Yanayin da ke tabbatar da ingancin tubers da aka adana don ajiya.Ana iya wakilta fasahar samar da dankalin turawa a cikin nau'i na tubalan biyu: shingen aikin filin da shingen ajiya. Dangane da wannan, samun yawan amfanin ƙasa rabin yaƙi ne kawai, yana da mahimmanci a iya kiyaye shi. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga dankalin iri, wanda aka adana na dogon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da dankalin abinci. Mafi wuya da alhakin shi ne ajiya a cikin bazara, tun da yake wajibi ne don kula da ingancin dasa shuki na tubers, yana hana germination da wuri.
Asara a lokacin ajiya kunshi na halitta hasara, fasaha sharar gida (tuber partially shafi rot, mafi yawa bushe), cikakken rot (tubers gaba daya rube - rigar rot) da sprouts. A hanyoyi da yawa, waɗannan alamun sun dogara da ingancin farko na tubers, wanda kuma ke ƙayyade halayen dasa shuki na dankalin turawa. Dankali iri dole ne ya cika bukatun GOST 33996-2016, bisa ga abin da kayan iri:
- Kasancewar tubers tare da alamun shaƙewa, daskararre, tare da ƙonawa, mummuna, tare da haɓakawa da sauƙin haɓaka girma, yanke, murkushe, tare da fata mai fata (fiye da 1/4 na saman tuber) ba a yarda ba;
- an ba da izinin kasancewar ƙasa da ƙazanta na waje, ba fiye da 2% ta nauyi a cikin rukunan OS, ES, RS1-2;
- kasancewar tubers an yarda, a cikin kashi:
- rashin biyan buƙatun girman - ba fiye da 3% ba;
- sauran nau'ikan tsirrai - ba fiye da 0,5% (kawai don nau'in PC);
- lalacewa ta hanyar zobe - ba fiye da 0,5% (kawai don PC category);
- shafa nematode - bai wuce 0,5% ba (kawai don nau'in PC);
- tare da tabo na glandular da duhu na ɓangaren litattafan almara (idan fiye da 1/4 na sashin tsayi na tuber ya shafi) - ba fiye da 5% (a duka);
- tare da lalacewar injiniya fiye da 5 mm zurfi kuma fiye da 10 mm tsawo (yanke, hawaye, tsagewa, raguwa a cikin tuber nama) - ba fiye da 5% (a duka);
- tare da lalacewa ta hanyar kwari na noma ba tare da lalacewar idanu ba (wireworms - fiye da motsi uku, rodents, beetles da cutworms) - ba fiye da 2% ba.
Ingancin iri abu sun fi mayar dogara a kan namo fasahar, post-girbi aiki da kuma ajiya na tubers. Da fari dai, a lokacin girma (daidai da yanayin yanayi, a cikin lokaci da kuma adadin da ake buƙata), ya kamata a kula da tsire-tsire tare da tuntuɓar, shirye-shiryen tsari da translaminar daga ƙarshen blight, alternaria, anthracnose da sauran cututtukan fungal da kwayan cuta. Don kawar da damuwa daga magungunan kashe qwari, ya zama dole a haɗa da masu kula da shuka shuka a cikin tsarin kariya. Na biyu, don kauce wa m ƙasa shaƙa na tubers, tsarin pre-dasa ƙasa shiri da inter-jere tillage dole ne tabbatar da sako-sako da yanayin ƙasa a cikin ridges da tsakanin layuka har girbi. A cikin yankuna da yawa, dasa shuki tare da tazarar layuka na 90 cm ya tabbatar da kansa da kyau.Na uku, kafin girbi kafin girbi dole ne a cire saman ta hanyar sinadarai (Reglon Super 2,5 l/ha, Sukhovey 2,5 l/ha, Basta 2,0 l/ ha), inji ko hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, dangane da yanayi da haɓaka saman, aƙalla kwanaki 10-12 kafin tono tubers. Na hudu, tsaftacewa ya kamata a gudanar da shi a yanayin zafin iska na akalla +10 0C, in ba haka ba yawan tubers da aka lalace ta hanyar injiniya kuma ya shafa Fusarium rot yana ƙaruwa sosai.
