E.D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Late blight na dankalin turawa da tumatur, wanda kwayoyin halitta kamar naman gwari ke haifar da su - oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, ya yadu a kusan dukkanin sassan duniya da ake noman wadannan amfanin gona. A ƙarƙashin yanayin epiphytotic, asarar amfanin dankalin turawa daga ƙarshen blight zai iya kaiwa 10-30% ko fiye, kuma yawan amfanin tumatir yana asarar har zuwa 100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen tushen inoculum Ph. infestans, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cututtuka na shuke-shuke, suna da kauri-bangon tsarin hutawa na haihuwa - oospores. Hybrid oospores, da aka kirkira sakamakon tsallaka nau'ikan iyaye daban-daban, suna ba da gudummawa ga karuwa da bambancin kwayoyin halitta ga sababbin iri da kuma amfani da fungicides an kara. Samar da oospores Ph. An lura da infestans a cikin yanayin filin a yawancin ƙasashe na duniya: Rasha (Smirnov et al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al. ., 2002) da sauran yankuna. Akwai shaida cewa oospores na causative wakili na marigayi blight zai iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa a cikin wani m jihar fiye da shekaru 2 (Hermansen et al., 2002; Bšdker et al., 2006) da kuma haifar da kamuwa da cuta na shuke-shuke bayan overwintering (Lehtinen). et al., 2002; Ulanova et al., al., 2010).
Babban hanyar yaƙar cutar ta ƙarshe a yau shine kariyar sinadarai, wanda ya ƙunshi kula da shuka tare da shirye-shiryen fungicidal. Yawancin sinadarai da ake amfani da su don kare dankali da tumatir daga ƙarshen blight suna da tasirin hanawa mai ƙarfi akan samuwar oospores (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Koyaya, sauran magungunan da ba su da tasiri kai tsaye akan Ph ana amfani da su sosai akan dankali. infestans, kuma ba a san tasirin su akan samuwar oospore ba. Don haka, makasudin wannan aikin shine don nazarin tasirin da ke tattare da samuwar oospores na wasu magungunan da ake amfani da su sosai akan dankali, amma ba a yi rajistar cutar da marigayi ba.
Mun yi amfani da nau'ikan Ph. infestans na daban-daban na mating iri, ware da mu daga kamuwa da cutar ganye ganye a cikin Moscow, Leningrad, da kuma Ryazan yankunan. Don nazarin tasirin ci gaban mycelial da samuwar oospore, an yi amfani da waɗannan kwayoyi masu zuwa: fungicides Maxim (mai aiki mai aiki fludioxonil daga aji phenylpyrrole) da Skor (difenoconazole, triazoles), magungunan kwari Aktara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) da Tanrek (imidaclotinoids), neonicoid. , maganin herbicide Zenkor (metribuzin , triazines). An yi rajistar duk magungunan kashe qwari a cikin "Kasidar Jiha na Magungunan Gwari da Agrochemicals" don 9. Don nazarin tasirin maganin kashe qwari a kan ci gaban yankunan oomycete, kowane nau'i an shuka shi tare da shinge na agar a tsakiyar abincin Petri tare da hatsi mai yawa. matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da maganin kashe qwari da aka yi da farko zuwa matsakaici a matakan 2014, 0.1, 1.0 da 10.0 mg / l (dangane da abu mai aiki - AI). An yi amfani da matsakaici ba tare da ƙarin magungunan kashe qwari azaman sarrafawa ba. An shuka amfanin gona a 100.0 ° C na kwanaki 18-12 har sai diamita na yankin da ba shi da magungunan kashe qwari ya kasance 15-70% na diamita na Petri tasa, bayan haka diamita na mazauna a cikin sarrafawa da bambance-bambancen gwaji ya kasance. auna.
