Al'adar amfani da kwari wajen lalata kwari a gonakin noma ya dau shekaru a kasarmu. A cikin yanayi lokacin da isar da samfuran kariyar shukar sinadarai ke raguwa kuma buƙatun samfuran da ke da alaƙa da muhalli ke ƙaruwa, samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire suna samun shahara.
Kyauta daga yanayi
Ana iya fassara sunan "entomophages" a zahiri azaman masu cin kwari. Gaskiyar wanzuwarsu tana tunatar da mu cewa yanayi ya kula da daidaito a cikin yanayin halittu, yana ba da ikon sarrafa adadin wasu rayayyun halittu ta wasu. Kuma mutum zai iya amfani da damar da ake da shi kawai daidai
"Kayayyakin kare tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna ƙara buƙata kowace shekara," in ji babban masanin ilimin halittu na reshen Kabardino-Balkarian na Cibiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Jihar Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" Tatiana Kisheva.- Ga mutane da yawa, ya zama a fili cewa yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari yana yin mummunar tasiri ga ingancin kayan aikin gona da cutar da muhalli.
"Amfani da entomophages yana soke maganin kashe kwari ko kuma rage yawan su," in ji shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na kariyar shukar halittu na Cibiyar Nazarin Kariyar Shuka ta Duk-Rasha (VIZR) Natalia Belyakova. “Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsarin halitta yana ba manoma damar magance matsalar juriya, lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suka zama rigar kariya daga kayan kariya na shuka sinadarai.
A cikin Rasha, manyan masu samar da entomophages sune rassan Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha a cikin Stavropol Territory, Belgorod da Rostov yankuna, Jamhuriyar Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia da Arewacin Ossetia-Alania.
"A cikin dakin gwaje-gwajenmu, daya daga cikin mafi girma a kasar, an samar da entomophages na tsawon shekaru 39," in ji shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na Shpakovskaya na reshe na Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" a cikin Stavropol Territory. Vladimir Sugak. – Mai cin kwai Trichogramma da caterpillar parasite Gabrobracon sune manyan nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukan da ake kawowa don buƙatun noma.
"Muna haɓaka nau'ikan kwari iri biyar da ke lalata kwari," in ji shugaban reshen Hukumar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" a Jamhuriyar Tatarstan. Vitaly Novichkov. – Waɗannan sun haɗa da mafarauci na polyphagous na lacewing, da podisus bug, mafarauci na Colorado dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro, da macrolophus bug, mafarauci na farin kwari.
Babban kaso na wannan samfurin yana zuwa kasuwanninmu daga ƙasashen waje, inda ake amfani da samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire masu rahusa kuma mafi inganci.
"Muna isar da entomophages daga Italiya, Netherlands, Uzbekistan da Kazakhstan," in ji babban darektan Fly and See Agro LLC. Vasily Ptitsyn. - Abokan kasuwancinmu sun yi nasarar amfani da su don yaƙar kwari na lepidopteran, gami da cutworms, moths, moths, moths da sauran dozin da yawa.
Siffofin “farauta”
An shigar da entomophage a cikin filin a cikin nau'i na kwai, pupa ko babban kwari. Ana sake tsugunar da masu farauta da nakasassu ta hanyar amfani da fasaha ta musamman, ta amfani da hanyoyin fasaha ko ta hanyar sakin hannu.
"Matar habrobracon ta samo kwarin kwarin ta gurgunta shi ta hanyar allurar guba, sannan ta sanya kwai 45 a jikinta," in ji babban kwararre na reshen Belgorod na Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Jihar Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" Valentina Bychkova.- Larvae na parasites, yayin da suke tasowa, suna ciyar da hemolymph na caterpillar, wanda bayan kwanaki 9-14 kawai na waje ya rage.