Zaɓin kayan aikin tsaftacewa. A halin yanzu, ana girbe dankali ta hanyar amfani da hadawa ko masu haƙa da kuma ɗaukar tubers da hannu. Zaɓin na biyu yana da alaƙa da mahimman farashin aiki na hannu da babban buƙatu na jakunkuna ko tarun don tattara dankali. Duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da yin amfani da hadawa, da yin amfani da diggers samar da wani muhimmanci ƙananan matakin na inji lalacewa tubers. Ganin yawan ƙarfin aiki, girbi tare da digger ya kamata a yi amfani da shi musamman a cikin tsarin samar da iri na farko (a cikin wannan yanayin, ana girma dankali, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin ƙananan yankuna). A matsayin banda, ana ba da izinin amfani da fasaha a cikin matsanancin yanayi, lokacin da masu girbi ba su da aiki saboda ƙasa mara kyau da yanayin yanayi.
Mowing fi tare da hadawa lokaci guda tare da tono sama da tubers (na saman crusher aka shigar a cikin samu wani ɓangare na hadawa) ba a yarda da mafi yawan yankuna na Rasha, tun da babban dalilin da halakar da shi ya ɓace: lokacin ripening da hardening. na kwasfa ba a cire; babu raguwa a cikin yuwuwar da matakin lalacewar tuber ta ƙarshen blight. Yin amfani da wannan hanyar yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin girbi dankalin farko wanda ke nan da nan don siyarwa.
Lokacin da aka kwatanta kayan aikin fasaha masu sarrafa kansu da masu bin diddigin (masu girbi, digers, masu lodi), fifiko don samar da dankalin turawa mai girma ya kamata a ba da raka'a masu sarrafa kansu. Duk da tsadar su, gabaɗaya sun zarce ta fuskar aiki da kuma alamun tattalin arziki.
Fasaha don adana dankali don ajiya. Girbi yana biye da matakin fasaha na adana dankali don ajiya. Akwai uku kwanciya fasahar - kwarara, transshipment da kuma kai tsaye kwarara, kowanne daga abin da kayyade daidai matakin na inji lalacewa tubers (Table 1).
Tebur 1. Lalacewar injina ga tubers dangane da fasahar ajiya, %
Nau'in lalacewa | Fasaha | ||
cikin layi | jigilar kaya | kwarara kai tsaye | |
Kwasfa har zuwa ½ na saman tuber | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Kwasfa fiye da ½ na saman tuber | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Cracks, hawaye da yanke a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara na tubers | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
Duhuwar ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da girma da zurfin fiye da 5 mm daga tasiri | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
TOTAL lalacewa | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Jimlar asara na watanni 8 na ajiya, % | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
Sharar gida daga tsabtace tuber, % | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Yawo - Ana aika dankalin da aka girbe ta hanyar hadawa ko diger zuwa wurin rarrabuwa don raba ƙazanta da daidaita su zuwa ɓangarori, sannan a adana su. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahohin, wannan yana haifar da mafi girman lalacewar inji ga tubers. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da shi kawai a cikin yanayin tallace-tallace na kaka ko lokacin da dankalin da aka girbe ta hanyar haɗuwa ya fito daga filin tare da cakuda ƙasa fiye da 25-30% kuma tare da ragowar tsire-tsire. Har ila yau, yin amfani da wannan fasaha ya halatta idan muna magana ne game da girbi cikakke tubers, tare da fata masu karfi kuma ba su shafi cututtuka ba.
Saukewa - Kafin adanawa ko rarrabawa a wuri, ana ajiye tubers a cikin tari na ɗan lokaci. A zabi a cikin ni'imar da wannan fasaha ya kamata a yi idan akwai gagarumin lalacewar tubers da shaƙewa, marigayi blight, rigar rot, ko a halin da ake ciki inda girbi ne da za'ayi a cikin sanyi da kuma ruwan sama weather, musamman tare da hadawa a kan nauyi kasa.