An yi gwaje-gwaje sau uku. An gudanar da nazarin samuwar oospore akan matsakaiciyar agar oat (3 ml a cikin kwano na Petri) tare da ƙari na fungicides a matakan 30, 0.1, 1.0 da 10.0 mg / l kuma a kan matsakaici ba tare da fungicide ba (control). Don wannan, an sanya shingen agar tare da keɓancewar A100.0 da A1 na nau'in mating a cikin nau'i-nau'i a saman matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki a nesa na 2 cm daga juna. An shuka amfanin gona a pH mafi kyau duka don girma. Infestans zazzabi 5 ° C na kwanaki 18. Bayan noma, matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki tare da spores an sake dakatar da shi ta amfani da mahaɗa a cikin 20 ml na ruwa mai narkewa, kuma an shirya shirye-shiryen microscopy daga sakamakon dakatarwa. A cikin kowane bambance-bambancen, an yi nazarin filayen gani 30 (maimakon 180 na filayen gani 3). Bayan haka, an sake ƙididdige ƙaddamarwar oospores (pcs / μl na matsakaici).
Tasirin magungunan kashe qwari akan haɓakar radial colony. Difenoconazole, thiamethoxam da imidacloprid ba su da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci a kididdigar ci gaban radial na Ph. infestans (Table 1). Metribuzin na herbicide ya haifar da ɗan jinkirin girma a farkon lokacin (5-7 kwanakin girma), amma a rana ta 10th diamita na mazauna ya zama kama da girman. Fludioxonil a kididdigar ya hana haɓakar Ph. mycelium. infestans a wani taro a cikin matsakaici fiye da 10 MG / l.
Table 1
Tasirin magungunan kashe qwari akan ci gaban radial na mazauna Magungunan Phytophthora
Fungicide-DV (shiri) | Diamita na mazauna a wurare daban-daban (mg/l) na DV a matsakaici, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (maganin Aktara) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Lura. Bayan alamar "±", ana nuna tazarar amincewa don mahimmancin matakin 0.05. Ana gabatar da ƙimar da ke bayyana ƙimar diamita na mazauna a cikin bambance-bambancen gwaji zuwa wanda ke cikin sarrafawa ba tare da magungunan kashe qwari ba a cikin baka. Alamar "-" tana nufin cewa ba a gudanar da bincike ba.
Table 2
Tasirin magungunan kashe qwari akan samuwar oospore Magungunan Phytophthora in agar matsakaici
Fungicide-DV (shiri) | Yawan oospores a cikin matsakaici a wurare daban-daban (mg/l) DV, pcs./µl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (maganin Aktara) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Nazarin tasirin magungunan kashe qwari akan samuwar oospores Ph. infestans a cikin matsakaici na gina jiki. An gano cewa raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin oospores a wasu ƙididdiga ya haifar da duk magungunan da aka yi nazari (Table 2). A cikin maida hankali na abu mai aiki na 1.0 MG / l, duk magungunan kashe qwari, ban da Aktara da Skor, sun haifar da raguwar raguwar adadin oospores da aka kafa (ta 12-24% idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa). Ƙarin haɓakawa a cikin ƙaddamar da abubuwa masu aiki a cikin matsakaici ya haifar da karuwa a cikin tasirin hanawa. Shirye-shiryen da suka danganci thiamethoxam da difenoconazole sun haifar da raguwar ƙididdiga a cikin adadin oospores lokacin da yawan abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin matsakaici ya wuce 10 mg/l.
Tattaunawa da ƙarshe. Binciken da aka yi akan tasirin magungunan kashe qwari da ba a yi rajista ba akan dankalin turawa marigayi blight a kan radial girma na mycelium ya nuna, kamar yadda za a sa ran, raunin ci gaban ci gaban (fludioxonil) ko wani tasiri a kan girma (sauran magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi nazari).
Table 3. Abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa masu aiki a cikin ruwa mai aiki
Shiri (fungicide-DV) | Abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa masu aiki a cikin matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki da aka yi amfani da su a cikin aikin, mg / l | Matsakaicin abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin ruwan aiki lokacin sarrafa dankali, mg/l |
---|---|---|
Actara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75* |
Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Maxim (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Skor (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Ana gabatar da dabi'u bisa ga "Kasidar Jiha na Magungunan Gwari da Agrochemicals" na 2014.
