S.A. Banadysev, Likita a kimiyyar aikin gona, SSC Doka-Gene
Fitowar sauri, saurin ci gaba da haɓaka tsire-tsire iri ɗaya sune mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don yawan amfanin dankalin turawa. Pre-germination yana taimakawa ƙirƙirar waɗannan yanayi, yana inganta samuwar ƙarin tsiro da harbe akan kowane tuber, wanda ke ƙaruwa tattalin arzikin kayan shuka. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar saurin ci gaba don hana kamuwa da cuta da kuma magance ciyawar. Saboda girki na farko idan ya kamu da cuta tare da cuta, cirewar sama da wuri abu ne mai yiyuwa. Tasirin karshe na kara yawan amfanin gona daga shukar zai iya kaiwa 10-15%, hanzarin girbi na farko - har zuwa makonni biyu, wanda ke ba da ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin shiga mai mahimmanci lokacin da aka siyar a farashi mai mahimmanci. Amfanin pre-germination ana amfani dashi sosai lokacin da kayan shuka suka dace da takamaiman yanayi da dalilai masu girma. Ya kamata a gudanar da shirye-shiryen kayan itacen dankalin turawa la'akari da ingancin sa, yanayin ilimin halittar sa, girman sa da kuma kwarewar sa kayan.
Yanayin ilimin yanayin halittar zuriya shine mafi girman mahimmanci, tunda shine yake tabbatar da kuzari da halaye na haɓakar dankalin turawa a lokacinda suke girma. Tsire-tsire daga ƙwarjin tubers na shekaru daban-daban na ilimin kimiyyar lissafi suna haɓaka ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Tuber mai tsufa yana girma kuma yana girma da sauri, kuma yana ba da ƙarancin riba da wuri. A lokaci guda, tsayin shuke-shuke, yankin ganye, manyan tubers ba su da yawa, kuma adadin mai tushe da tubers ya fi girma. Zamanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na tubers iri ya dogara da halaye na halittu iri daban-daban, yawan yanayin zafi da tuber ke sha da damuwa a lokacin noman da adanawa, wanda ya shafi kimiyyar biochemistry na ciki, musamman rabo da matakin homon. Danniya a cikin filin shine da farko danshi, zafin jiki, abubuwan gina jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta da lalacewar inji, yayin adanawa - yanayin zafin jiki, zafi, motsawa, rauni da cututtuka. Tsarin halittar jiki na tubers yana faruwa a duk lokacin girma, amma tsarin wannan aikin ana karatun su da kyau kuma baza'a iya ƙididdige su ba. A lokaci guda, ana san abubuwa da yawa. Don haka, tubers na shuke-shuke da suka mutu da wuri, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun fi tsufa a ilimin lissafi. Yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai yawa a cikin busassun ƙasa a kan ƙasa mai yashi na iya ta da ƙwayar ƙwaya tun kafin girbi. Koyaya, babban tsufa na tubers iri yana faruwa yayin ajiya saboda tsananin zafin jiki da zafi, bruises, peeling, kaifin hawa da sauka a cikin sigogin microclimate, da ci gaban cututtuka. Sakamakon haka, zuwa lokacin dasa shuki, tubers na iya zama a cikin ɗayan jihohi biyar: dormancy mai zurfi, mamayar apical, yawan tsirowa, rassa, girma cikin ƙaramar tubers - duba hoto.
