Yu.P. Boyko, Yu.A. Masyuk, O.A. Starovoitova, O.V. Abashkin, V.N. Zeyruk, L.Ya. Kostina, N.N. Gordienko, Z.N. Morzhenkova D.V. Abrosimov, Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Gwamnatin Tarayya "Duk Cibiyar Bincike ta Rasha ta Yankin Dankali ta Dankali A.G. Lorha "
SAURARON SAURAN PAGATO NA FITOWA DAGA CIKIN HUKUNCIN MOSCOW DA TVER
Kayan kwalliya samfurin ne wanda ba ya ƙunsar abubuwa masu guba ko ya ƙunsa su cikin iyakokin tsabtar ɗabi'a da ƙa'idodin lafiyar abinci. Samun lafiyayyun kayayyakin amfanin gona (na kwayoyin) ana tabbatar dasu ta hanyar rashin amfani da kariyar tsire-tsire masu guba, ta amfani da hadaddun hanyoyin kimiyyar kere-kere da na ilmin halitta na yakar kwari, cututtukan shuka da ciyawar da basu da wani tasiri mara kyau ga muhalli.
Ci gaban hanyoyin da dabaru don samun kayan gona na agriculturalungiyar Agricultureungiyar Agricultureasa ta (asa ta Duniya (IFOAM) - ƙungiyar dimokiradiyya da ta haɗa kan mahalarta 800 masu aiki a cikin ƙasashe 117 na duniya. An kafa kwamitoci da ƙungiyoyi na yau da kullun tare da wasu takamaiman ƙayyadaddun manufofi waɗanda suka samo asali tun daga ci gaban ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya zuwa jagorancin ɗabi'a, kayan abu da kuma ba da shawara ga aikin gona.
A cikin Rasha, ayyukan farko don samar da kayan aikin gona sun fara bayyana a ƙarshen 1990s. Amma har zuwa yanzu, rabon kungiyoyin noma wadanda suka kware a kan samar da kayayyakin halittu ba su da yawa. Arin kasuwa ya haifar da dalilai da yawa, gami da rashin ƙarancin ƙirar samar da ƙwayoyin halitta har zuwa kwanan nan: kowa na iya sanya alamar "bio" ko "eco" akan samfurin su, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar jabun kayayyaki da lalata imanin masu amfani da shi. dukkanin masana'antu.
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020, Dokar Tarayya kan Kayan Halittu ta fara aiki a cikin kasar, daftarin aiki ya tsara tsarin samar da kayayyaki a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, ka'idodin samarwa wanda ya banbanta amfani da takin zamani da magunguna.
A karkashin sabuwar dokar, Rasha za ta sami tsarinta na tabbatar da takaddun samfuran kwayoyin. Takaddun za a ba su ta hanyar kwararrun kamfanonin da aka yarda da su, ana aiwatar da takaddun su ne ta Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Tarayya (“Rosaccreditation”). A karshen shekarar 2019, kungiyoyi uku sun wuce takaddun shaida: Kwararren Kwararru, FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr a Yankin Voronezh da Roskachestvo.
Doka ta gabatar da manufar samfuran samfuran halitta da masana'antun su, ta tsara ka'idojin samarwa, ajiya, sufuri, lakabi da sayarwa.
Kundin kuma ya ba da ma'anar aikin gona. Ya riga ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan da ake buƙata don samar da samfuran kwayoyin, wanda ya ƙunshi maki 11. Ga masu shayarwa na shuka, haramcin yin amfani da agrochemicals da magungunan kashe qwari ya dace: ana amfani da wakilan halittu don sarrafa kwari da cututtukan shuka. Ana amfani da veto akan hanyoyin injiniyan halittu da kuma haɓakar hydroponic.
Har ila yau dokar ta hana amfani da kayan da aka yi da kayan da za su iya haifar da gurbata kayayyakin da muhalli, gami da polyvinyl chloride.
Maƙeran masana'antu zasu iya ba da tabbaci game da samarwa da kayayyaki don tabbatar da yarda da ƙa'idodin ƙasa, ƙasa da sauran ƙasashe. Bayan haka, za su iya yin amfani da alama, wanda zai zama alama ta kayan samfuran halitta.
'Yan majalisun suna tsammanin dokar za ta yi aiki da gaske a cikin shekara daya da rabi ko biyu, tunda tsarin duba masana’antu da bayar da takaddun shaida na daukar lokaci mai tsawo.
Koyaya, ana buƙatar lokaci ba wai kawai don yin takarda ba.