Al'ada ce ta yau da kullun don sanya kwantena tare da caterpillars na asu da ke da habrobracon akan amfanin gona da kwari ya shafa. Yayin da entomophage ke ƙyanƙyashe, yana bazuwa cikin sauri, yana neman mai masaukin baki, kuma ya dace da yanayin kewaye.
Mafi girman tasiri, har zuwa kashi 92, ana nunawa ta hanyar haɗakar amfani da habrobracon da trichogramma. Yawanci mutane 300-500 entomophagous a kowace hekta na yanki sun wadatar.
"Trichogramma larvae suna tasowa ta hanyar ciyar da abubuwan da ke cikin kwarin kwarin," in ji ƙwararren. – Matar entomophage na yin kwai kusan hudu a kowane lokaci, kuma a lokaci guda adadinsu zai iya kaiwa 50. Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar kwarin a farkon farkon girma, lokacin da bai sami lokacin yin lahani ga shuka ba. .
Trichogramma yana tarwatsewa akan amfanin gona ta hanyar niyya ko ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da shigar da jiragen sama da motocin jirage marasa matuki.
Ya kara da cewa: "An gabatar da entomophages a yankinmu ta hanyar amfani da jirgi mara matuki tare da na'urar da kwararrun reshen suka tsara," in ji shi. Vitaly Novichkov. - Mai watsawa yana daidaita kwararar ruwa, yana ba ku damar sarrafa saurin, daidaituwa da yawa na rarraba kayan halitta, tabbatar da daidaiton aiki.
"Har ila yau, muna ƙirƙirar na'urori na musamman waɗanda aka ɗora a kan jirage marasa matuƙa kuma muna ba da izinin shigar da entomophages na nau'in da ake so a cikin adadin da ake buƙata," in ji shi. Vasily Ptitsyn. – Jirgin mara matuki mai sanye da kayan masarufi ta wannan hanya yana sarrafa filayen da ya kai hekta 15 a cikin mintuna 20 na tashi, kuma yayin da ake tafiyar da aiki, matsakaicin aikin sa ya kai kadada 500-700.
Dankali a nan gaba
Ya zuwa yanzu, masu noman dankalin turawa na Rasha ba sa yin layi don entomophages. Amma gonakin da suka fi ci gaba sun fara amfani da su a matsayin madadin kayayyakin kariya ga tsirrai.
"Muna da kwarewa ta musamman tare da yin aiki tare da dankalin da ba tare da ƙwayar cuta ba a cikin greenhouses, inda aka yi amfani da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance aphids," in ji shi. Natalia Belyakova. - Ana sanya buƙatu masu yawa akan kariyar amfanin gona na meristem, saboda tudun aphid ɗaya ya isa ya cutar da shukar da ƙwayar cuta. Entomophages, waɗanda ke da babban aikin bincike kuma suna da ikon gano ko da kwarin kwaro guda ɗaya, sun jimre da aikinsu daidai.
"Dankali shine amfanin gona mai ban sha'awa don amfani da entomophages," in ji Vasily Ptitsyn. – Dankali asu da Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro yana haifar da babbar matsala ga masu samarwa, kuma entomophages suna da tasiri akan duka kwari. Kamfaninmu a halin yanzu yana aiki don kare tsire-tsire daga ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da suka yi nasara a kudancin Rasha a bazarar da ta gabata. Duk da haka, dole ne a gargadi manoma cewa wannan hanya ba ta tabbatar da sakamako dari bisa dari ba. Kwarin shine amfanin gona na abinci ga entomophage, kuma idan an lalata shi gaba daya, kwarin mai amfani da kansa zai mutu da yunwa. Dole ne a yi hadaya da wani ɓangare na girbin don kare ƙwaro guda ɗaya, amma ana iya siyar da samfuran da ba su da alaƙa da muhalli a kasuwa sau da yawa farashin.
Babu wanda ke kira ga manoma da su yi watsi da amfani da kayayyakin kariya na shuka na yau da kullun. Kuna iya gabatar da tsarin biometi a hankali don tabbatar da ingancin sa.
