“Hanyar gyaran kwayoyin halitta bai kamata ta sabawa hanyoyin zabar gargajiya ba. "Wannan sabon kayan aiki ne," in ji shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na juriya na damuwa na shuka Duk-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (VNIISB) Vasily Taranov. – A wani lokaci likitocin fida sun yi aiki da wuka, sannan suka bayyana fatar kan mutum, sannan lasers. Zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban sun sami damar yin tiyata. Don haka injiniyan kwayoyin halitta yana ba da kayan aiki da za ku iya ɗauka da inganta wani abu da shi, amma ba ya soke ko maye gurbin duk abin da aka yi amfani da shi a baya."
Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Noma ta Rasha (VNIISB) tana gudanar da wani dakin gwaje-gwaje don jure damuwa na tsire-tsire, aikin da ake aiwatar da shi a cikin manyan kwatance guda biyu: binciken kwayoyin halittar da ke ƙayyade juriya na tsire-tsire da damuwa na biotic, da kuma gyara kwayoyin halitta. na shuke-shuke da aka noma don ƙara ƙarfin damuwa. Yankin binciken masanan ya hada da dankalin turawa da kayan lambu na budadden kasa.
Mun yi magana da shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje Vasily Taranov da kuma babban mai bincike Marina Lebedeva game da abin da fasali da kuma abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin latest fasahar, abin da sakamakon da za su iya cimma da kuma abin da matsaloli na Rasha masu samar da aikin noma da ake amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje masana kimiyya don warware.
– A yau ana magana da yawa game da bukatar gaggauta zaben. An yi imani da cewa hanyar gyaran genome ta ba da damar yin hakan. Wannan gaskiya ne?
V.T.: Zai zama mafi daidai a ce hanyoyin fasahar halittu ba su taimaka sosai ba don hanzarta zaɓi kamar faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana kimiyya. Tsarin aiki a kan iri-iri har yanzu yana da tsayi sosai, tunda muna magana ne game da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da wani yanayin rayuwa.
Amma yana yiwuwa ga ƙwararrun ƙwararru su sami sakamakon da zai yi wahala sosai (idan ba zai yiwu ba) don cimma ta amfani da hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya.
Tare da taimakon gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, da gangan za mu iya gabatar da maye gurbi wanda ke shafar takamaiman halayen iri-iri, tare da kiyaye sauran hadaddun halaye masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki ba su canzawa.
M.L.: Ka yi tunanin cewa muna son gabatar da kwayar cutar juriya daga dankalin daji zuwa cikin nau'ikan da muke nomawa ta amfani da hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya. Don yin wannan, mai shayarwa yana aiwatar da jerin giciye na "savage" tare da wasu layin al'adu. Matsalar ita ce tare da juriya na juriya, duk sauran kwayoyin "daji" suna canjawa wuri zuwa iri-iri, wanda yawanci ba a so. Injiniyan kwayoyin halitta yana ba ku damar ɗauka/canza kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya da ake so.
- Akwai ra'ayi cewa duk da cewa an san hanyar gyaran kwayoyin halitta kimanin shekaru 10, har yanzu bai haifar da sakamako na kasuwanci ba.
V.T.: Wannan ba gaskiya bane gaba ɗaya. Manyan kamfanonin kiwo na duniya suna amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta kuma ba sa boye shi. Amma ba mu san ainihin abin da suke yi da kuma sakamakon da suke samu ba.
Ba a tallata nasarorin da aka samu saboda ya fi tsada a kawo kasuwa da shukar da aka sarrafa ta hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta fiye da wanda aka samu a gargajiyance. Kuma wani lokacin wannan ba shi yiwuwa a yi.
A lokaci guda, yana da matukar wahala a tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta don ƙirƙirar wani nau'i na musamman ta amfani da hanyoyin da ake da su.
A lokacin gwajin, ƙwararrun za su nemo jerin alamomi a cikin kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin halitta idan akwai, za a gane shuka a matsayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta. Amma tare da gyare-gyaren genomic, ba a shigar da wani abu a cikin kwayoyin halitta, don haka ba za a iya samun kome ba.
Sau da yawa sau da yawa canje-canje ba su shafi kwayar halitta ɗaya kawai ba, amma takamaiman wuri a cikin kwayar halitta, a zahiri nucleotide ɗaya, harafi ɗaya. Kuma sauran biliyoyin haruffa sun kasance kamar yadda suke. Don ƙayyade cewa an gyara shuka, kuna buƙatar karanta ainihin kwayar halittarta, tare da ɗaukar hoto sau goma mafi girma fiye da ma'auni don kawar da kuskure. Ba wanda zai yi irin wannan bincike mai girma da tsada sosai, kuma mai shayarwa zai iya cewa koyaushe ya sami shuka ta amfani da mutagenesis ko zaɓi na gargajiya.
- M.L.: Gyaran kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya, musamman ƙwarewar amfani da waɗannan fasahohin akan tsire-tsire, labari ne na kwanan nan.
