman don samar da kwasfa "ƙarfafa". Iri-iri ya dace da ajiya na dogon lokaci a mafi kyawun zafin jiki + 4оC.
Sansanin soja - wani farkon iri-iri, ba ƙasa da yaɗuwa a cikin yankuna na Rasha ba. Dace da girma a kan kowane irin kasa, duk da haka, mafi kyaun sakamakon cikin sharuddan lamba da kuma uniformity na tubers ana samun a kan m matsakaici loamy kasa. Lokacin dormant yana takaice, bayan haka germination na tubers tare da yawan zafin jiki yana faruwa da sauri. Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da shi idan ya zama dole don shuka amfanin gona na biyu na dankali a yankunan kudancin kasar. Don samun farkon samarwa, dumama ko ƙananan germination na tubers (tsoho har zuwa 1 cm) yana yiwuwa. Ga iri-iri, ingantacciyar shukar shukar shuka da ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙasa mai ɗorewa yana da mahimmanci, wanda zai tabbatar da mafi kyawun tuberization. Ana ƙididdige adadin nitrogen da ake buƙata daidai da ma'auni na farkon iri-iri, da phosphorus da potassium dangane da sakamakon gwajin ƙasa. Lokacin girma samfuran farko, ana ba da shawarar aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya. Daban-daban suna amsa da kyau ga shayarwa, kamar yadda mafi kyawun danshi na ƙasa yana tabbatar da kyakkyawan tuberization da babban kasuwa. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar ƙasa mai ƙarfi da saurin rufe layuka yayin haɓaka tsarin jiyya na fungicidal don tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Lokacin da ya girma, kwasfa a hankali yana ƙarfafa a cikin nau'ikan iri-iri, kuma ana iya raba tubers daga stolons. An fara girbi ba a baya fiye da makonni uku bayan cire saman, wani lokacin maimaita desiccation wajibi ne. Iri-iri yana da matsakaicin juriya ga lalacewar inji. Girbi microdamages na iya haifar da asarar danshi mai yawa daga tubers da farkon germination. An yi niyya iri-iri don samarwa da wuri (an yarda da adanawa har zuwa watanni shida). Irin nau'in yana da ɗan gajeren lokacin bacci, mafi kyawun tsarin zafin jiki don adana dankalin iri + 4-5оC. Don hana asarar danshi ta hanyar tubers, yana da mahimmanci a lokacin sanyaya a lokacin lokacin magani, bambanci tsakanin zafin jiki na dankalin turawa da iska mai sanyi ya zama kadan, kuma rage yawan zafin jiki na tubers ya kamata ya kasance a ciki. 0,5-0,7оC.
Gulliver (a cikin Jihar Rajista na Tarayyar Rasha tun 2018) kuma an haɗa shi a cikin rukunin farkon nau'in tebur. Multi-tuber, yana buƙatar sarari don samar da amfanin gona: lokacin da aka horar da shi don dalilai na kasuwanci, ƙimar da aka ba da shawarar shine 40 dubu tubers / ha. Farashin taki bisa tan 40 na tubers masu kasuwa daga ha 1 zuwa (a.i./ha) N:P:K:Mg a cikin rabo 170-180:100-110:310-320:70-80. Nitrogen yana da mahimmanci - 170 kg / ha, bisa ga a.i., la'akari da ƙasa; yi amfani da kashi 50/50, musamman a kan ƙasa mai haske - a lokacin dasa shuki da kuma lokacin ciyayi a tsayin tsire-tsire na 15. Farko iri-iri: riga a watan Agusta, tsufa na physiological na saman ya fara, sabili da haka, don tsawaita lokacin girma, shi ne. wajibi ne don gudanar da babban sutura a kan lokaci tare da jiyya na fungicidal a kan rashin jin daɗi a cikin adadin 5 -10 N / ha (bisa ga a.i.). Hakanan wajibi ne don kula da ingancin tubers ta hanyar ƙara K da Mg. A kan ƙasa tare da babban haɗarin haɓaka scab na yau da kullun, ana bada shawarar yin ruwa nan da nan bayan farkon tuberization.
Matsakaici farkon tebur iri-iri Ariel masana suna kiran mafi daidaitawa a cikin layin varietal. Saboda girman filastik, yana nuna kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin yanayin mafi yawan yankuna na Rasha. A cikin bushewar shekara ta 2021, lokacin da aka girma ba tare da ban ruwa ba, ya ba da matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa daga 43,4 zuwa 55,5 t/ha. Iri-iri yana da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da saman saitin mai samarwa na Rasha. Da fari dai, nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ke nufin yana da kyakkyawar damar kwayoyin halitta; Abu na biyu, yana da juriya na fari, ko da rashin danshi, yana kwance har zuwa tubers 15 kuma yana “jawo” su zuwa girman kasuwa. Wani fa'ida shine ƙara juriya ga lalacewar injiniya koda lokacin tsaftacewa a zazzabi na + 8-10оC. A adana tubers ne sosai high.