Kai tsaye-kwarara - Dankalin da ke isowa daga filin nan da nan ana adana shi ba tare da rarrabuwar kaka ba. Dangane da yanayin, ana iya yin tsaftacewa a cikin yanayi biyu. Idan ƙasa admixture a cikin tarin bai wuce 10-15% ba, kuma abun ciki na kananan tubers har zuwa 30 mm a cikin girman girman amfanin gona ba shi da mahimmanci, ana girbe su bisa ga tsarin "haɗin-ajiya" mafi sauƙi. , i.e. Ana ɗaukar dankalin turawa daga hadawa zuwa ajiya kuma ana sauke su a cikin hopper na nau'in jigilar kaya na TZK-30/60, wanda ke sanya tubers a cikin tudu. Idan cakuda ƙasa ya fi 20% kuma adadin ƙananan tubers yana da girma, to ana sauke dankalin da ke fitowa daga haɗuwa a cikin wani hopper na zamani (misali, GRIMME kerarre), wanda aka sanya a gaban ƙofar ajiya. Bunker yana sanye da mai tsabtace tari, wanda ke raba ƙasa da ƙananan tubers, kuma babban ɓangaren dankalin ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar tsarin isar da kayayyaki (conveyors) zuwa wurin ajiya, inda tarin tari yake. A kan masu jigilar kaya, da hannu aka zaɓi tubers marasa daidaituwa, dunƙule, duwatsu da sauran ƙazanta. Ana adana dankalin iri da aka dasa ta amfani da wannan fasaha har zuwa bazara, kuma ana daidaita ɓangarorin yayin shirye-shiryen dasa shuki, a lokaci guda, ana bi da tubers tare da maganin Maxim, Prestige, Aktara, da sauransu, ko lokacin dasa shuki a cikin mai shuka. mabudi.
Daga bayanan da ke cikin Table 1 ya biyo bayan cewa idan babu tallace-tallace na kaka, dankali ya kamata a adana shi ta hanyar amfani da fasaha mai gudana kai tsaye, kuma a cikin matsanancin yanayi - ta amfani da fasahar jigilar kaya. Tare da in-line fasahar, ban da janar babban matakin inji lalacewa ga tubers, da yawan duhu daga cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara daga tasirin yana ƙaruwa sosai, wanda ke haifar da ƙara sharar gida lokacin tsaftace tubers - sau biyu a matsayin babba saboda raguwar gabaɗaya a cikin ingancin dankali idan aka kwatanta da fasahar kwarara kai tsaye.
Nau'in wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa. Wuraren ajiya nau'in nau'in Bin tare da hanyar tsakiya ko tare da keɓaɓɓun sassan sun dace sosai don adana dankalin iri. (Hoto na 1).
Don dankalin turawa, ana amfani da wuraren ajiya na ƙirar mafi sauƙi (yawanci nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ke da ƙimar amfani mafi girma na wuraren. Dankalin iri, musamman a samar da iri na farko, ana kuma adana shi a cikin kwantena (Hoto na 2).
Hoto 2. Fasahar kwantena don adana dankali:
a) Akwatunan matsi na iska da ke ba da iska ta hanyar kwasfa na tsaye sama da kwantena; b) tara kwantena a hawa biyar
Wannan hanya ce mafi tsada, amma yana ba da mafi girman motsi na aiki yayin shirye-shiryen kayayyaki da rarraba nau'ikan iri daban-daban da haifuwa.