Hanya mafi sauki don tantance yanayin ilimin halittar jiki na tubers shine fitowar germination. A saboda wannan, samfurin 'yan filayen da aka yi awo sama da kilo 10 20 watanni biyu kafin dasa shuki a cikin duhu a yanayin zafi sama da XNUMX оC. Bayan makonni biyu zuwa uku, bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan da batsu sun zama sananne a cikin lamba da bayyanar tsiro. Adadin idanun da suka toshe sun bamu damar yanke hukunci game da shekarun ilimin lissafi na tubers da gyare-gyaren da suka dace a shirye-shiryen shuka. Saurin saurin fara dashen ƙwayar cuta yana nufin yanayin bacci, ana buƙatar tsallewar zafin jiki don ƙwayoyin cuta. Saurin shiri don germination - dormancy ya riga ya lalace, a farkon farawa, ƙarancin yanayin zafi ya isa. Germination sama da 50% na idanuwa halayyar kayan aikin shuka ne wadanda suka tsufa. Ya kamata a sa ran adadin tushe mai yawa daga gare ta, amma ya kamata a ci gaba da shirye-shirye da kuma dasa shuki a yanayin ƙarancin yanayi don hana tasirin tsufa. Germination na kasa da kashi 50% na idanu alama ce ta tuber matashi mai ilimin lissafi. Ana iya tsammanin ƙarancin tushe da manyan tubers, amma shiri don dasawa ya kamata ya fara da wuri.
A Jamus, an ci nasara da ci gaban ilimin halittu na dankalin turawa, dankalin Turawa - duba tebur.
Tebur. Kimantawa na yanayin ilimin halittar jiki na kayan dankalin turawa
Alamar | Karatu | Score |
Nau'in ƙasa | Cold, rigar | 0 |
Dumi, bushe | 5 | |
Yanayin yayin namo | Cold, rigar | 0 |
Matsakaicin | 10 | |
Dumi, bushe (kwana 3 sama da 25)оC cikin crest) | 25 | |
Ranar tsaftacewa | Da wuri | 0 |
Matsakaicin | 5 | |
Late | 10 | |
Girman Tuber | Ƙananan | 0 |
Babba | 5 | |
Zafin ajiya | A ƙasa 4оС | 0 |
Tsakanin 4 zuwa 7 оС | 10 | |
Sama da 7оС | 25 | |
Babban Jaka Jaka | Har zuwa kwanaki 10 | 0 |
10 zuwa 20 days | 5 | |
Fiye da kwanaki 20 | 10 | |
Haɓaka idanu | Babu | 0 |
Akwai | 5 | |
Karyewa | 10 | |
Rizctoniosis | Babu | 0 |
Tsakiya | 5 | |
Mai ƙarfi | 10 | |
Tashar Turkawa | babba | 0 |
Tsakiya | 5 | |
Низкий | 10 | |
Lokacin hutawa na iri-iri. | Dogo | 5 |
Tsakiya | 10 | |
Short | 30 |
Idan tarin dankali ya samu har zuwa maki 50 - tubers na dasa su ne matasa, maki 50-70 - tubers din suna da matsakaicin shekaru. Thearin lambar da aka samu ta wuce 100, yawancin rashin ingancin yanayin ilimin lissafi.
Babban abubuwan tasiri germination dankali:
- yanayin zafin jiki mai nauyin 3-5 ° C yana inganta yawan tsire-tsire (shuka, adanawa da kafin tsirewar dankalin masana'antu.);
- yanayin zafi mai sanyi 7-8 ° C yana inganta samuwar ƙananan tsiro (ƙarancin apical, farkon dankali);
- zazzabi 8-12 ° C har zuwa makonni biyu kafin a dasa a lokacin shukar shuka, abinci da masana'antar samar da dankali;
-Tajin girgiza zuwa 15 ° C zuwa kwana uku zuwa hudu kafin dasa shuki don tayar da jijiyoyin manyan batutuwan. Amma kada kuyi zafi da sauri, in ba haka ba tubers na iya shaƙa daga metabolism mai aiki;
- zafi yana iyakance kwayoyin cuta, yana inganta tasirin zafin jiki, yanayin dangi daga 85 zuwa 90% shine mafi kyau duka.