'YAN KWANCIYA A CIKIN SAUKI
Yawancin magungunan kashe qwari, suna fadi cikin ƙasa, suna can a can tsawon shekaru. Yana da mahimmanci ga masu samar da kayan aikin gona waɗanda suka yi amfani ko suke amfani da wakilan kariyar tsire-tsire masu guba (gami da waɗanda ba su yi tunanin tukuna game da shirya samar da samfuran halitta ba) don sanin wasu sharuɗɗa.
Zamanin lalatawar kwayar cuta.
Bazuwar maganin kashe kwari tare da juyawa zuwa sunadarai masu dacewa na muhalli. Ta hanyar adadin lalata, kwayoyin sun kasu kashi 6:
- - bazuwar fiye da watanni 18,
- - kasa da watanni 18,
- - kasa da shekara guda,
- - har zuwa watanni 6,
- - har zuwa watanni 3,
- - kasa da watanni 3.
MLC (Mai ba da izinin ragowar Taro) Magungunan kashe qwari a cikin abinci da kayayyakin abinci, a cikin qasa da sauran abubuwan halitta, an kafa su ne sakamakon sakamakon binciken cututtukan cututtukan qwari don kwayoyin halittun mutum. Ba a yarda da abinci da abinci don dabbobin gona tare da wuce haddi DOC na abu ɗaya ba.
MDU. Matsakaicin adadin abin kashewa na maganin kashe qwari ko wasu abubuwa masu guba a abinci da abinci don dabbobin gona, amintaccen amfani.
Jure kwayar cutar kwaro. Tsawon lokacin da sinadarai masu guba ke adana ayyukan mai guba a cikin yanayi (yanayi, ruwa, ƙasa).
Dangane da lokacin kiyaye kayan guba (karuwa a cikin dorewa), magungunan kashe qwari sun kasu kashi 6:
- - adana kaddarorin ƙasa da watanni 3,
- - har zuwa watanni 6,
- - har zuwa shekara 1,
- - har zuwa watanni 18,
- - har zuwa shekaru 2,
- - fiye da shekaru 2.
Ya danganta da yanayin da yanayin yanayin aikace-aikacen maganin kashe ƙwari, dagewar miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya bambanta sosai. Rage tsawon lokacin aiwatar da magungunan da ke lalata kwayoyin halittar.
Tharewar cutarwa. Matakan kwari, da matsayin ci gaban cutar ko yaduwar ciyawa, idan cutar da suke cutar da ita bata wuce farashin matakan kariya ba (wanda hakan yasa amfani da kayan kariya ta fuskar tattalin arziki) ko kasancewar kwari da kwayar cutar ba ta rage yawan amfanin.
T0.5 (rabin rayuwar magungunan kashe qwari). Yawan raguwar ayyukan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli da kashi 50%.
Mai guba na maganin ƙwari. Yiwuwar a wasu allurai don haifar da rushewar rayuwa ko guba babba da mutuwar shuka ko dabba.
Amincewa. Hadarin maganin kashe qwari don tsirrai. Andaya daga cikin kwayoyi iri ɗaya zai iya shafar nau'in kowane mutum, yanayin ilimin halittar jiki, matakin ci gaban shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Kowane magungunan kashe ƙwari yakamata koyaushe ya zama na rayuwa da tattalin arziki.
BIO-FASAHA: Ilimin JAGORANCIN CIKIN KUDI DA CUDAI
Abin da zai iya zama wani madadin aikin agrochemistry? Ana amfani da abubuwan jijiyoyin jiki na Abiotic don sarrafa kwari da cututtukan tsire-tsire: haske, duban dan tayi, amo, na'urori masu girman yanayi; Abubuwan halittar biotic: antagonistic mai amfani microbiota, flora da fauna, tsayayyar tsire-tsire, entomophages. Hakanan ana amfani da hanyoyin agrobiological akan kwari da cututtuka: tarkuna, yanayin zafin jiki, nau'ikan tillage.
Kar ka manta cewa tsire-tsire suna buƙatar kariya ba kawai daga cututtuka, kwari da ciyawa ba, har ma daga wasu (abiotic da damuwa) abubuwan da ke haifar da illa ga muhalli. Waɗannan su ne kwatsam sanyi, fari, gurbatawar ƙasa na ƙasa.
Babban aikin kariyar shuke-shuke shine cimma hadin kan kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ta hanyar samar da yanayi mai dadi don bunkasuwarsa, cigabanta, hayayyafa da kuma zabin da akayi niyya a cikin ecocenoses mai dorewa.