"Entomophages sun dace sosai da kwayoyin fungicides da herbicides," ya tabbatar Vitaly Novichkov.–Tazara tsakanin jiyya tare da samfuran halitta da sakin kwari yakamata ya zama kwanaki 1-2. Kuma samfuran kariya daga tsire-tsire, dangane da abubuwan da ke aiki, ana iya amfani da su kwanaki kaɗan kafin sakin entomophages ko mako guda bayan haka.
"Amfani na lokaci guda tare da maganin kwari kuma yana yiwuwa," in ji Natalia Belyakova. “Amma sai ya zama dole a zabi entomophages ta yadda za su rayu a lokacin jiyya na amfanin gona. Kwari suna haɓaka juriya ga magungunan kashe qwari cikin sauƙi, kuma bayan tsararraki da yawa za mu sami layin entomophages wanda ya dace da “sunadarai”.
Wahalar kwari
A kallon farko, babu wani abu mai wahala a cikin aiki tare da ƙananan kwari da ke yaki da kwari a cikin filayen. Amma wannan ra'ayi na yaudara ne.
"Entomophages ana girma ne kawai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman, suna samar da yanayi ga waɗanda ke kusa da na halitta," in ji shi. Vladimir Sugak. - Wannan yana da tsada sosai, mai wahala, galibi aikin hannu, yana buƙatar ilimi da ƙwarewa na musamman.
"Don samun entomophages, manomi yana buƙatar kula da siyan su a gaba," in ji Valentina Bychkova.- Don haka, ana aika aikace-aikacen rassan Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha don samar da kwari watanni da yawa kafin farkon lokacin noma.
"Don amfani da entomophages," in ji Vitaly Novichkov, - binciken amfanin gona ya zama dole don gano kwaro - mai masaukin wani entomophage, ƙayyade matakan ci gabanta da yawa. Kowace shekara, masana aikin gona na reshe suna lura da filayen noma kuma suna ƙirƙirar phytomaps don abubuwa masu cutarwa. An shigar da bayanan a cikin shirin AgroExpert, haɓakawa da haɓakawa da mu, bayanan da ke ba masu kera damar aiwatar da matakan kariya a daidai lokacin.
"Hanyar nazarin halittu na kariyar shuka wani lamari ne mai matukar ilimi wanda ke buƙatar shiri na musamman," na tabbata Natalia Belyakova. - A yau, ana horar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru a Sashen Kariyar Shuka na Jami'ar Agrarian na St. Petersburg. Daliban nata suna samun horo na aiki a cibiyarmu, wanda hakan ya sa suka kammala jami'a a matsayin ƙwararrun masana aikin gona.
"Wannan aikin yana buƙatar ƙwarewa na musamman, daidaito na musamman kuma baya yarda da sakaci," ya yarda Vasily Ptitsyn. - Kuna buƙatar ku iya ƙayyade lokacin gabatar da entomophages, adadin su, da tsari na canji tare da wasu hanyoyin kariya na shuka. Ba kowace gona ba ce ke da ƙwararren da ke da cancantar da ake buƙata ba. Saboda haka, mu kamfanin samar da manoma da cikakken sabis: daga amfanin gona dubawa da kuma sayar da entomophages zuwa aikace-aikace da kuma m sanitary monitoring.
В kwalban ƙwaro
Wakilan tsofaffin ƙarni, waɗanda suka tsunduma cikin aikin noma shekaru da yawa, sun san da kansu game da hanyoyin da za a iya jawo hankalin kwari masu amfani a cikin filayen.
"Ta hanyar shuka tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da nectar waɗanda ke samar da pollen da yawa masu yawa, tabbas za ku ta da sha'awar entomophages na halitta," in ji shawara. Natalia Belyakova. - Ciki har da hymenopteran parasitoids, wanda zai taimaka rage yawan aphids.