- haske yana hana ci gaban tsawon tsiro, yana inganta ƙwaya kuma yana sa fitowar itace ta zama abin dogaro, gajerun tsiro suna bada haske mai yawa;
- lokacin pre-germination ya bambanta dangane da nau'ikan;
- manyan tubers suna girma da sauri fiye da ƙananan;
- tsawon lokacin pre-germination - ma farkon tuber samuwar, low viability.
- gajeren lokaci na farawar farko - ƙarshen samuwar tubers, ƙarancin balaga.
Germination ya danganta da manufar samar da dankalin Turawa (duba zane):
Dankali da wuri. A lokacin dasa shuki a kan tuber, yana da kyawawa a sami sproan sprouts, sabõda haka, manyan tubers da sauri kafa bayan dasa. Don wannan, zazzabi na dogon lokacin ajiya ya kamata ya kasance daga 6 zuwa 8 ° C da germination na dogon lokaci (35-70 kwana, ya dogara da iri-iri) a zazzabi na 10-12 ° C.
Tebur dankali da dankali don sarrafa masana'antu. A lokacin shuka, babban adadin harbe suna buƙatar ƙirƙirar. Zafin ajiya daga 3 zuwa 5 ° C da matsakaita lokacin girbi (kwanaki 30-60) a 10-12 ° C. Madadin: zafi mai zafi a 15-20 ° C.
Irin dankali. A lokacin dasa shuki, babban adadin harbe (harbe) zai fi dacewa. Zafin ajiya daga 3 zuwa 5 ° C da gajeren tsiro (20-40 days) a 10-12 ° C.
Fasahar Germination. Mafi yawan amfani germination a cikin kwalaye, kuma a cikin jaka. Tsayi da girma na dakin suna da tasiri ainun game da daidaituwar microclimate da kuma ikon sarrafa iska. Fewan metersan mituna na sarari kyauta ya kamata ya kasance sama da ɗakunan akwatuna, kimanin ¼ girman girman ɗakin. Roomsanan ƙananan ɗumi suna zafi da sauri kuma dole ne su sami iska mai ƙarfi sosai don hana rabuwa tsakanin zafin jiki. Yin amfani da fim ɗin da aka shirya, za a iya sanya wuri guda cikin sauri don iya amsa ƙayyadaddun halaye na iri-iri. Bukatar wuraren yankuna shine 10 m2 a 1 ha, bi da bi, 1000 m2 da 100 ha. Rashin sarari ne wanda yawanci yakan iyakance adadin tsirarwa.
Don inganta bayyanar haske don ɓarke dankali, ana bada shawarar yin amfani da sabbin kwalaye masu haske na musamman. An yi su ne da filastik mai haske, suna da kusurwa huɗu, da ramuka da yawa. Domin haske mai yawa ya wuce zuwa cikin akwatin, ya kamata ku kiyaye tazara mai yuwuwa sosai tsakanin kwalaye biyu da ke tsaye ɗayan sama da ɗayan - aƙalla 12-15 cm Tsayin shigarwa na akwatunan ya zama daidai yake da tsayin fitilar hasken (1,2 ko 1,5 m ). Tare da wannan tsari na akwatina na musamman, zaka iya samun tsiro mai haske mai ƙarfi har zuwa tsawon cm 2. A cikin jakunkuna, tsawon tsiron lafiya mai lafiya ya kai mm 5. Waɗanda suka fi tsayi sukan fasa lokacin da suke kwashe jakunkunan.
Fitar haske yana daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yana da kyau a haska haske kimanin awanni 15 a rana. Amfani da hasken halitta yana yiwuwa lokacin da yake tsirowa a cikin greenhouses. Fitilun fitilun yau da kullun a 5 ° C suna samar da ƙarancin haske na 60% saboda an tsara su ne don yanayin ofis. Don ƙwararrun dankalin dankalin turawa, ana yin fitilu na musamman masu amfani da makamashi na Potatolight na ƙira ta musamman, an tsara su don aiki a yanayin ƙarancin zafi, rage yawan kuzari da sau 4. Hoto a hannun dama na NEU yana nuna madaidaitan haske yayin dasa shuki.