A kan shafukan yanar gizo na sirri (lokacin da ya isa gona wajen kadada 3-5), saboda ƙananan kundin girma da bambancin muhalli na flora da fauna, an ƙirƙiri damar da za a iya magance kwari da cututtuka tare da hannayensu kuma don ci gaba da dorewar yanayin halittu. A cikin manyan filayen, wannan aikin yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar yin amfani da lamurran adabi waɗanda ba su iya ikon sarrafa kansu. Ba don komai ba har ma a cikin tsarist na Rasha manoma sun shuka hatsin rai da alkama a cikin yatsu na spythe.
MAGANGANAN PAGTAR TAFIYA
Babban cikas ga samun dankalin gargajiya shine cututtuka, kwari, da kuma rashin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin kasar. Dankali tana da illa musamman ga ƙwaro irin ƙwaro na Colorado, ƙarshen Blight, phytopathogenic nematodes da cututtukan hoto.
Lokacin shirya tsarin ilimin halittu na kwari da cututtuka, matsala mai mahimmanci ita ce kariya daga ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado. Kasancewa baƙo ne daga yankin na Amurkan, ƙwayar dankalin turawa irin ta Colorado ba ta da kwalliya na gida da kaddara a Turai da Asiya, kuma yawancinsu dole ne a gabatar da su (shigo da su) daga ƙasashen waje. Bugu da kari, larvae da manya na dankalin turawa irin dusar ƙanƙara suna da guba, kuma bawai dabbobi masu cin kwari ba zasu iya cinye su. Kwayoyinmu na cikin gida suna karbuwa da sannu-sannu da zama ga baƙon Ba'amerike kuma suna ƙara lalata abubuwa da yawa.
Larvae na shekaru 4 (a ƙarshen ci gaba), pronymphos, da manya na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ana samunsu a cikin ƙasa kuma saboda haka basu isa magungunan gargajiya mai guba.
A kan waɗannan matakai na kwaro, ana amfani da nazarin halittu bisa ga tsarin nemode na entomopathogenic (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) da sauran hanyoyin nazarin halittu (Bitoxibacillin, Boverin, Novodor). Ayyukan mafita na waɗannan kimiyyar halitta suna kula da taki ko takin a lokacin barin ƙasa don ɗalibi na larvae na shekaru 4 ko manya don hunturu. Vaan mamaya na entomopathogenic nematodes masu haɗari suna shiga cikin ƙasa, ƙaura a ciki kuma ku nemo waɗanda ke fama da su, ƙirar ƙwararrakin ƙwayoyin ƙasa suna haifar da mazauna cikin ƙasa.
Kwayoyin cuta na Entomopathogenic suna kashe kwaron, suna haifar da shi da wata takamaiman cuta - septicemia - kuma suna kafa yankunansu a cikin mataccen ƙwarin. Kwayoyin dake yaduwa a can suna cin abinci akan hanyoyin saprophytic na entomopathogenic nematodes a cikin kwarin da abin ya shafa, wanda yake wucewa can da yawa tsararraki masu zuwa. Bayan abinci ga nematodes a cikin ƙwarin ya ƙare, sai su daina haɓaka a matakin larvae mai ɓarna. Sannan suna barin mataccen kwarin, suna zuwa neman sabbin wadanda aka cutar.
A jikin daya daga cikin dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa, har zuwa 200 na lardin da ke shigowa da kwayar halittar nematode ana iya haifasu. Nematodes suna samarda sararin (000-15 cm a diamita) bangarori kusa da matattun kwari, wanda, lokacin da dankalin dankalin turawa yake ƙara zama irin ƙwaro da ake kira Colorado, irin ƙwaro, sannu-sannu haɗuwa, la'anta mutuwar ɗan shekaru 20 ko girma larvae. Mutuwar ƙwayar dankalin turawa a cikin ƙasa ya kai 4-80%, wanda ya rage haɗarin shuka amfanin gona dankalin turawa a shekara mai zuwa a yankin da aka kiyaye shi.
A cikin bazara, tare da harbe na farko na dankali, nan da nan beetles ya fashe da kuka daga ƙasa a wuraren dasa amfanin gona ko ƙaura daga wasu wurare (ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado na iya rufe nesa da dama kilomita). Tsarin bazara na kwaro shine mafi karami, don haka ya kamata a saka kulawa ta musamman ga wannan takamaiman matakin yaduwar ƙwaro (domin rage girman haifuwar sa). A wannan lokaci, yana da kyau a samar da kwandon shara na kwayar Pikromerus, Perillus, Podizus.