Ba kalla ba saboda don canza fasalin kuna buƙatar sanin ainihin menene da yadda ake gyara shi. Halin tsire-tsire ana ƙaddara ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, mafi yawan lokuta saitin kwayoyin halitta, daga abin da dole ne a zaɓi maƙasudin da suka dace don gyarawa. Amma bayyana ayyuka da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga halayen sha'awa na buƙatar nazari mai rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa. Idan aka kwatanta da dabbobi da mutane, za mu iya cewa ba mu san da yawa daga cikin kwayoyin hanyoyin da shuka halaye (misali, juriya, yawan aiki, da dai sauransu) sosai. A lokaci guda kuma, kwayoyin halittar shuka sun fi girma kuma sun fi rikitarwa, wanda ba ya sauƙaƙa aikin kwata-kwata. Koyaya, an riga an san da yawa ta hanyar bincike na asali a cikin ilimin halittar shuka, kuma yayin da muke fahimtar wannan, ƙarin yuwuwar mu na haɓaka haɓaka.
Bugu da ƙari, muna magana ne game da hanyar da ta sa ya yiwu a gyara wasu halaye, amma ba don gabatar da sababbin iri a kasuwa ba, aiki a kan wanda, duk da wasu hanzari, har yanzu yana ɗaukar shekaru.
– Shin masana kimiyyar halittu suna yin gyaran kwayoyin halitta? Ta yaya suke tantance ainihin alkiblar aikin (maƙasudin gyara)?
V.T.: Masanin ilimin halittu dole ne yayi aiki tare tare da mai nasara mai kiwon amfanin gona da aka zaɓa kuma, a zahiri, ya haɗa da sauran ƙwararrun masu kera. Mai kiwo, tare da manoma, ya tsara aikin, mai kiwon kiwo yana taimakawa wajen zaɓar nau'in genotypes masu dacewa. Mu, bi da bi, tuntubar da biochemists da geneticists, muna tunanin abin da za mu iya bayar a kan wannan tushen (da zama dole halaye ba ko da yaushe isa ya yi karatu daga nazarin halittu ra'ayi). Muna duban abin da za mu iya yi a zahiri, aiwatar da matakin aikinmu, mayar da layin da aka samu ga mai kiwon, kuma mai kiwon ya kawo sakamakon iri-iri.
- Shin genome gyara fasaha ce mai tsada?
V.T.: Kudin samun shuka ya dogara da amfanin gona da kuma ko an gyara shukar da aka samu ko kuma transgenic.
Idan muka yi magana game da kayan aiki, to, ga kamfani wanda ya riga ya tsunduma cikin samun kayan da ba shi da ƙwayoyin cuta da microcloning, siyan kayan aiki da reagents don gyaran genome zai kashe ɗan ƙaramin adadin. Abin da ke hana fara irin wannan aikin ba zai zama babban adadin zuba jari ba, amma rashin ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Akwai mutane kaɗan waɗanda za su iya ɗauka kuma su yi irin wannan aikin na musamman.
Da dawowa kan farashi: ci gaban fasaha a wannan yanki yana da sauri sosai. Hanyoyin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, ka ce, a cikin 2012, lokacin da aka gano CRISPR/Cas9 (fasaha don gyara kwayoyin halitta mafi girma, bisa tsarin rigakafi na kwayoyin cuta), da abin da muke da shi yanzu ya bambanta sosai. Ayyukan aiki yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara, kuma farashin yana raguwa.
M.L.: Ana iya kwatanta wannan da aikin jerin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Gamayyar kasa da kasa ta tsara tsarin halittar ɗan adam na farko na shekaru 10 akan dala biliyan 2.7 kawai saboda ana samun irin waɗannan fasahohin a cikin 90s. A halin yanzu, lissafin cikakken tsarin halittar ɗan adam yana kashe ƙasa da $1000 kuma yana ɗaukar kwanaki biyu.
- Bari mu ci gaba da magana game da dakin gwaje-gwajen ku, shin an mai da hankali kan kimiyyar asali ko bincike mai amfani?
V.T.: Muna ƙoƙarin yin duka biyun. Da farko, an ba da fifiko ga abubuwa masu mahimmanci, amma yanzu muna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ci gabanmu don aiwatarwa.
A halin yanzu, alal misali, muna nazarin hanyoyin juriya na dankalin turawa zuwa kwayar cutar Y. Wannan babban aiki ne mai mahimmanci, amma idan an yi nasara, sakamakon zai zama mai ban sha'awa sosai ga zaɓin nau'in juriya.
M.L.: Asali da kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da su suna da alaƙa da juna; Idan ba mu san yadda kwayar cutar ke hulɗa da shuka ba, tare da wasu takamaiman sunadaran, ba za mu iya canza su don yin juriya ga shuka ba.
Muna gudanar da bincike kan kwayar cutar Y tun daga 2018 kuma yanzu muna gabatowa gaskiyar cewa a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa za mu sami dabara don juriya, kuma a nan gaba sakamakon da ya dace: shuka dankalin turawa ba zai haɗu da sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta ba. zai zama juriya ga kwayar cutar.
- Kuna yin aiki tare da kamfanoni / masu kiwo na Rasha?