Zazzabi muhimmin mizani ne a cikin sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta. Don cimma tsawon tsiro da ake so ta kwanan wata da aka tsara, dole ne a kiyaye bambance-bambance daban-daban a yanayin zafin jiki. Za'a iya daidaita saurin ƙwayar cuta tare da yawan zafin jiki. Yana da mahimmanci a kula da yanayin zafin jiki iri ɗaya a cikin yini kuma a tsayi daban-daban na tsararrun kwalaye. Saukad da zafin jiki mai yuwuwa ne da sanyin safiya (ƙasa da 3 ° C ba a ke so ya tsiro). Sabili da haka, dole ne ɗakin ya kasance tare da hita ta iska mai cikakken iko don ƙwan zafin ya sauka ƙasa da 7 о C.
Bambanci na zazzabi daga 2 zuwa 10 ° C daga ƙaramin har zuwa na sama na masu jan zane zai yiwu yayin ramuwar iska. A mafi munin yanayi, wannan na iya haifar da tsawan tsawan kwatancen furannin da kuma rabasuwar sashi yayin dasa. Don cire wannan, ana amfani da fatar rufi na isasshen ƙarfin iska tare da firikwensin zazzabi. Wannan yana samar da daidaiton yanayin zafin jiki kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Matsakaicin iska mai zafi don hawan ya kasance daga 85 zuwa 90%. Kullum a ƙasa 80% - tubers na iya rasa turgor. M zafi a sama da 95% ne mafi hatsari, shi tsokani sandaro a kan tubers a zazzabi matuƙa da take kaiwa zuwa ga ci gaban fungal da cututtuka na kwayan cuta, musamman azurfa scab da fusarium. Babban zafi yana haifar da samuwar Tushen a gindin sprouts, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli yayin dasa. Rootarfin ƙarfi yana nuna zafi sosai.
Idan fure suka bayyana da wuri kuma suka yi tsawo sosai, ana cire su. Wannan hanya tana da kyau haƙuri ta iri tare da dogon hunturu dormancy da dogon germination zamani. A kowane hali, lokacin cire fitarwar, dole ne a lura da mai zuwa: tare da farkon germination da apical rinjaye, makonni 2-3 kafin dasa, zazzabi ba ƙasa da 8-10 ° C, guji lalacewa. Bayan wannan, ana iya ci gaba da shuka a zazzabi na 15-18 ° C, ƙaramin haske da zafi mai zafi. Idan yanayin yanayi mara kyau ya jinkirta dasa shuki, ana iya rage jinkirin ƙasa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin zafin jiki da kuma ƙarfin haske mai ƙarfi.
Germination Tsafta. Dole ne a tsabtace dukkan injina da kayan aiki a cikin dasa shuki tare da ingantacciyar hanya. Dasa tubers a wannan matakin suna da hankali sosai ga cututtukan fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Don hana lalacewa na inji da rauni, ya kamata a shimfiɗa tubers don zazzagewa a zazzabi na + 10 ° C. Tsabtacewa da cika akwatuna, jaka ya kamata a rabu da ɗakunan ajiya. Haɓaka ƙura lokacin cika kwalaye yada babban cutar spores zuwa dasa kayan da sprouts.
Saukowa. Germination ana aiwatar da shi musamman don samar da dankali na farko. Duk wanda ya tsiro dankali yana nan yana dasawa da wuri-wuri. Lokacin shuki a cikin wannan yanayin yana ƙaddara ta shirye-shiryen ƙasa na zahiri da karɓar zafin jiki. Yana da kyawawa cewa kasar gona ta bushe, ta bushe kuma ta ruguje a lokacin dasa dankalin farko, kuma yanayin zafin kasar ya haura 5ºC. Don kaucewa girgizar zafin jiki, dasa tubers ya kamata ya kasance a zafin jiki na ƙasa kwana 2 zuwa 3 kafin a dasa shi. Sabili da haka, ya zama dole a taurara kayan da aka dasa - don tsayayya da su na kwanaki da yawa a sararin samaniya a yanayin yanayi na dare da rana.