Algorithm fasahar ajiya na dogon lokaci. Fasahar ajiya, wacce ke tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin asara idan an bi ta, ta haɗa da manyan lokuta guda biyar: jeri bushewa tubers a kan aiwatar da lodin dankali a cikin ajiya saboda ci gaba da samun iska tare da waje iska a cikin wani kudi na 100-200 m3/t a kowace awa; lokacin magani - na kwanaki 20-25 a zazzabi na 18-20 0Tare da samun iska na cyclic tare da iska ta ciki ta amfani da hanyar sake zagayowar don minti 30-40 a kowace rana; lokacin sanyaya tare da tsanani 0,5 0C kowace rana; babban lokaci a ajiya zazzabi 4-5 0Tare da samun iska na lokaci-lokaci na mintuna 40-50 sau biyu zuwa sau uku a mako kuma lokacin bazara - mafi alhakin da wuya, tun da shi wajibi ne don hana da wuri germination na tubers, musamman a lokacin da dasa kwanan wata ko dasa kanta an jinkirta saboda yanayi dalilai. Ayyukan shine cire shigar da iska mai dumi a waje a cikin ma'ajiyar da kuma kula da zafin jiki a cikin ma'ajiyar a matakin da aka ba da shi ta hanyar samun iska na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin mafi sanyi lokacin rana, misali, a cikin sa'o'i kafin wayewar gari.
Zuciyar iska mai dangi a cikin ajiya a lokacin ajiyar dankalin turawa, ban da lokacin bushewa, yakamata ya kasance a matakin 90-95%.
Amfani da sinadarai da abubuwan haɓaka girma. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a kasashen waje da kuma a Rasha, iri fasahar adana dankalin turawa, ban da yin amfani da kariya da kuma stimulating kwayoyi (Maxim 0,2 l / t, da dai sauransu), yana ƙara hada da irin wannan fasaha kamar carbonation tare da phytohormone ethylene. Sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Gwamnatin Tarayya VNIIKH a cikin 2015-2017, adana dankalin iri a cikin muhallin phytohormone ethylene daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu a zazzabi na 4. 0C ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar adadin idanu masu tsinke (yawanci saboda na gefe ban da ikon apical), a baya (ta kwanaki 3-5) da fitowar iri ɗaya na seedlings, samuwar mafi yawan mai tushe a kowane daji da 19,9-36,0% dangane da iri-iri), karuwa a tsayin shuka da 2-3 cm, karuwa a yawan adadin tubers a kowane daji (da 6,3-19,0%) tare da farkon farkon tuberization, karuwa a yawan amfanin ƙasa. ( jimlar - ta 9,9-19,0% , marketable - by 7,0-23,9%, musamman a lokacin da yin amfani da ban ruwa), samuwar mafi uniform tsarin amfanin gona (Table 2).
Tebura 2. Ma'auni na biometric da amfanin dankalin turawa ta amfani da misalin tsakiyar farkon Gala iri-iri lokacin amfani da ethylene, dangane da yanayin girma na gaba (matsakaici na 2015-2017)
Yankin girma | Zaɓin don adana tubers iri da amfani da ban ruwa | Yawan mai tushe, pcs./bush | Yawan tubers pcs./bush | Yawan aiki, t / ha | |
na gaba ɗaya | marketable (tubers juzu'i> 50 mm) | ||||
Lyubertsy (yashi loam ƙasa) | sarrafawa | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
tare da ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
Ozersky (ƙasa mai laushi) | sarrafawa | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
tare da ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
sarrafawa ( ban ruwa) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
tare da ethylene (ban ruwa) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
Shekaru da yawa, miyagun ƙwayoyi Vist 10 g / t (mai aiki mai aiki thiabendazole) ya sami ingantaccen kima na tasirin sa akan kiyaye ingancin dankali. Yiwuwar Rhizoctonia sclerotia bayan fumigation tare da wannan magani tare da samun iska mai aiki ya ragu sau 14. A cikin gwaje-gwajen samarwa (yankin Moscow), asarar tuber ya ragu akan nau'in Amadu da 8,7%, Asterix - ta 9,4%, Udacha - ta 17,3%, Nevsky - ta 25,8%. Yawan amfanin dankali mai lafiya ya karu da 9,4-11,8%. Farashin samarwa ya ragu da sau 1,2, kuma matakin riba yana cikin kewayon 49,6-75,5%.
Stanislav Maltsev, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma; Vladimir Zeyruk, Likitan Kimiyyar Noma;
Sergey Andrianov, dalibi na digiri; Sofya Shishkova, ƙaramin mai bincike,
Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Jihar Tarayya "FRC na Dankali mai suna bayan A.G. Lorcha"