Yawancin kwari, wanda a wannan lokacin ba su sami wata ba, mafi dacewa da abinci, suna lalata 70-80% na gwoza na Colorado suna fitowa daga ƙasa kuma suna zuwa daga waje. Na farko clutches na qwai na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro sukan shafar cututtuka na asalin fungal, saboda babban dangi zafi a cikin wannan lokacin shekara.
A cikin bazara, yana da kyau a gudanar da magani tare da samfurin nazarin halittu Boverin, wanda ke aiki da ƙwai na ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa na Colorado. Bugu da kari, a kan kwayayen kwaroron dankalin turawa na Colorado, fitowar taro na kwaroron cin kwayar endoparasitic edovum da masu cin kwai na gida - tsutsa na lacewings, larvae da imago na ladybirds, larvae na raƙumi na kowa da kuma larvae na kwari na sirfid. Shekaru 1.
Baya ga abubuwan da ke sama, a cikin larvae da manya mutane na irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, mafi ƙarancin kayan taimako a cikin duniya, wanda ana iya rarrabe shi da rashin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi a jikin fikafikan.
Koyaya, duk waɗannan matakan ba zasu iya tabbatar da dasa dankali da manyan mutane masu ƙaura ba na ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado. Hijira daga wasu wurare yana ci gaba cikin girma dankali kuma yawancin lokuta yana yin watsi da ƙoƙarin da ke ci gaba da gabatar da tsarin rayuwa. Dangane da wannan, nasarar dasa shuki da dankalin turawa, ta kewaya da gandun daji, belts na gandun daji ko wasu cikas mara iyaka na ƙaura daga ɓoyayyen ƙwaro.
Don rigakafin cutar, a duk tsawon lokacin girma, ana gabatar da abubuwan da ke cikin gida lokaci-lokaci (aka sake su cikin yanayi) (kuma ana jan hankalin su ta amfani da tsire-tsire: cosme, chamomile, artichoke Jerusalem, dill) don kula da kariya daga ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta - aphids, leafhoppers and herbivorous kwari. Yakin da ake yi da globoderosis ana aiwatar dashi ne ta hanyar nomewa na dogon lokaci a yankunan amfanin gona waɗanda ba sa saurin lalacewar nematode na zinariya.
Lokacin girma dankali, ana bada shawara don amfani da samfuran halitta waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga tsarin tushen tushen iko.
Tushen tsarin yana haɓaka da sauri daga kwaro yana ƙaruwa, sakamakon abin da dankalin turawa bushes “suka gudu” daga mamayewar nematode da sarrafa sarrafa ciyawar ba tare da wahala da yawa daga tushen kwayar ba.
Dankali za a iya dasa shi a cikin yankunan da ba su da ruwan-ciki sai bayan aƙalla shekaru biyar na samar da albarkatu masu rauni a kansu, in ba haka ba ba wai kawai tara jari ne a cikin ƙasa ba, har ma da yiwuwar fitowar da tarawa da sabon tashin hankali na sabbin potatoanyen dankalin turawa. Idan dasa na nematode m dankalin turawa iri ne da za'ayi bisa ga wanda ya riga, wanda yake shi ne dankalin turawa, mai saukin kamuwa zuwa cuta globose, to wannan babu makawa take kaiwa zuwa cakuda iri, wanda yake da ha ari musamman a cikin dabarun zuriyar.
Measureaƙarin rigakafi a cikin yaƙar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta glauberosis ita ce aiwatar da abubuwan lura da yanayin ci gaban ƙasa da bunƙasa bishiyoyin dankalin turawa (sa ido), tare da manufar gano lokaci, ƙaddamar da wuri tare da kawar da cututtukan cututtukan farko. A cikin lokaci na farawa na fure, alamomin alamomin cutar dankalin Turawa sun bayyana a fili.
Tsire-tsire suna baya a cikin girma da ci gaba: a matsayin mai mulkin, waɗannan suna tsunduma bushes tare da ɗaya ko na bakin ciki mai tushe, tare da ganye mai shuɗe, tare da raunin ganye, wanda prematurely ya sami launi mai haske zuwa chlorosis mai faɗi sosai. Bayyanar cututtukan tsire-tsire masu cuta da kuma cire su lokaci-lokaci yana hana haɓakar ƙwayar dankalin turawa, ƙarancin tarin ƙa'idar haɗari a cikin ƙasa da yaduwar cutar zuwa wurare kyauta da filayen makwabta.