Pre-sprouted da taurare kayan abu ne in mun gwada da haƙuri ga kasar gona zazzabi. Farawa a 5ºC, wannan kayan ya fara girma a cikin ƙasa. Shuka tubers zai iya tsayayya da zazzabi na gajere. Temperaturesasan yanayin ƙasa da ke 2º C yana haifar da lalacewar seedlingsan itacen. A zazzabi kusa da 0 º C, sprouts din sun mutu, amma ƙwayar tana riƙe da ikon sake sake tsirowa. Dukkanin kokarin da tasirin yadu zai kasance matsala yayin dawowa bayan dasa shuki a yanayin zafin jiki hade da babban danshi a cikin kwari. Sabili da haka, daidaitaccen yanayin hango yanayin yanayi yana da mahimmanci don zaɓin ranar da ta dace don dasa dankalin da aka shuka. In ba haka ba, ana tsammanin karuwa a farkon haɓaka kuma, saboda haka, farashin siyarwa mafi girma ba zai zama ba, kuma farashin haɓaka ya rigaya ya jawo.
Kudin Germination sune 15-20 dubu rubles / ha. A 1 ha, akwatunan filastik masu haske 200 zuwa 300 ko jaka 20-24, 4 zuwa 8 fitilu na musamman tare da wayoyi da madaidaitan igiyoyi, daga 8 zuwa 12 m ana buƙatar2 dakuna da farin bango, dumama, iska da kuma kula da zafi. Hakanan wajibi ne don kimanta yawan makamashi (300 kWh / ha), ƙarin farashin aiki. A lokacin dasa shuki, yawan amfanin ƙasa ke raguwa, yana da ma'ana a yi amfani da masu shirya fararen zane tare da layin jagora na 'ya'yan itace. Shuka ta atomatik na karɓar tsiro ne kawai lokacin da dasa shuki ke ƙasa kuma ana yiwa dogayen ƙwaya a ƙaramin Layer.
A matsayin madadin pre-germination, ana iya haɓaka dasa dankalin turawa tare da tsananin zafi kwanaki 3-4 kafin a dasa shi. Hanyar ita ce kamar haka: zafin dankalin na kwana 3-4 zuwa 15-20 ° C, samun iska ta lokaci-lokaci don tubers ba su shaƙa. Tare da wadataccen iska mai dumi zuwa yawan kayan, yankuna masu lankwasawa na iya bayyana akan iyaka da kayan sanyi, kuma da ita ne ci gaban silbar siliki da fusarium. Kawai sanyawa da kunna abin hita bashi da sana'a sosai. Wajibi ne a yi amfani da dumama a haɗe tare da ci gaba da samun iska mai aiki da isasshen sake zagayowar iska don rarraba rarraba yanayin zafin jiki a cikin tubers da kuma yawan girman ajiya. Shockararrawar zafi (gigicewa) ma'auni ne wanda dole ne a aiwatar dashi cikin ƙwarewar sana'a don kauce wa haɗarin rashin dumama da ƙarancin yanayi. Sakamakon dumamar yanayi, zuwa lokacin dasa shuki, yakamata tuni yayan itacen ya bayyana (ana kiran wannan farin dige), amma kwata-kwata bai lalace ba a aikin dasa kayan aiki. Wani ɗan gajeren lokacin shiryawa ba zai iya samar da samfuran tuber ɗin farko kamar na dogon lokaci ba. Amma harbe ya bayyana da sauri, tubers yayi girma tare da adadi mai yawa na harbe. Ya kamata a dauki girgizar zafi a matsayin mafi fasaha da kuma hikima ta shirya kayan shuka a cikin samar da iri da kuma manyan-dankali da samar da dankali.