- Manoma a ƙasashe da yawa suna gabatar da entomophages na halitta da hannu, in ji Vasily Ptitsyn. - Tabbas, wannan aiki ne mai wahala, wanda ya cancanta kawai akan gonakin da ke noma ƙananan yankuna. Idan kamfani yana da daruruwan hectares na filayen, ba shi yiwuwa a aiwatar da tsarin rayuwa ba tare da fasaha ba.
Don adana yawan kwari, nau'i na musamman na filayen wajibi ne - elongated, don kada su mutu nan da nan bayan girbi. Misali, babban ƙwaro da ya rasa ikonsa na tashi ba zai iya kaiwa bakin fili mai faɗi ba. Bugu da kari, amfanin gona ya kamata a canza tare da abin da ake kira beetle bankuna - uncompressed tube na ƙasar inda entomophages jira fitar da lokacin yunwa. Ana buƙatar irin waɗannan fasahohin don su kasance a cikin agrocenosis a cikin adadi mai yawa don sarrafa kwari kuma suna iya jurewa cikin aminci.
"Don jawo hankalin mahaɗan dabi'un halitta da ɓangarorin halittu, bai isa ya yi aiki a cikin filin ɗaya ko gonaki ba," in ji shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na kariyar shukar halittu na Cibiyar Albarkatun Kasa ta Rasha. - Yawancin ya dogara da yanayin noma da ke kewaye da amfanin gona. Tsayar da yanayin da ke dacewa da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta yana buƙatar ƙoƙari daga kungiyoyi da hukumomi da yawa.
Adana da aminci
Al'adar gabatar da entomophages a cikin sashin aikin gona na Rasha yana yaduwa, kodayake a cikin hanzari.
"Kakar da ta gabata mun yi aiki a yankuna 10 na kasar," in ji babban darektan Fly and See Agro LLC. - Ga mafi yawan abokan cinikinmu, tasirin kariyar kwari ya kasance daga kashi 95 zuwa 100. A lokaci guda kuma, sun sami ingantattun kayayyakin amfanin gona, da hana gurɓacewar muhalli da sinadarai, da kiyaye rayukan ƙudan zuma da ƙwari. Kuma idan muka kwatanta sabis ɗinmu da farashin manyan magungunan kashe kwari, ajiyar kuɗin da ake samu na kamfani zai iya kaiwa kashi 30-40 cikin ɗari.
"Hanyoyin halittu, dangane da amfani da entomophages don magance kwari, yana da kyakkyawan fata," in ji Tatiana Kisheva. – A cikin 2022, reshen mu ya sayar da samfuran Trichogramma biliyan 1,35 da samfuran Gabrobracona biliyan 2,1. Alal misali, a cikin gundumar Prokhladnensky na Jamhuriyar Kabardino-Balkarian, ya yiwu a soke maganin sinadarai a kan ƙwayar auduga a kan wani yanki na hectare dubu daya. Trichogramma, wanda aka saki a baya akan kwarin kwaro, ya nuna tasirin kusan kashi 70 cikin ɗari.
"Shekaran da ta gabata," ya ba da labarin kwarewarsa Vitaly Novichkov, - kwararru daga reshen Tatarstan sun yi amfani da Trichogramma akan kwari masu cin ganye a kan yanki fiye da kadada dubu da lacewing da aphids a kan wani yanki na hectare 200 zuwa amfanin gona na mustard, chickpeas, Peas da fyaden bazara. . Aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci zai ci gaba a cikin sabon kakar.
"Idan muka yi magana game da mummunan sakamako ga tsarin halittu a lokuta inda akwai kwari masu amfani da yawa, to, a zahiri suna yiwuwa," in ji shi. Natalia Belyakova. -Amma sabbin kwari suna fitowa kullum. Tun da ba za mu iya dakatar da mamayewarsu ba, bai kamata mu takaita kanmu wajen amfani da entomophages ba, ko da sun canza tsarin al'umma.
Irina Berg