Entomophages suna yin gwagwarmaya na yaƙi da daskararrun cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo (kwari mai kwari, aphids, cicadas).
Don jawo hankalin daidaikun mutane da ke cikin '' entomofauna 'na gida, suna ƙirƙirar "tsibirin aminci" na musamman, wanda aka shuka ƙwayar laima, gandun daji da Asteraceae nectaronos: alal misali, dill, coriander, sunflower, Clover, yarrow, chamomile. Suna jawo hankalin matan baki, raƙuma, sharar matsakaitan matsakaici, yadin da aka saka, kwaroron dabbobi, sirfid, da sauransu Hakanan, yin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin halittar Entomoftorin yana ba da sakamako mai kyau.
Matakan da aka bayyana sun ba da ingantacciyar kariya daga kwari da cututtuka a duk lokacin girma.
KYAUTA HUKUNCIN SAUKI KYAUTA
Ana ci gaba da aiki a kan samun dankalin da ba shi da dankalin turawa a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Noma na Rashanci wacce aka sanya wa suna A.G. Lorch tun 1985. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Cibiyar ta ƙirƙiri samfuran ƙwayoyin halitta a kan ƙarshen blight, ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, sauran kwari da cututtuka: Activator-A, Diprin da Nematol. An tsara takaddun kimiyya da fasaha (ka'idoji, yanayin fasaha (TU) da shawarwari don amfani da su. Waɗannan magungunan sun ba da gudummawa ga warkar da tsire-tsire, ƙara yawan rigakafi kuma sun nuna tasiri a cikin yaƙi da ƙarshen blight (musamman a hade tare da sulfate jan karfe (0.01%)), wanda ke da sinadiri kaddarorin).
Duk samfuran ilimin halittu da aka gwada sun nuna babban nematicidal, fungicidal da entomocidal aiki, kuma a game da aikace-aikacen Diprin yawan amfanin ƙasa shine mafi girma (1.9 t / ha), wanda muke bayani ta hanyar kaddarorin kimiyyar kayan keɓewar kayayyakin keɓaɓɓu na nematode Pristionchus uniformis - ka'idar aiki na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Hakanan sanannun sanannun kayan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta (Bitoxibacillin, Novodor), kwayar cuta (VIRIN-OS), fungal (Boverin) da asalin nematode (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) suma anyi nasarar amfani dasu.
Daga sakamakon shekaru masu yawa akan filayen dankalin turawa VNIIKH su. A.G. Lorch akan saka idanu game da bambancin nau'in, dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa yana da tsayayyen hali na rage wuya. A cikin 2017-2018 akwai raguwa mai yawa a cikin kusan dukkanin nau'ikan abubuwan halittu na biocenoses waɗanda muka yi nazarinsu. Yawan yawaitar entomophages, musamman ladybugs da sirfids, pollinators: bumblebees da ƙudan zuma na zuma, ya ragu. Daga cikin abubuwan maye, kawai naɗaɗɗen ƙwayar cuta mai zurfi na aphidymysis da lacewing sun ƙaru.
Kamfanin Redkinskaya agro-masana'antu na Organic Seed da Ware Dankali da ke cikin yankin da ya dace don girma dankali (ƙauyen Koshelevo, gundumar Konakovsky, Yankin Tver) sun fara aikin samar da dankalin Turawa a shekarar 2013. A karkashin jujin amfanin gona an raba kadada 200. An samo takardar shedar samar da takin gargajiya, wanda aka samar da shi a kan Sashi na 29 (1) na Yankin Yankin Turai mai lamba 834/2007 da EU Regulation No. 889/2008 ta Certificaramar Shaida da Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Stateasar (Latvia).
Lokacin da aka girma iri iri da dankali mai adana, ba ayi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da takin gargajiya. An samo amfanin gona na ganyen Organic na dankalin turawa: nau'in Zhukovsky (tan 110), Kladodez (tan 11), Kuznechanka (tan 116), Layla (6 tan), Lyubava (tan 210), Nevsky (tan 187), Red Scarlett (358 tan) , Romano (tan 55), Tuleevsky (tan 73), Luck (ton 100), Violet (tan 3), tare da matsakaicin adadin 12-14 ton / ha. Amfani da dabarun halittu da dabarun kariya na dankalin turawa, ya bayar da haɓakar 20-60% idan aka kwatanta da kulawar da ba a warke ba. Dangane da bayanan gwaji, an tattara taswirar fasahar kere kere wacce ba ta maganin kashe qwari a cikin dankalin turawa.