Duk magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi nazari sun haifar da raguwar samuwar oospores a cikin matsakaicin abinci. Ƙididdigar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin matsakaici da aka gwada a cikin aikin sun kasance ƙananan ko kusan daidai (don imidacloprid) zuwa adadin da aka ba da izini a cikin ruwan aiki (Table 3). A cikin gwaje-gwajenmu, ƙaddamar da haɓakar oospore ya karu yayin da adadin maganin ya karu, yana nuna karuwar tasirin akan hulɗa da ruwa mai aiki mai mahimmanci. Difenoconazole ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin tattarawar oospores ba kawai a cikin gwaje-gwaje a kan matsakaici na gina jiki ba, har ma a cikin gwaje-gwaje a kan yankakken ganyen dankalin turawa da aka sanya a cikin ruwa mai dauke da fungicides. Don haka, a cikin nau'in Vektar Belorusskiy, an lura da 32 oospores a kowace 1 mm2 na yanki na ganye a cikin kulawa; a cikin maida hankali na difenoconazole a cikin ruwa na 10 mg / l - 24, kuma a 100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Bambanci a cikin ƙididdigar oospore a 100 mg / l fungicide kuma a cikin kulawa yana da mahimmancin ƙididdiga (Elansky, Mytsa, ba a buga ba).
Magungunan kashe qwari na iya shafar matakai da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin fungal. Ba mu sami damar samun bayanai a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke yin bayanin yiwuwar tasirin magungunan da muka yi nazari akan samuwar oospores ba. Bari mu yi kokarin yin wasu zato game da mataki na difenoconazole. Hanyar aikinta na fungicidal shine hana enzyme C14-dimethylase, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin biosynthesis na sterols. Sterols suna haɗe ta hanyar fungi, shuke-shuke da sauran kwayoyin halitta kuma suna cikin membranes tantanin su. Oomycetes na genus Phytophthora a cikin rashin sterols suna iya haɓaka ci gaban ciyayi kawai; samuwar oospores gaba ɗaya an danne (Elliott et al., 1966).
Oomycetes ba su iya hada sterols da kansu; suna shigar da sterols da aka samu daga shuka a cikin membranes, suna canza su. A cikin gwajin mu, mun yi amfani da oat agar matsakaici mai arziki a cikin β-sitosterol da isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), watau, abubuwan da ke haifar da samuwar oospores. Yana yiwuwa difenoconazole ya hana enzymes da ke cikin gyare-gyare ko amfani da mahadi na sterol da aka samu daga tsire-tsire. Wannan na iya, bi da bi, rage adadin samuwar oospore.
A ƙananan ƙididdiga, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikinmu, difenoconazole yana da tasiri mai ban sha'awa akan ci gaban mycelial da samuwar oospore.
An nuna a baya na hana samuwar oospore a cikin ma'aunin abinci mai gina jiki don magungunan antiphytophthora na fungicidal. Don haka, a cikin aikin Kessel et al. (2002) yayi nazari fiye da 10 shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na antiphytophthora. Fluazinam, dimethomorph da cymoxanil a abubuwan da ba na mutuwa gaba ɗaya sun hana samuwar oospores a cikin matsakaici na agar; metalaxyl, maneb da propamocarb sun nuna matsakaicin tasiri; mancozeb da chlorothalonil ba su da wani tasiri a kan samuwar oospore. Ayyukan S.A. Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013) yana nuna hanawa na oospore samuwar a kan matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin metalaxyl.
Gwaje-gwajenmu sun nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da su akan dankali, ko da ba su da tasirin hanawa kai tsaye akan ci gaban cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan biyu ko da idan ba su da tasirin hanawa kai tsaye akan ci gaban cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Don haka, da kyau da za'ayi sinadaran kariya dankali ta amfani da fungicides, kwari da herbicides rage yuwuwar oospore samuwar a cikin ganyayyaki ganye.
Wannan aikin ya sami goyan bayan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha (aiki mai lamba 14-50-00029).
An buga labarin a cikin mujallar "Mycology and Phytopathology" (Juzu'i na 50, fitowar 1, 2016).