Matsakaici farkon tebur iri-iri Sadon wanda aka haɗa a cikin Rijistar Jiha na Tarayyar Rasha a cikin 2020, wannan nasara ce ta haɗin gwiwa na masu shayarwa na FRC dankalin turawa mai suna A.I. A.G. Lorch da FAT-AGRO. Iri-iri ya dace da girma akan kowane nau'in ƙasa, duk da haka, ana samun sakamako mafi kyau akan huhu da aka tsara. An samu rikodi na 2021 t/ha a filayen ban ruwa na AFG National a shekarar 83,3. Iri-iri yana da dogon lokacin barci, amma babu rinjaye apical yayin germination. Kafin dasa shuki, ana bada shawara don kula da tubers tare da kwayoyi daga rhizoctoniosis. Bukatar nitrogen shine 10-15% ƙasa fiye da yadda aka saba don tsakiyar farkon iri-iri. Aikace-aikacen nitrogen na juzu'i: 75% kafin shuka, 25% kafin samuwar tuber. Ana ƙididdige ƙimar aikace-aikacen takin phosphorus da takin potash daidai da sakamakon nazarin ƙasa. Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da takin gargajiya ba saboda yuwuwar lalacewar tubers ta scab na kowa. Seedlings bayyana sannu a hankali, da kuma ci gaban da sama-kasa taro yana faruwa da sauri, wanda ya kamata a yi la'akari lokacin da aiwatar da fungicidal jiyya na vegetative shuke-shuke. A iri-iri withstans fari, shi ne quite resistant zuwa inji lalacewa da wuri (makonni biyu kafin girbi) kau na fi. Canjin yanayin zafi lokacin ajiya na iya haifar da germination na tubers da wuri.
Matsakaici farkon tebur iri-iri Kyawawan Meshchera Hakanan an haɗa shi cikin Rajista na Jiha na Tarayyar Rasha a cikin 2020. Yawan amfanin ƙasa yana da girma, adadin tubers a kowane daji shine guda 14-18. Matsayin ya dace da noma akan kowane nau'in ƙasa. A tubers ne zagaye-oval, tare da overgrowth akwai hali zuwa siffar pear-dimbin yawa. Lokacin barci yana da matsakaicin tsayi. Iri-iri sun bayyana rinjaye apical, don haka, kafin dasa shuki, yana da kyau a rabu da sprouts apical da kuma motsa germination na idanu na gefe ta amfani da iska mai dumi (+ 20-30).оDAGA). Bambance-bambancen amfani da takin mai magani shine cewa yana da kyau a yi amfani da nitrogen a juzu'i: 70% kafin dasa shuki, 30% kafin tuberization. Wataƙila aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya na nitrogen. Ana amfani da takin phosphate la'akari da sakamakon bincike na ƙasa, kuma ana amfani da takin potassium fiye da kashi 10-15% fiye da adadin da aka ƙididdigewa don guje wa matsaloli tare da duhun ɓangaren litattafan almara akan tasiri. Harbe suna bayyana da sauri, da kuma ci gaban taro na sama da kuma rufe layuka, wanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi lokacin gudanar da jiyya na fungicidal. Iri-iri yana da matukar damuwa ga lalacewar injiniya, saboda haka wajibi ne a cire saman makonni biyu kafin girbi don tabbatar da ƙarfin kwasfa. Siffofin iri-iri a lokacin ajiya - na iya samar da sprouts apical da sauri; m ga girgiza lokacin da zazzagewa daga ajiya (an lura da duhun ɓangaren litattafan almara): don kauce wa hasara, yana da kyau a yi preheat tubers. Tare da tsari mai kyau na ajiya, yana yiwuwa a hana saurin "tsufa" physiological da rashin ruwa na tubers.
Ina so in jawo hankalin masu karatu zuwa ga wasu sabbin ci gaban kiwo.
Tsakanin tebur iri-iri Likita cikin sharuddan ingancin halaye da girman tubers, ya dace da analog iri-iri Arrow. Farko iri-iri Sprinter tsara don samar da high quality matasa dankali. Dukansu suna kan Gwajin Iri-iri na Jiha tun 2021.