V.T.: A kan dankali, muna aiki tare da matashiyar mai kiwo Maria Polyakova, muna yin sadarwa tare da ƙwararrun masana daga Ƙungiyar dankalin turawa, kuma muna ci gaba da tuntuɓar Cibiyar Bincike ta Tarayya ta Dankali mai suna bayan. A.G. Lorja. Amma game da kabeji, muna hulɗa tare da masu shayarwa da masu shuka iri na Jami'ar Agrarian ta Jihar Rasha-Moscow Agricultural Academy mai suna bayan. K.A. Timiryazev na Grigory da Socrates Monachos. Kuma a cikin abin da muke yi a wannan yanki, su ne gaba ɗaya jagoranmu.
– Kuma game da ƙwayoyin cuta. Marina Valerievna, ka kewayon kimiyya bukatun hada ba kawai cutar Y. A cikin 2023, kun sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Rasha don gudanar da bincike kan aikin "Nazarin viromes na dankalin da aka noma (Solanum tuberosum L.) ta amfani da manyan hanyoyin aiwatarwa." Me yasa wannan batu yake da ban sha'awa?
M.L.: Dankali, zuwa mafi girma fiye da sauran tsire-tsire, suna fama da cututtukan hoto, tun da yake ana yaduwa ta hanyar vegetatively. Kwayoyin cuta sun taru a cikin tubers kuma suna wucewa zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa, don haka kwayar cutar ta ci gaba da girma. Lokacin da suka ce dankali yana raguwa, wannan shine ainihin abin da muke magana akai.
Kwayoyin cuta ba tsarin aiki ba ne; Akwai lokuta inda shuka wanda ya riga ya yi rashin lafiya tare da takamaiman ƙwayar cuta ba zai iya kamuwa da wani ba. Kuma akwai ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba za su iya cutar da shuka su kaɗai ba suna aiki ne kawai tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwanan nan, an buga wani aiki da ke kwatanta nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke taimakawa tsire-tsire su tsira daga fari. Irin wannan canji na bazata daga parasitism zuwa mutualism.
Babu wasu sinadarai masu tasiri don magance cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri akan dankali. Don inganta lafiyarsa, yana da wuyar gaske kuma, mafi mahimmanci, hanyoyi masu tsada sun samo asali: ta hanyar al'adun in vitro, samun microtubers. Amma sakamakon yana dawwama na ƴan tsararraki ne kawai. Don samun wasu mafita, kuna buƙatar yin nazarin halayen ƙwayoyin cuta dalla-dalla, don haka binciken yana da matukar dacewa.
- GOST 33996-2016 "Dalaka dankali. Yanayin fasaha da hanyoyin tantance inganci" ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar an jera su (PVK - X ƙwayar dankalin turawa; SBK - S dankalin turawa cutar; MVK - M dankalin turawa cutar; YBK - Y dankalin turawa cutar; VSLK - leaf curl virus dankalin turawa) da kuma daya viroid (PSTV - dankalin turawa spindle tuber viroid). Za ku mayar da hankali a kansu?
M.L.: Aikina na nufin yin amfani da manyan hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su don nazarin waɗancan viromes (tarin ƙwayoyin cuta) waɗanda ke kan dankali a Rasha. Wannan yana da ban sha'awa duka biyu daga ma'anar abin da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a kan shuka ɗaya, kuma daga ra'ayi na yaduwar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Gabaɗaya, fiye da ƙwayoyin cuta 50 da aka samu akan dankali an san su a duniya. Wadanda aka jera a cikin GOST suna cikin mafi haɗari, kuma ƙari, suna da alamun waje bayyanannu. Saboda haka, mosaic necrosis ne na kowa bayyanuwar cutar Y kamuwa da cuta, da kuma gaban leaf curl cutar za a iya ƙaddara ta halayyar nakasawa na ganye ruwan wukake.
Amma akwai ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ba sa bayyana kansu a zahiri, kodayake suna iya yin tasiri akan amfanin gona. Ba kasafai ake gano su ba, amma saboda ba a neme su ba.
A matsayin misali, zan iya buga aikin abokan aiki daga Cibiyar Binciken Tsirrai ta Rasha (VIZR). A cikin 2019, sun buga labarin game da gano ƙwayar dankalin turawa P a Rasha a baya an yi imanin cewa an rarraba shi ne kawai a Kudancin Amurka.
Tambayar ita ce menene za mu gano idan ba mu duba ba "a ƙarƙashin hasken titi" inda haske yake ba, amma inda ba mu duba ba tukuna.
– A ina za ku gudanar da binciken ku?
M.L.: Bisa sharuɗɗan tallafin, aikin zai ɗauki shekaru biyu. A bara mun haɗu tare da gonar dankalin turawa a yankin Tula, kayan da aka tattara, sunyi aiki tare da nau'i daban-daban da kuma haifuwa. A wannan shekara za mu je wasu yankuna mu ga irin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samu a can.
Za a taƙaita sakamakon binciken a cikin 2025, kuma tabbas za mu gaya wa masu noman dankalin turawa na Rasha game da su.